commercial revolution. economic change massive price inflation due to influx of bullion (gold) from...
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Economic Change• Massive Price inflation due to
influx of bullion (gold) from the New World
• Could not keep up demand for goods
• Heavy investments – trading companies
•European merchants began to replace Arab and Indian traders
•Shift from subsistence economy to production for the market
•Population increase = Urbanization
• New class – proletariat – laborers without property – lived in poverty
• Changes in social structure caused many uprisings to uphold traditional life and doing business – uprisings failed
• Witchcraft prosecutions increased – poor and women
• Centralized monarchies replaced feudal governments – kings gained power over aristocracy through military and administration
• France – Louis XIV (14th) best example of absolute monarchy
• Louis XIV – national economic policy (mercantilism), encouraged scientific development, destroyed power of nobility
• E. Europe – tried to imitate Louis XIV – Prussia and Austria Hungary – built strong military and national economy
• French aggression lead to alliances
• Britain and Netherlands – centralized governments through parliamentary monarchies
• Glorious Revolution – parliament won sovereignty over monarchs
• Monarchies would never be able to completely displace nobility
II. CausesA.Renaissance- spirit of curiosity
B.Reformation- questioned the accepted way of thinking about God
A. Geocentric Theory(Earth Centered)
•Aristotle - Greek philosopher thought of it
•Ptolemy -expanded the theory
• Christianity-Upheld this theory
B.Heliocentric Theory•The sun is the center of the universe
•based on a Greek idea that the sun stood in the center of the universe
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), Polish Astronomer; father of modern astronomy ; authored 'De Revolutionibus' proving the sun to be the centre of the universe in 1530, published in 1543, before his death
1. Copernicusa.Earth not stationary, but turns on an axis once a dayb.Earth not center of the universe-instead the earth and other planets revolve around the sun
2.Johannes Kepler•Student of Brahe
•Mathematical proved the planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles
•With telescope saw the moon, planets, and stars; saw that the moon had craters and jagged mountains
•declared the heavenly bodies were imperfect
A. Francis Bacon
Criticized how medieval scholars arrived at their conclusions
Empiricism - experimental method to make conclusions
B. Rene Descartes
• Developed analytical geometry
• Math and Logic to make conclusions
1) Careful experiments and observations
2) Reason is used to interpret the results of the experiments and observations
3) Mathematics rather than logic, or reasoning from principles, is used
to prove scientific theories
V. Sir Isaac
Newton
“If I have seen farther than others, it is because I have stood on the
shoulders of giants.”
Law of Gravity
•There is a force of attraction between objects that is related to their mass and that the force increases as objects moves closer together
A Medieval Post-Mortem Examination Post-mortem examinations were rare in the Middle
Ages, in part due to religious and intellectual scruples. This early representation (c. 1300) of a dissection
shows a surgeon and a monk
4. Edward Jenner•Jenner discovered that inoculation with germs from cowpox gave permanent protection from small pox
Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.
What is the first step in the scientific process?
What are the possibilities following testing of a hypothesis?
What is a hypothesis?
A. Hobbes• People w/out government
would constantly fight
• Best government is one of Absolute Power
• People gave up rights to a ruler who guaranteed peace and order
Leviathan•argued for a Social Contract- people gave up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange they would gain law and order
B. John Locke•Self-government
•believed people were reasonable and could learn from mistakes
• therefore absolute monarch not necessary
* People born with natural rights from God- not from King* Government’s job to protect
•Life
•Liberty
•Property
D.Philosophes•French term for Philosopher
•Social critics, believed they could apply reason to all aspects of life
1. Voltaire • 1) against the
power of the nobles
• 2) reduce the power of the church
• 3) freedom of press speech and religion
Wrote : Spirit of Laws
• Government should not put all the power in the hands of one man
• Separation
of powers
• Checks and
balances
3. RousseauThe only good
government is one that is freely formed by the people and guided by
“general will” of society
“Man is born free and everywhere in chains”
•Man is born basically
• good and is
• corrupted
• by society
F. Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences
• Sum of knowledge considered important by enlightened thinkers
• *36 volumes• 11 of which• were pictures
“Enlightened Monarchs”• Most of Europe
ruled by absolute monarchs
• Receptive to Enlightenment ideas
• Instituted new laws and practices
Enlightened Monarchs
• Frederick II, Prussia
• Catherine the Great, Russia
• Maria Theresa, Austria
• Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire
• Gustav III, Sweden
• Napoleon I, France
Frederick the Great (ruled 1740–1786)
• Prussian ruler
• Had a strong interest in Enlightenment works
• Induced Voltaire to come to Prussia
Frederick the Great (continued)
• Wanted to make Prussia a modern state
• Reforms
Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”
Catherine the Great(ruled 1762–1796)
• Russian ruler
• Well-versed in Enlightenment works
• “Westernizing” Russia
Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790)
• Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780
• Joseph’s reforms• Religious toleration• Control over the
Catholic Church• Abolition of
serfdom