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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76064-5 - Commercial Law: Principles and PolicyNicholas Ryder, Margaret Griffiths and Lachmi SinghFrontmatterMore information

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Commercial Law

This innovative textbook examines commercial law and the social and political context in which it develops. Topical examples, such as funding for terrorism, demonstrate this fast-moving field’s relevance to today’s concerns. This wide-ranging subject is set within a clear structure, with part and chapter introduc-tions setting out the student’s course of study. Recommendations for further reading at the end of every chapter point the reader to important sources for advanced study, and revision questions encourage understanding. The exten-sive coverage and detailed commentary has been extensively market tested to ensure that the contents are aligned with the needs of university courses in commercial law.

Nicholas Ryder is an associate professor in law at the University of the West of England, Bristol. He is currently Director of the Commercial Law Research Unit and co-convener for the Banking and Finance Stream for the Society of Legal Scholars.

Margaret Griffiths is Professor Emeritus at the University of Glamorgan. She is a specialist in consumer law, having taught and researched the area for over thirty years.

Lachmi Singh is a senior lecturer in law at the University of the West of England Bristol, where she specialises in contract law, international trade and carriage of goods by sea.

The authors discuss why Commercial Law: Principles and Policy is required reading at www.cambridge.org/commerciallaw

Follow the authors on Twitter at @DrNicRyder; @LachmiSingh;@ProfMGriffiths

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Commercial Law

Principles and Policy

NiCHoL aS RyDERMaRGaRET GRiFFiTHSL aCHMi SiNGH






CAMBRID GE UNIVERSIT Y PRESSCambridge, New york, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of america by Cambridge University Press, New york

www.cambridge.orginformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521760645

© Nicholas Ryder, Margaret Griffiths and Lachmi Singh 2012

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2012

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataRyder, Nicholas.

Commercial law: principles and policy / Nicholas Ryder, Margaret Griffiths, Lachmi Singh. p. cm.includes bibliographical references and index.iSBN 978-0-521-76064-5 (hardback) – iSBN 978-0-521-75802-4 (pbk.)1. Commercial law – England. i. Griffiths, Margaret. ii. Singh, Lachmi. iii. Title. KD1629.R93 2012346.4207–dc23 2012007319

iSBN 978-0-521-76064-5 HardbackiSBN 978-0-521-75802-4 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






Contents

Preface page xiiiList of abbreviations xvTable of statutory provisions xviiTable of cases xlvii

PaRt 1 aGeNCy 1introduction 1

Part 1 Chapter 1 agency: an introduction 31 introduction 32 What is agency? 33 Nature and characteristics of agency 64 The different types of agency 85 Conclusion 136 Recommended reading 13

Part 1 Chapter 2 the authority of an agent 141 introduction 142 The authority of an agent 143 agency by ratification 214 agency of necessity 255 Conclusion 266 Recommended reading 26

Part 1 Chapter 3 Relations between a principal and agent 281 introduction 282 Duties of an agent 283 Rights of an agent 434 Commercial agents and principals 475 Disclosed agency 496 Undisclosed agency 527 Termination of agency 548 Recommended reading 58






Contentsvi

PaRt 2 SaLe of GoodS aNd SeRviCeS 59introduction 59

Part 2 Chapter 1 Sale of goods policy 61 1 introduction 61 2 Background 62 3 Development of the sale of goods 62 4 Equality of bargaining power: non-consumers and consumers 65 5 impact of the European Union 69 6 Contract of sale 71 7 Contracts for non-monetary consideration 72 8 Contracts for the transfer of property or possession 73 9 Recommended reading 77

Part 2 Chapter 2 the implied conditions in sale of goods contracts 78 1 introduction 78 2 Background 79 3 Sale of Goods act 1979, section 12: the right to sell 80 4 Sale of Goods act 1979, section 13: compliance with description 85 5 Sale of Goods act 1979, section 14(2): satisfactory quality 91 6 Sale of Goods act 1979, section 14(3): fitness for purpose 102 7 Sale of Goods act 1979, section 15: sale by sample 105 8 Exclusion and limitation of liability 106 9 acceptance 10710 Remedies 11011 Recommended reading 112

Part 2 Chapter 3 the passage of title, delivery and payment 114 1 introduction 114 2 Background to the passage of property and risk 115 3 Rules governing the passage of property 115 4 Passage of risk 125 5 The nemo dat exceptions 127 6 Delivery and payment 133 7 Remedies 136 8 Recommended reading 143

Part 2 Chapter 4 the supply of goods and services 144 1 introduction 144 2 Background 145 3 Provision of Services Regulations 2009 146 4 Supply of Goods and Services act 1982 154 5 Recommended reading 164






Contentsvii

Part 2 Chapter 5 e-commerce and distance selling 1651 introduction 1652 Background 1653 Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002 1664 Distance selling 1735 Recommended Reading 180

PaRt 3 iNteRNatioNaL tRade aNd SaLeS 181introduction 181

Part 3 Chapter 1 Standard trade terms 1831 introduction 1832 CiF contracts 1833 FoB contracts 1924 Ex Works 1955 FaS contracts 1966 Conclusion 1967 Recommended reading 196

Part 3 Chapter 2 the vienna Convention on the international Sale of Goods 1980 (CiSG) 197

1 introduction and background 1972 Structure and scope 1983 UNiDRoiT Principles of international Commercial Contracts 2124 Conclusion 2135 Recommended reading 213

Part 3 Chapter 3 Payment in international sales 2151 introduction and background 2152 open account 2153 Bills of exchange 2164 Documentary collections 2175 introduction to letters of credit 2176 Factoring 2267 Forfaiting 2288 Conclusion 2299 Recommended reading 229

Part 3 Chapter 4 Carriage of goods by sea 2311 introduction 2312 Hague and Hague-Visby Rules 2343 Charterparties 2474 Time charterparty 256






Contentsviii

5 Common law obligations of the shipper 259 6 Common law obligations of the carrier 263 7 Bills of lading 265 8 Electronic bills of lading 268 9 Conclusion 26810 Recommended reading 268

PaRt 4 toRtiouS LiabiLity foR defeCtive PRoduCtS 271introduction 271

Part 4 Chapter 1 Negligence and the rise of product liability 273 1 introduction 273 2 Background 274 3 Development of negligence 275 4 The move to strict liability 280 5 Types of defect 281 6 Developments in strict liability 284 7 Recommended reading 296

Part 4 Chapter 2 Product Liability under the Consumer Protection act 1987 298

1 introduction 298 2 Personnel 299 3 Meaning of ‘product’ 305 4 Defectiveness 307 5 Defences 319 6 Contributory negligence 327 7 Recoverable damage 328 8 Limitations on liability 330 9 Recommended reading 332

PaRt 5 uNfaiR CoMMeRCiaL PRaCtiCeS 333introduction 333

Part 5 Chapter 1 Policy on unfair commercial practices 335 1 introduction 335 2 Background 336 3 Enforcement strategy 338 4 Criminal law controls 339 5 Civil law enforcement 344 6 Recommended reading 348






Contentsix

Part 5 Chapter 2 the Consumer Protection from unfair trading Regulations 2008 350

1 introduction 350 2 Scope of the 2008 Regulations 351 3 Prohibition against unfair commercial practices 357 4 Codes of practice 360 5 Misleading actions 362 6 Misleading omissions 372 7 aggressive commercial practices 375 8 Commercial practices which are automatically unfair 379 9 offences 39110 Recommended reading 392

Part 5 Chapter 3 business protection from misleading marketing 393 1 introduction 393 2 Background 394 3 Controls over misleading advertising 394 4 Comparative advertising 399 5 Promotion of misleading and comparative advertising 402 6 Recommended reading 403

PaRt 6 baNkiNG aNd fiNaNCe Law 405introduction 405

Part 6 Chapter 1 Government policy 407 1 introduction 407 2 History of banking regulation: early policy initiatives 407 3 New Labour and a new policy 410 4 The Financial Services authority 422 5 The Coalition government 436 6 Conclusion 437 7 Recommended reading 438

Part 6 Chapter 2 banking and finance law 439 1 introduction 439 2 What is a bank? 439 3 What is a customer? 442 4 Bank accounts 444 5 Cheques 449 6 Payment cards 451 7 Banker’s duty of confidentiality 454 8 Banking Conduct Regime 457






Contentsx

9 Payment Services Regulations 2009 45910 Conclusion 46011 Recommended reading 461

Part 6 Chapter 3 banking regulation 462 1 introduction 462 2 European banking regulation 462 3 The Financial Services authority 466 4 Financial Services Compensation Scheme 473 5 Financial ombudsman Scheme 473 6 Financial Services and Markets Tribunal 473 7 The Bank of England 474 8 Bank insolvency 475 9 illicit finance 47710 Conclusion 49211 Recommended reading 493

PaRt 7 CoNSuMeR CRedit 495introduction 495

Part 7 Chapter 1 the government’s policy towards consumer credit 497 1 introduction 497 2 Evolution of the consumer credit market 498 3 Consumer debt, financial exclusion and over-indebtedness 501 4 irresponsible lending 505 5 Regulation of irresponsible lending 506 6 irresponsible borrowing 508 7 ineffective legislative protection for consumers 510 8 a change of policy 514 9 Lessons from the United States 51810 Conclusion 51911 Recommended reading 520

Part 7 Chapter 2 the Consumer Credit act 1974 522 1 introduction 522 2 Crowther Committee on Consumer Credit 523 3 Consumer Credit act 1974 524 4 Formalities 531 5 Cancellation of agreements 532 6 Pre- and post-contract information 532 7 Documentation of credit and hire agreements 535 8 Matters arising during the currency of credit

or hire agreements 535






Contentsxi

9 Credit advertising 53610 Credit licensing 53911 Unfairness test 54412 other powers of the court 55013 Financial ombudsman Service 55014 Enforcement 55215 Consumer Credit Directive 55416 Conclusion 55717 Recommended reading 557

Bibliography 559index 581






The principal objective of this book is to provide a detailed analytical overview of the vast array of areas of commercial law and the policies that lie behind these areas of law. The book is divided into seven parts and has been written with the relevant policies in mind. Part 1 of the book deals with one of the most trad-itional aspects of commercial law, the law of agency. This part is divided into three chapters and provides a detailed review of the scope of an agent’s author-ity, the obligations owed by a principal to an agent and the Commercial agency Regulations 1993. The second part of the book deals with another central tenant of the commercial law syllabus, the sale of goods. This is divided into five parts and considers such topics as the historical development and policy underlying the sale of goods, before addressing the integral areas of the implied conditions in the sale of goods, and the passage of title to goods combined with delivery and payment. The last two chapters address the provisions of the supply of goods and services and finally the rise of e-commerce. The third part of the book deals with international trade and sales law. in particular, it concentrates on standard trade terms, the Vienna Convention on the international Sale of Goods, payment in international sales and carriage of goods by sea. Part four looks at tortious liability for defective products, dealing initially with the law of negligence and the rise of product liability and thereafter looking in detail at the provisions of the Consumer Protection act 1987. The next part of the book consists of three chapters looking at the issue of unfair commercial practices, which has seen a major reform of the previous piecemeal approach towards criminal liability for goods and services. The first chapter looks at the policy underlying the reforms and the role of the European Union in this area. The second chapter considers in detail the provisions of the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008, which have adopted a more holistic approach to the entire issue of the liability of traders for goods and services. The final chapter addresses the Business Protection from Misleading Marketing Regulations 2008 and the controls they exercise over misleading and compara-tive advertising.

as set out above, this book deals with the traditional areas of commercial law, including the law of agency and the sale of goods. However, as there is an artificial divide between consumer law and commercial law, this book also

Preface






Prefacexiv

considers other areas that could be viewed as on the periphery of the modern day interpretation of commercial law, namely banking and finance law in Part 6 and consumer credit law in Part 7.

Uniquely, the book provides an interesting overview of the recent policy initiatives introduced by successive British governments that have and will continue to have a fundamental influence on the evolution of commercial law. For example, the British economy has faced almost unprecedented levels of uncertainty since the start of the ‘credit crunch’ in 2007. The subsequent glo-bal banking crisis has necessitated a radical rethink from the government as to its consumer credit and banking strategies. in essence, this resulted in the introduction of, at times, radical legislation aimed at not only protecting con-sumers and businesses, but also encouraging the growth of the economy. The new consumer protection methods, such as the Consumer Credit Directive, the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008, the reforms in sale of goods due to the introduction of the Consumer Rights Directive and the Financial Services Bill (2011), will all have a monumental impact on commer-cial businesses into the future.

Dr Nicholas RyderProfessor Margaret Griffiths

Lachmi Singhaugust 2011






aML anti-money launderingaPR annual percentage rateBBa British Bankers associationBCCi Bank of Credit Commerce internationalBiS Bank of international SettlementsBPMM Business Protection from Misleading Marketing

Regulations 2008CiF cost, insurance, freightCiSG UN Convention on Contracts for the international Sale of GoodsCMi Comité Maritime internationalCPMa Consumer Protection and Markets authorityCPUT Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008CTF counter-terrorist financingDBERR Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory ReformDBiS Department for Business, innovation and SkillsDTi Department of Trade and industryDWP Department of Work and PensionsEBa European Banking authorityECHR European Convention on Human RightsECJ European Court of JusticeEEa European Economic areaEMP Energy Markets ParticipantsERL expected readiness to loadEU European UnionFaS free alongside shipFaTF Financial action Task ForceFoB free on boardFoS Financial ombudsman ServiceFPC Financial Policy CommitteeFSa Financial Services authorityFSC Financial Stability CommitteeFSCS Financial Services Compensation SchemeFSF Financial Stability Forum

Abbreviations






List of abbreviationsxvi

FSMa Financial Services and Markets act 2000GDP gross domestic productiBRD international Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentiCC international Chamber of CommerceiCSiD international Centre for the Settlement of investment DisputesiDa international Development associationiFC international Finance CorporationiMF international Monetary FundioSC international organisation of Securities CommissionMiB Marketing of investments BoardMiGa Multilateral investment Guarantee agencyMLRo Money Laundering Reporting officerMPC Monetary Policy CommitteeNaCaB National association of Citizens advice BureauNCa National Crime agencyoFT office of Fair TradingPRa Prudential Regulation authorityPSC point of single contactRPB recognised professional bodySEU Social Exclusion UnitSFo Serious Fraud officeSiB Securities and investments BoardSRo self-regulating organisationUCP Uniform Customs and Practice of Documentary CreditsUCTa Unfair Contract Terms act 1977UN United NationsUNCiTRaL UN Commission on international Trade LawUNCTaD UN Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNiDRoiT international institute for the Unification of Private LawURC Uniform Rules for Collections






Table of Statutory Provisions

Alphabetical Order

Acts of Parliament

Act to Prevent the Infamous Practice of Stock-Jobbing 1734 408

Advertisements (Hire Purchase) Act 1967 523

Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 490, 492

Pt 2 490ss. 4–16 490Sch. 1

Pt 1 490Pt 2 490

Sch. 2 Pt 3 491, 492

Assize of Cake and Ale 1266 336Bank of England Act 1696 415Bank of England Act 1946

s. 4(1) 415Bank of England Act 1998 415, 416

Pt III 416s. 11 415s. 13 415s. 21 416, 475

Bankers’ Books Evidence Act 1879 s. 7 456

Banking Act 1979 415, 417, 419s. 3(5) 419

Banking Act 1987 410, 415, 416, 419, 421, 467s. 9(3) 419s. 41 419

Banking Act 2009 424, 437, 475, 476Pt 1 476Pt 2 476Pt 3 476s. 1(1) 476s. 1(2)(a) 476

s. 1(2)(b) 476s. 1(2)(c) 476s. 1(3)(a) 476s. 1(3)(b) 476s. 1(3)(c) 476s. 1(5)(a) 477s. 1(5)(b) 477s. 1(5)(c) 477s. 2 441s. 4(4) 476s. 4(5) 476s. 4(6) 476s. 4(7) 476s. 4(8) 476s. 181 475s. 238 475

Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 434Bill of Sales Acts 1878 and 1882 523Bills of Exchange Act 1882 51, 442, 450, 451

s. 2 441s. 3(1) 216, 449s. 8(1) 450ss. 22–26 7s. 23 51s. 26(1) 51s. 73(1) 449s. 81A 450

Bills of Lading Act 1855 266Bribery Act 2010 40

s. 1(2) 41Bubble Act 1720 408Building Societies Act 1986 467, 468, 499

s. 101(4) 416s. 119 441

Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1924 234Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 181, 234,

265s. 1(2) 235s. 1(3) 236






Table of statutory provisionsxviii

s. 1(4) 235s. 1(6) 235s. 1(6)(b) 236s. 3 239Sch. 1 235

Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 234, 265, 266

s. 1(5) 268s. 2(1) 267s. 2(4) 267s. 2(5) 267s. 5(2) 267

Cheques Act 1957 442, 450, 451s. 4 442

Cheques Act 1992 450Companies Act 1948 518Companies Act 1980 480Companies Act 1985

s. 36C 24Companies Act 1989

s. 130(4) 24Companies Act 2006 148, 485

s. 51(1) 24Company Securities (Insider Dealing) Act

1985 480Competition Act 1998

s. 2(1) 30Consumer Credit Act 1974 353, 357, 371, 451,

452, 497, 510, 511, 519, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 529, 530, 531, 532, 534, 544, 551, 552, 554

ss 1–7 525s. 6(2) 539ss 8–20 525s. 8 526s. 8(2) 526, 528s. 8(3) 527s. 9(1) 526s. 11(1) 527s. 12(1) 527s. 13 528s. 15 526s. 15(1) 527s. 16 528s. 16(1) 528s. 16(2) 528s. 16(5)(a) 528s. 16(5)(b) 528s. 16(5)(c) 528s. 16(6A) 528, 529s. 16(6C) 529s. 16A 528

s. 16B 528s. 18(1) 529s. 19 530s. 19(1) 530s. 19(3) 530s. 20 530ss 21–42 525s. 21(1) 539s. 22(1) 540s. 22(1)(a) 539s. 22(1)(b) 539s. 22(5) 539s. 24A 540s. 24A(1)(a) & (b) 540s. 25 541s. 25(2A)(a) 540s. 25(2A)(b) 540s. 25(2A)(d) 540s. 25(2A)(e) 540s. 25A 541s. 29(2A) 541s. 30 539s. 30(1) 539, 540s. 30(2) 539s. 30(3) 539s. 32(1) 539s. 33A 543s. 33A(1)(a) 543s. 33A(1)(b) 543s. 33A(1)(c) 543s. 33A(2)(a) & (b) 543s. 33B 543s. 34A 540s. 36A 543, 544s. 39(1) 539s. 39A 543s. 39A(1) 543s. 39A(2)(a) 543s. 39A(2)(b) 543s. 39A(2)(c) 543s. 39A(2)(d) 543s. 39C(6) 544s. 41A 542ss 43–54 525s. 43(1)(a) 536s. 43(1)(b) 536s. 43(2)(a) 537s. 43(2)(b) 537s. 43(2)(c) 537s. 44(1) 537s. 46(1) 537s. 50(1)(a) 537






Table of statutory provisionsxix

s. 50(1)(b) 537s. 50(1)(c) 537s. 50(1)(d) 537s. 51A 537ss 55–74 525s. 55 533s. 61(1)(a) 531s. 61(1)(b) 531s. 61(1)(c) 531s. 61A 532s. 61B 532s. 62 531s. 63 531s. 64 531s. 65 531s. 67(1)(a) 532s. 67(1)(b) 532s. 68(1)(a) 532s. 68(1)(b) 532s. 74(2) 531ss 75–86 525s. 75 535s. 75(3) 535s. 75(3)(b) 535s. 75A(6)(a) 535s. 75A(6)(b) 535s. 77 536s. 77(1) 536s. 77A 534, 536s. 78 536s. 78(4A) 534s. 79 536s. 86B 534s. 86E 534ss 87–104 525s. 99 74, 131s. 100 131ss 105–126 525ss 127–144 525s. 129 550s. 130A 534s. 137(1) 545s. 137(2)(i) 545s. 137(2)(ii) 545s. 138(1)(a) 545s. 138(1)(b) 545s. 138(2)(a) 545s. 138(2)(b) 545s. 138(4) 545s. 138(5) 545s. 140A 546, 548s. 140A(1)(a) 546

s. 140A(1)(b) 546s. 140A(1)(c) 546s. 140B(1)(a) 546s. 140B(1)(b) 546s. 140B(1)(c) 546s. 140B(1)(d) 546s. 140B(1)(e) 546s. 140B(1)(f) 547s. 140B(1)(g) 547s. 140B(9) 546s. 140D 547ss 145–60 525s. 145(1)(a) 529s. 145(1)(b) 529s. 145(1)(c) 529s. 145(1)(d) 529s. 145(1)(da) 530s. 145(1)(db) 530s. 145(1)(e) 529, 530s. 146 530ss 161–73 525s. 167 538ss 174–93 525s. 179 535s. 189(1) 525, 526, 528, 530, 536

Consumer Credit Act 2006 508, 510, 512, 522, 524, 525, 528, 529, 534, 539, 542, 544, 545, 550, 551, 552, 557

s. 1 526s. 2 526s. 3 529s. 6 534s. 7 534s. 9 534s. 12 534s. 17 534s. 19 546s. 20 546s. 22 547s. 28 540s. 29 540, 541s. 31 540s. 32 540s. 34 540s. 38 543s. 45 544s. 47 544s. 52 543s. 59 426, 551s. 61 426

Consumer Protection Acts 1961–71 336






Table of statutory provisionsxx

Consumer Protection Act 1987 302, 316, 319, 323, 325, 332, 367, 369

Pt I 274, 280, 298, 330Pt II 308, 337Pt III 337, 352, 362, 369s. 1(1) 290, 298, 305, 324, 327s. 1(2) 299, 301, 306, 307s. 1(2)(a) 299s. 1(2)(b) 300s. 1(2)(c) 300s. 1(3) 305s. 2 300, 301s. 2(1) 301s. 2(2) 301, 321, 322s. 2(3) 303, 322s. 2(3)(a) 304s. 2(3)(b) 304s. 2(3)(c) 304s. 2(5) 304s. 2(6) 305s. 3 299, 308, 314, 317, 326s. 3(1) 307, 310s. 3(2) 311, 312s. 3(2)(a) 312, 314, 315s. 3(2)(b) 315s. 3(2)(c) 315, 316s. 4 104, 280, 299, 319s. 4(1)(a) 314, 319s. 4(1)(b) 321s. 4(1)(c) 321s. 4(1)(c)(i) 301, 302s. 4(1)(d) 322, 326s. 4(1)(e) 290, 298, 301, 312,

323, 324s. 4(1)(f) 299, 307, 326, 327s. 4(1)(f)(i) 327s. 4(1)(f)(ii) 327s. 4(2) 322s. 5 308, 328s. 5(1) 328s. 5(2) 275, 328, 329s. 5(3) 329s. 5(3)(b) 329s. 5(4) 329s. 5(5) 330s. 5(6) 330s. 6(4) 301, 327s. 7 332s. 20 303, 363s. 20(1) 303, 351s. 45(1) 321, 328

Consumer Safety Act 1978 308

Consumers, Estate Agents and Redress Act 2007 552

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 146

Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 328–490Sch. 7 490

para. 3 490Credit Unions Act 1979 467, 516, 517

s. 31 441Criminal Justice Act 1987 485

s. 1 485s. 2 485

Criminal Justice Act 1993 477, 482Pt V 480s. 52 480s. 52(1) 480s. 52(2)(a) 480s. 52(2)(b) 480s. 52(3) 480s. 53(1)(a) 481s. 53(1)(b) 481s. 53(1)(c) 482s. 56(1)(a) 480s. 56(1)(b) 480s. 56(1)(c) 480s. 56(1)(d) 481s. 57(1)(a) 481s. 57(1)(b) 481s. 57(2)(a)(i) 481s. 57(2)(a)(ii) 481s. 57(2)(b) 481s. 59 481s. 60(1) 480s. 61 481Sch. 1 482

Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 477Electronic Communications Act 2000 167,

173s. 8 173

Emergency Laws (Re-enactments and Repeals) Act 1964

s. 2 490Enterprise Act 2002 371, 379, 552

Pt 8 154, 345, 359, 362, 375, 383, 390, 533, 547, 548

s. 211(1)(a) 547s. 211(1)(b) 547s. 211(1)(c) 547s. 211(2)(a) 547s. 211(2)(b) 547s. 211(2)(c) 547s. 211(2)(d) 547






Table of statutory provisionsxxi

s. 211(2)(e) 547s. 211(2)(f) 548s. 211(2)(g) 548s. 212 345s. 212(1)(a) & (b) 548s. 213 345s. 214(4) 345, 346s. 215(1) 346s. 216(2) 346s. 217 345, 346s. 218 345, 346s. 219 345, 346s. 219(2) 346

Estate Agents Act 1979 552 s. 1(1) 11

Factors Act 1889 9s. 2 129s. 2(1) 9

Fair Trading Act 1973 345Fatal Accidents Act 1976 327Finance Act 1985 418Financial Services Act 1986 408, 410, 411,

413, 414, 427, 467, 484s. 6 414s. 8(1) 410s. 43 416s. 47 414s. 59 414s. 61 414s. 71 414s. 72 414s. 106 418s. 114(1) 409

Financial Services Act 2010 424, 435, 467s. 1 435ss. 3–6 436s. 7 436s. 8 436ss. 9–13 436ss. 14–17 436ss. 18–19 436

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 410, 422, 427, 433, 437, 462, 466, 468, 472, 473, 482, 510, 518, 528

Pt VIII 483, 484Pt XI 484Pt XVI 550s. 2(1) 423s. 2(3) 431s. 2(4) 431s. 3 423s. 3(1) 423

s. 3(2) 423s. 4 423, 424, 509s. 4(2)(a) 424, 509s. 4(2)(b) 424, 509s. 5 423s. 5(1) 425, 509s. 5(2)(a) 425, 510s. 5(2)(b) 425, 510s. 5(2)(c) 425, 510s. 5(2)(d) 425, 510s. 6 423, 427s. 8 433s. 9 423, 433s. 10 423, 433s. 11 433s. 12 432ss. 14–18 432s. 19 467s. 22 467s. 33 423s. 42 423s. 48 371s. 51(3) 469s. 54 423s. 56 430, 486s. 59(11) 443s. 64 469s. 73A 469s. 118 482s. 118(2) 483s. 118(3) 483s. 118(4)(a) & (b) 483s. 118(5)(a) & (b) 483s. 118(6) 484s. 118(7) 484s. 118(8) 484s. 119 469, 483s. 123(1)(a) 484s. 123(1)(b) 484s. 138 423, 469ss. 140–147 469s. 146 478s. 149 469s. 153 467s. 157 469ss. 165–166 478s. 165 427, 472s. 166 427, 472s. 166(2) 473ss. 167–168 478s. 167 484s. 168 484






Table of statutory provisionsxxii

s. 168(2)(a) 484s. 168(2)(d) 484s. 169 478s. 172 478s. 175(5)(a) 456s. 175(5)(b) 456s. 175(5)(c) 456s. 175(5)(d) 456s. 205 428s. 206(1) 428, 478, 486ss. 212–224 518s. 213 425, 473s. 226 426, 473s. 226A 551s. 226A(2)(a) 551s. 226A(2)(b) 551 s. 226A(2)(c) 551 s. 226A(2)(d) 551 s. 226A(2)(e) 551 s. 226A(2)(f) 551 s. 229 426, 473s. 230 426, 473s. 397 482s. 402(1)(a) 428,

478, 484s. 404 432s. 426 472s. 427 472s. 429(1) 432Sch. 1

para. 2(3) 432para. 10 432para. 10(1)(b) 431para. 11 432para. 12 432

Sch. 4 489Food Safety Act 1990 336Fraud Act 2006 485

s. 2 485s. 3 485s. 4 485

Friendly Societies Act 1992 467Hire-Purchase Act 1964 523

s. 27 131, 132Hire-Purchase Act 1965 499, 524Housing Act 1980 499Human Rights Act 1998 457Industrial and Provident Societies Act

1965 518Insolvency Act 1986

s. 388 47Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 408

Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 327

Law Reform (Enforcement of Contracts) Act 1954

s. 2 63, 76Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act

2006 553Limitation Act 1939

s. 24 7Limitation Act 1980 274, 295, 331

s. 2 146s. 11 146s. 11A 315s. 11A(3) 330s. 11A(4) 330

Limited Liability Act 1855 408Merchant Shipping Act 1894

s. 446 260Merchant Shipping (Registration) Act

1993 260Moneylenders Acts 1900–1927 499, 523,

524, 544Pawnbrokers Acts 1872–1960 499Pawnbrokers Act 1872 523Power of Attorney Act 1971 56–144

s. 5 56s. 5(1) 56s. 5(2) 56s. 7 51

Prevention of Corruption Act 1906 40s. 1 40

Prevention of Corruption Act 1916 40Prevention of Fraud (Investments) Act

1939 408, 409Prevention of Fraud (Investments) Act

1958 408, 409, 418, 484s. 1 418

Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989

s. 13 488Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 457, 477, 485,

487s. 327 477s. 328 428s. 328(1) 479s. 329 478s. 330 478, 487s. 330(2)(a) 479s. 330(2)(b) 479s. 331 478s. 331(2)(a) 479s. 331(2)(b) 479






Table of statutory provisionsxxiii

s. 332 478s. 333A 478s. 342 478

Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act 1889 40s. 1(1) 40

Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 485

Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Act 2008 553

Sale of Goods Act 1893 62, 63, 79s. 4(1) 63s. 14(1) 103

Sale of Goods Act 1979 62, 64, 66, 69, 70, 116, 127, 169, 291, 301, 328, 371, 548

s. 2(1) 71, 72s. 2(2) 72s. 2(3) 72s. 2(5) 72, 118s. 7 125s. 11 107s. 11(4) 136ss. 12–15 67, 69, 72, 78, 79, 106, 110, 118,

155, 156, 383s. 12 67, 78, 79, 80, 91, 106, 110, 131, 382s. 12(1) 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84s. 12(2) 78, 83s. 12(2)(a) 83s. 12(2)(b) 84–472s. 12(3) 85s. 12(4) 85s. 12(5) 85s. 12(5A) 79, 81ss. 13–15 67, 79, 80, 106, 107, 108, 110s. 13 78, 80, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 111, 193s. 13(1) 85, 87s. 13(1A) 79, 85s. 13(2) 87, 106s. 13(3) 86s. 14 64, 76, 78, 80, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94,

111, 157, 169, 303, 308, 373, 387s. 14(1) 94s. 14(2) 79, 91, 94, 95, 97, 100, 169s. 14(2A) 95, 96s. 14(2B) 91, 95, 99, 102, 155, 308s. 14(2B)(a) 93s. 14(2B)(b) 100s. 14(2B)(d) 308s. 14(2C) 95, 105s. 14(2C)(a) 95s. 14(2C)(b) 96s. 14(2C)(c) 96, 105s. 14(2D) 98

s. 14(2E) 98s. 14(3) 79, 91, 100, 102, 104, 169, 398s. 14(5) 92s. 14(6) 79, 93, 97s. 15 79, 80, 91, 94, 111s. 15(1) 105s. 15(2) 105s. 15(2)(a) 105s. 15(2)(b) 105s. 15(2)(c) 105s. 15(3) 79s. 15A 61, 69, 80, 85, 89, 110, 111, 121, 135s. 15A(1)(b) 69s. 15A(2) 69ss. 16–19 115s. 16 120, 188s. 17 116, 122, 187s. 18 117, 120, 122s. 18 rr. 1–4 117s. 18 r. 1 117, 118, 119, 125, 132s. 18 r. 2 117, 118, 119s. 18 r. 3 117, 119s. 18 r. 4 119, 126, 131s. 18 r. 5 117, 120s. 18 r. 5(1) 120s. 18 r. 5(2) 121s. 18 r. 5(3) 121s. 18 r. 5(4) 121s. 18(5) 188s. 19 116, 118, 120, 122, 188, 194s. 19(1) 122s. 19(2) 122s. 19(3) 122s. 20 64, 115, 189s. 20(1) 125, 126s. 20(2) 126s. 20(3) 126s. 20(4) 69, 115, 121, 126s. 20A 117, 120, 124, 126, 189s. 20A(1) 124s. 20A(2) 124s. 20B 124, 189s. 20B(1) 124s. 20B(1)(a) 124s. 20B(1)(b) 124s. 20B(3) 124s. 21 127, 128s. 21(2) 129s. 23 132s. 24 130s. 25 119, 130, 131s. 25(2) 130






Table of statutory provisionsxxiv

ss. 27–33 134s. 27(2) 131s. 27(3) 131s. 28 64, 133, 141, 175, 194s. 29(4) 134s. 30(1) 135s. 30(2) 110s. 30(2A) 135s. 30(2D) 135s. 30(4) 110s. 31 64s. 31(1) 136s. 32(1) 134s. 32(3) 135s. 32(4) 127, 135s. 33 134s. 34 107, 108s. 35 107, 108s. 35(2) 107s. 35(2)(b) 105s. 35(3) 107s. 35(4) 108s. 35(5) 108s. 35(6) 108s. 35(6)(b) 108s. 35(7) 110s. 35A 107, 110s. 35A(1) 110s. 35A(2) 136–98s. 36 64s. 37 141s. 38(1) 136s. 38(2) 137s. 39(1) 137s. 39(2) 137ss. 41–43 137s. 41 190s. 41(2) 137s. 43(1) 138s. 43(2) 138ss. 44–46 137s. 44 138, 190s. 45(1) 138s. 45(2) 138s. 45(2)–(7) 138s. 45(3) 138s. 45(4) 139s. 45(5) 139s. 45(6) 139s. 45(7) 139s. 46 139ss. 47–48 137

s. 48 108, 139, 371s. 48(3) 139s. 48(4) 140ss. 48A–48F 71, 111s. 48A(3) 102, 111s. 48B(1) 111s. 48C(1) 111s. 49 140, 190s. 49(1) 140s. 49(2) 140s. 50 190s. 50(1) 140ss. 51–53 141s. 51 191s. 51(1) 141s. 51(2) 141s. 51(3) 142, 191s. 52(1) 142s. 53 191s. 53(1) 142s. 53(2) 142s. 53(3) 142, 191s. 53(4) 142s. 61 86–97, 116s. 61(1) 133–4s. 62(2) 64s. 65(5) 117

Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1994 s. 1 63, 133

Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1995 189s. 1(3) 64, 124s. 3 120

Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 63s. 1 91, 94

Savings Gateway Accounts Act 2009 516Serious Crime Act 2007 485Serious Organised Crime and Police Act

2005 485Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act

1973 63, 72, 79, 371s. 3 91, 93ss. 7–10 156ss. 8–11 155s. 8 67ss. 9–11 67s. 10 99s. 11 105s. 55 63s. 55(1) 63

Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 31, 60, 76, 144, 145, 154, 371

Pt 1 72, 79, 155, 156, 162, 382






Table of statutory provisionsxxv

ss. 1–6 155s. 2 106s. 4 99s. 5 105ss. 6–10 155ss. 7–10 74s. 7 74s. 9 75, 99s. 10 105s. 12(2) 159ss. 13–15 157, 162s. 13 76, 157, 159, 162, 387ss. 14–15 116s. 14 160, 387s. 15 161s. 16(3) 159s. 16(3)(a) 157s. 16(3)(b) 157

Terrorism Act 2000 489s. 4(1)(a) & (b) 491s. 5 491ss. 7 & 9 491ss. 15–19 489s. 15(1) 489s. 15(2) 489s. 15(3) 489s. 16(1) 489s. 17(1) 489s. 17(2) 489s. 18(1)(a) 489s. 18(1)(b) 489s. 18(1)(c) 489s. 18(1)(d) 489s. 18(2) 489s. 21A 491, 492s. 21A(2) 491s. 21A(3) 491s. 21A(4) 492s. 21B 492s. 21B(2) 492s. 21B(3) 492s. 21B(4) 492s. 21ZA 492s. 21ZC 492s. 23 489s. 28 489s. 38A 490Sch. 4 489Sch. 6 489

para. 2(a) 489para. 2(b) 489para. 3 489

Theft Act 1968 484, 485s. 17 485s. 18 485s. 19 485s. 20(1) 485

Theft Act 1978 484Timeshare Act 1992 174Trade Descriptions Act 1968 337, 340, 341,

351, 352, 362, 363, 364, 365, 370, 394, 396, 398

s. 1 91, 92, 303, 322, 337, 366, 372s. 1(1)(a) 362s. 1(1)(b) 343, 351, 362, 395s. 2 397s. 2(1)(c) 365s. 2(1)(d) 366s. 2(1)(j) 366s. 3(2) 363, 396s. 11 337s. 14 303, 322, 337, 353, 359, 366,

368, 380s. 23 344s. 24(1) 341

Trade Marks Act 1994 321Trustee Act 2000

ss. 11–23 7Trustee Delegation Act 1999 7Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 61, 63, 66,

106, 162, 548s. 2 162s. 3 66, 67s. 3(2)(a) 67s. 3(2)(b) 67s. 6 67, 89s. 6(1) 80s. 6(1)(a) 67, 106s. 6(1)(b) 67, 106s. 6(2) 67, 80, 89, 91, 371s. 6(3) 67, 81, 89, 91,

107, 371s. 7 67, 68, 155, 162s. 7(3) 107s. 7(3A) 106s. 11 107s. 11(1) 67s. 12 106s. 12(1) 68s. 12(2) 68s. 16(1) 162s. 16(2) 162

Unsolicited Goods and Services Act 1971 337, 390






Table of statutory provisionsxxvi

Statutory Instruments

Al-Qaeda and Taliban (United Nations Measures) Order 2006, SI 2006/2952 491

Banking Coordination (Second Council Directive) Regulations 1992, SI 1992/3218 416

Business Advertisements (Disclosure) Order 1977, SI 1977/1918 337, 373, 388

Business Protection from Misleading Marketing Regulations 2008, SI 2008/1276 333, 334, 335, 337, 339, 394, 552

reg. 2 399, 403reg. 2(1) 394, 395reg. 3 347, 394, 400reg. 3(1) 394, 395reg. 3(2) 395reg. 3(3)–(5) 397reg. 3(3) 397, 398reg. 3(3)(a) 397reg. 3(4) 397reg. 3(4)(b)–(d) 397reg. 4 347, 394, 399, 400reg. 4(a) 399reg. 4(b) 399reg. 4(c) 400reg. 4(d) 400reg. 4(e) 400, 401reg. 4(f) 401reg. 4(g) 401reg. 4(h) 401reg. 4(i) 402reg. 5 334, 347, 402reg. 6 339, 340, 341, 347reg. 8 339reg. 9 339, 344reg. 9(2) 344reg. 9(3) 344reg. 11 341reg. 11(1) 341reg. 11(1)(a) 342reg. 11(1)(a)(i) 342reg. 11(1)(b) 342reg. 11(2) 342reg. 13(4) 338reg. 15 347, 399, 403reg. 16 348, 399, 403reg. 18 348

Cancellation of Contracts made in a Consumer’s Home or Place of Work

Regulations 2008, SI 2008/1816 371, 376

Child Trust Funds (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2005, SI 2005/909 517

reg. 3 517Civil Partnership Act (Overseas Relationships

and Consequential etc Amendments) Order 2005, SI 2005/3129 517

Civil Procedure Rules 1998, SI 1998/3132 331Commercial Agents (Council Directive)

Regulations 1993, SI 1993/3053 12, 16, 17, 47, 57

reg. 2(1) 12reg. 3 48regs. 3–5 17reg. 4 47reg. 5 48regs. 13–20 17reg. 13 48reg. 15 48, 57reg. 17 17, 48, 57, 58–155reg. 17(3) 58reg. 17(5) 49reg. 17(7) 49reg. 18 49–134regs. 21–23 17

Consumer Credit Act 1974 (Electronic Communications) Order 2004, SI 2004/3236 173

Consumer Credit (Advertisements) (Amendment) Regulations 2007, SI 2007/827 538

Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations 1980, SI 1980/54 537


reg. 2(2)(a) 537reg. 2(2)(b) 537reg. 2(2)(c) 537

Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations 2004, SI 2004/1484 537–8

reg. 8 538 reg. 10 538 Sch. 2 538 Sch. 3 538


Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations 2010, SI 2010/1970 538, 557

Consumer Credit (Agreements) Regulations 1983, SI 1983/1553 532, 535






Table of statutory provisionsxxvii

Consumer Credit (Agreements) (Amendment) Regulations 2004, SI 2004/1482 531–2, 535

Consumer Credit (Agreements) Regulations 2010, SI 2010/1014 557

Consumer Credit (Disclosure of Information) Regulations 2004, SI 2004/1481 532–3

Consumer Credit (Disclosure of Information) Regulations 2010, SI 2010/1013 533, 557

reg. 10 533 Consumer Credit (EU Directive) Regulations

2010, SI 2010/1010 508, 534, 557regs. 8 and 9 532

Consumer Credit (Exempt Agreements) Order 1989, SI 1989/869 528

Consumer Credit (Exempt Agreements) Order 2007, SI 2007/1168 528

arts. 2–5 529 Consumer Credit (Information Requirements

and Duration of Licences and Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 2008, SI 2008/1751 534

Consumer Credit (Information Requirements and Duration of Licences and Charges) Regulations 2007, SI 2007/1167 534

Consumer Credit (Total Charge for Credit) Regulations 1980, SI 1980/51 530

reg. 3 531reg. 4 531

Consumer Credit (Total Charge for Credit) Regulations 2010, SI 2010/1011 531, 557

Consumer Protection (Cancellation of Contracts Concluded away from Business Premises) Regulations 1987, SI 1987/2117 376

Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000, SI 2000/2334 60, 148, 165, 171, 174, 371, 549, 552

reg. 5 174reg. 6 174reg. 7 175reg. 7(1) 175, 176reg. 7(1)(a)(i) 175reg. 7(1)(a)(i–vi) 176reg. 7(1)(a)(ii)–(vi) 175reg. 7(1)(a)(vii–ix) 176reg. 7(1)(b) 176reg. 7(1)(c) 176reg. 7(2) 177

reg. 7(3) 176reg. 7(4) 176reg. 8 175, 178reg. 8(1) 176reg. 8(2) 178reg. 8(2)(b) 177reg. 8(2)(c) 177reg. 8(2)(d) 177reg. 8(2)(e) 177reg. 9(1) 176reg. 10 177, 178reg. 11 177reg. 11(1) 178reg. 11(2) 178reg. 11(3) 178reg. 11(4) 179reg. 12 177reg. 12(1) 178reg. 12(2) 179reg. 12(3) 179reg. 12(3A) 179reg. 12(4) 179reg. 13 175reg. 13(1)(a) 178reg. 13(1)(b)–(f) 178reg. 14 179reg. 15 179reg. 17 179reg. 18(1) 179reg. 19(7) 390

Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008, SI 2008/1277 148, 280, 303, 322, 333, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 344, 350, 380, 394, 395, 400, 548, 552

reg. 2 177, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 403reg. 2(1) 303, 351, 353, 355, 374reg. 2(2)–(6) 353reg. 2(2) 353reg. 2(5) 354reg. 2(5)(b) 355reg. 2(6) 355reg. 3 352, 357, 358, 359, 379reg. 3(1) 357reg. 3(3) 357, 396reg. 4 361reg. 5 162, 352, 357, 362, 363, 364, 365, 371,

379, 381, 386, 396, 400reg. 5(2) 362, 365, 385reg. 5(2)(a) 362, 363, 371reg. 5(2)(b) 356, 362–417reg. 5(3) 362






Table of statutory provisionsxxviii

reg. 5(3)(a) 321reg. 5(3)(b)(2) 356reg. 5(4) 363, 364, 366, 367, 371, 397reg. 5(4)(a) 363reg. 5(4)(b) 363reg. 5(4)(c) 367reg. 5(4)(d) 368, 385reg. 5(4)(e) 368reg. 5(4)(f) 368reg. 5(4)(g) 369reg. 5(4)(h) 369reg. 5(4)(j) 370reg. 5(5) 175, 363, 364, 365, 366reg. 5(5)(g)–(h) 365reg. 5(6) 370reg. 6 352, 357, 362, 372, 375, 379, 396, 400reg. 6(1) 356, 372, 373reg. 6(1)(a) 372reg. 6(1)(b) 372, 373reg. 6(1)(c) 372reg. 6(1)(d) 372, 373reg. 6(2) 372reg. 6(3) 374reg. 6(3)(a) 373reg. 6(3)(b) 374reg. 6(4)(b) 374reg. 6(4)(c) 374reg. 6(4)(d) 375reg. 6(4)(e) 375reg. 7 333, 357, 362, 376, 377, 379, 388, 389reg. 7(1) 376, 377reg. 7(1)(b) 356, 379reg. 7(2) 377, 378reg. 7(2)(a) 377reg. 7(2)(b) 377reg. 7(2)(c) 377reg. 7(2)(d) 378reg. 7(3)(b) 376regs. 8–12 339, 391reg. 8 339, 341, 359, 360, 391reg. 8(1) 339, 359reg. 8(2) 340, 359regs. 9–12 341, 391reg. 9 321, 340, 359, 362, 364, 371reg. 10 340, 359, 375reg. 11 340, 359, 379reg. 12 340, 359reg. 13 371reg. 15 339reg. 16 339, 344reg. 16(2) 344reg. 16(3) 344

reg. 17 341reg. 17(1) 341reg. 17(1)(a) 342reg. 17(1)(a)(i) 342reg. 17(1)(b) 342reg. 17(2) 342reg. 18 343reg. 19(4) 338Sch. 1 364, 379, 380, 391

para. 1 163para. 2 368para. 4 380para. 5 380para. 6 381para. 7 381para. 8 382para. 9 382para. 10 371, 382para. 11 379, 383, 391para. 12 383para. 13 384para. 14 384paras. 15–17 384para. 15 368, 385para. 16 385para. 17 354, 364, 385para. 18 386para. 19 386para. 20 386, 387para. 21 387para. 22 388para. 23 388paras. 24–26 388para. 24 388para. 25 389para. 26 389para. 27 389para. 28 354, 379, 390, 391para. 29 390para. 30 390

Sch. 4para. 1 537

Consumer Transactions (Restrictions on Statements) Order 1976, SI 1976/1813 337, 371

Control of Misleading Advertisements Regulations 1988, SI 1988/915 334, 337, 394, 399, 548

Credit Unions (Increase in Limits on Deposits by Persons too Young to be Members and of Periods for the Repayment of Loans) Order 2001, SI 2001/811 517






Table of statutory provisionsxxix

Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002, SI 2002/2013 60, 70, 148, 165, 167, 168, 174, 175

reg. 2 167reg. 6 173reg. 6(1) 168reg. 6(2) 168reg. 7 169, 173reg. 7(a) 169reg. 7(b) 169reg. 7(c) 169reg. 7(d) 169reg. 8 169, 173reg. 9 167reg. 9(1) 170, 171,

173, 174reg. 9(1)(c) 170reg. 9(2) 171, 174reg. 9(3) 171, 173reg. 9(4) 172reg. 10 171reg. 11 167, 172reg. 11(1) 172, 174reg. 11(1)(a) 172, 173reg. 11(1)(b) 170, 172reg. 11(2)(b) 172reg. 12 170reg. 13 173reg. 14 173reg. 15 173

Electronic Signatures Regulations 2002, SI 2002/318 167, 173

Financial Services (Distance Marketing) Regulations 2004, SI 2004/2095 533, 549

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Market Abuse) Regulations 2005, SI 2005/381 482

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) Order 2001, SI 2001/544 467

Financial Services and Markets Tribunal Rules 2001, SI 2001/2476 474

Fraud Act 2006 (Commencement) Order 2006, SI 2006/3500 485

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Permissions and Applications) (Credit Unions etc) Order 2002, SI 2002/274 517

Financial Services and Markets Act (Consequential Amendments and Transitional Provisions)

(Credit Unions) Order 2002, SI 2002/1501 517

General Product Safety Regulations 2005, SI 2005/1803 275, 278, 292, 308, 337

reg. 2 278, 311reg. 5 102reg. 6 314reg. 7(3) 284reg. 8(1)(a) 278reg. 9 102reg. 9(1) 320reg. 13 284reg. 15 320reg. 20 319reg. 20(2) 284, 320reg. 29 319, 341

Individual Savings Account (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2005, SI 2005/3350 517

reg. 3 517Investment Services Regulations 1995, SI

1995/3275 416Legislative Reform (Consumer Credit) Order

2008, SI 2008/2826 528, 529Merchant Shipping (Dangerous Goods and

Marine Pollutants) Regulations 1997, SI 1997/2367

reg. 2(1) 260Money Laundering Regulations 2007, SI

2007/2157 445, 457, 460, 477, 479, 552

Package Travel, Package Holidays and Package Tours Regulations 1992, SI 1992/3288 160, 174

reg. 4 160reg. 5 160reg. 14 160reg. 15 160

Payment Services Regulations 2009, SI 2009/209 445, 452, 458, 459

reg. 72(a) 446Pencil and Graphic Instruments (Safety)

Regulations 1974, SI 1974/2406 343Provision of Services Regulations 2009, SI

2009/2999 60, 145, 147, 148, 446Pt 2 149, 150Pts 3–9 149Pt 3 147, 151reg. 2(1) 148reg. 2(2) 149reg. 2(2)(a–k) 149reg. 4 149






Table of statutory provisionsxxx

reg. 5(3) 149reg. 5(4) 149reg. 7 150reg. 7(3) 150reg. 8 150, 152reg. 8(1) 151reg. 8(1)(h) 151reg. 8(1)(i) 151reg. 8(1)(j) 151reg. 8(2) 150reg. 9 150, 152reg. 9(1)(b) 152reg. 10 153reg. 11 150reg. 12(1) 153reg. 12(2) 153reg. 14(2) 147reg. 15 147reg. 30(2) 154reg. 38 151

Regulatory Reform (Credit Unions) Order 2003, SI 2003/256 517

Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002, SI 2002/3045 63, 70, 97, 111, 126

reg. 15 111Stop Now Orders (EC Directive) Regulations

2001, SI 2001/1422 345Supply of Services (Exclusion of Implied

Terms) Order 1982, SI 1982/1771 reg. 2 159

Supply of Services (Exclusion of Implied Terms) Order 1983, SI 1983/902

reg. 2 159Supply of Services (Exclusion of Implied

Terms) Order 1985, SI 1985/1 reg. 2 159

Terrorism Act 2000 and Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (Amendment) Regulations 2007, SI 2007/3398 537

Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2006, SI 2006/2657 491

Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, SI 1999/2083 61, 63, 66, 68, 106, 448, 469, 549, 552

reg. 5(1) 68reg. 5(2) 68reg. 5(3) 68reg. 6 68reg. 6(2)(b) 448reg. 8(1) 68reg. 8(2) 68Sch 2 68

European Legislation

Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations 1980 219

Convention on Products Liability in regard to Personal Injury and Death 1977 288, 289

Directive 85/374/EEC Product Liability 280, 283, 288, 289, 290, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 314, 323, 325

Art. 2 296, 306, 307Art. 3(1) 300Art. 3(3) 295Art. 4 316, 318Art. 6 312Art. 7(e) 290, 299, 323Art. 7(f) 327Art. 9(b) 329Art. 10(1) 295Art. 11 294Art. 13 291Art. 16(1) 294, 331, 332Art. 21 291

Directive 85/611/EEC Collective Investment 463

Directive 86/653 Self-employed Commercial Agents 12, 17

Art. 1(2) 12Directive 1987/102/EC Consumer

Credit 554Directive 89/592/EEC Insider Dealing 480Directive 89/646/EEC Second Banking

Coordination 472Directive 90/314/EEC Package Travel, Package

Holidays and Package Tours 160Directive 92/49/EEC Third Non-life

Insurance 472Directive 93/22/EEC Investment Services 472Directive 94/19/EC Deposit Guarantee

Schemes 463Directive 97/7/EC Distance Contracts 171,

174, 179Directive 97/9/EC Investor Compensation

Scheme 463Directive 99/34/EC Non-processed

Agricultural Products 289, 306Directive 99/44/EC Sale of Consumer Goods

and Associated Guarantees 70, 97, 111, 112

Art. 2(2)(d) 98Art. 8 111Art. 8(2) 71

Directive 99/93/EC Electronic Signatures 166




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