THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE LEWIS & CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 11, No. 2 MAY 1985

Come to St. Louis to the 17th Annual Meeting of the Foundation - August 4-7, 1985

" ... decended to the Mississippi and down that river to St. Louis at which place we arived about 12 oClock. we Suffered the party to fire off their pieces as a Salute to the Town. we were met by all the village and received a harty welcome from it's inhabitants &.c "

William Clark, September 23, 1806.

"The people of St. Louis have not changed! We are still noted for our hospitality and friendliness. All of the 'Metro St. Louis' members and friends of the Foundation invite you to come, and we look forward to greeting you with the same 'harty welcom' that the Lewis and Clark Expedition received on that mem­orable day in September 1806 that marked the end of their epic journey."

Winifred C. George, Program chairman, 17th Annual Meeting.

THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC.

Incorporated 1969 under Missouri General Not-For-Profit Corporatlon Act IRS Exemption Certificate No. 501(C)(3) - Identification No. 51-0187715

OFFICERS - EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

President

William P. Sherman 8885 S .W. Canyon Road

Portland, OR 97225

1st Vice President

L. Edwin Wang 6013 St. Johns Ave.

Minneapolis, MN 55424

2nd Vice President

John E. Foote 1205 Rimhaven Way Billings, MT 59102

Edrie Lee Vinson, Secretary P.O. Box 1651

John E. Walker, Treasurer 200 Market St. , Suite 1177

Portland, OR 97201 Red Lodge, MT 59068

Ruth E. Lange, Membership Secretary, 5054 S .W. 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201

Todd Berens Santa Ana. CA Harold Billian Villanova, PA Robert Bivens Great Falls, MT Robert C. Carriker Spokane, WA

DIRECTORS

Roy D. Craft Stevenson. WA Viola Forrest Walla Walla, WA H. John Montague Marietta, GA Gary E. Mou lton Lincoln. NE

Margaret Norris Fayetteville. NY Charles C. Patton Springfield, IL James P. Ronda Youngstown, OH Rob11rt L. Taylor Washington, DC

Arlen J . Large, Washington. DC. immediate Past President is a Foundation Director

PAST PRESIDENTS - DIRECTORS EX OFFICIO

Edwynne P. Murphy, 1970 Gary Leppart. 1974-75 Bob Saindon, 1979-80 St. Louis, Missouri Butte, Montana Helena, Montana E.G. Chuinard. M.D .. 1971 Wilbur P. Werner, 1975-76 Irving W. Anderson, 1980-81 Tigard, Oregon Cut Bank, Montana Portland, Oregon John Greenslit. 1972 Clarence H. Decker, 1976-77 V. Strode Hinds, 1981-82 Lansing, Michigan East Alton. Illinois Sioux City, Iowa Lynn Burris, 1972-1973 Gail M. Stensland, 1977-78 Hazel Bain. 1982-83 Topeka, Kansas Fort Benton, Montana Longview, Washington Robert E. Lange, 1973-74 Mitchell Doumit, 1978-79 Arlen J. Large, 1983-84 Portland, Oregon Cathlamet, Washington Washington, D.C.

ABOUT THE FOUNDATION

The purpose of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc., is to stimulate nationally: public interest in matters relating to the Lewis and Clark Expedition; the contributions to America n history made by the e~ped i tion members; and events of time and place concerning and following the expedition w hich are of historical import to o ur nation. The Foundation recognizes the value of tourist-oriented programs, and suooorts activities which enhance the enjoyment an.d understandina of 1he Lew is and Clark storv. The scooe of the activities of the Foundation are broad and diverse, and include involvement in pursuits which, in the judgment of the Directors are, of historical worth or contemporary social values. and commensurate wi th the heritage ot Lewis and Clark. The actiyities of the National Foundation are intended to compliment and supplement those of state and local Lew is and Clark interest groups. The Foundation may appropriately recognize and honor individuals or groups for: art works of distinction; achievement in the broad fie ld of Lewis and Clark historical research; writing: or deeds w hich promote the general purpose and scope of activities of the Foundation. Membership in t he organization comprises a broad spectrum of Lewis and Clark enthusiasts including Federal . State, and local government officials, historians, scholars. and others of wide ranging Lewis and Clark interests. Officers of the Foundation are elected from t he membership. The Annual Meeting of the Foundation is traditionally held during August. the birt h month of both Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. The meeting place is rotated among the States. and tours generally are arranged to visit sites in the area of the Annual Meeting w hich have historic association w ith the Lewis and C lark Expedition.

WE PROCEEDED ON ISSN 0275-6706 E.G. CHU/NARD. M.D., FOUNDER

We Proceeded On is the oHicial publication of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. The publication's name is derived from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the collective journals of the famous Expedition.

PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE

Robert E. Lange. Editor and Committee Chairman, 5054 S.W. 26th Place. Portla nd, OR 97201

Irving W. Anderson Box LC-196 Lewis & Clark College Portland. OR 97219

Paul R. Cutright Donald Jackson

E.G. Chuinard 15537 S. W. Summerfield Lane Tigard, OR 97223

Gary E. Moulton 312 Summit Avenue Jenkintown, PA 19046

3920 Old Stage Road Colorado Springs, CO 80906

Love Library - Univ. Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68588

Bob Saindon 172 Briarwood Helena. MT 59601

Wilbur P. Werner P.O. Box438 Cut Bank. MT 59427

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President Sherman's Message

One evening during a meeting with the Portage Route Chapter of the Foundation at Great Falls, Montana, I made the remark: "I'm surprised that the Harvard Business School hasn't disovered the Lewis and Clark Expedition." I saw eyebrows going up and down and I'm sure that I heard a laugh choked off. Unfortu­nately, I never did get to explain that remark.

It was economic history that first led me into the Lewis and Clark journey in depth, while searching out the roots of the fur trade. As my awe for that most successful jour­ney increased, I tried to isolate the basic elements that led to its suc­cess. My conclusion was that the most salient element was planning.

If you were to seek a graduate degree in business administration today, a principal and primary focus would center on strategic planning. Tho­mas Jefferson's clear instructions in establishing the "mission" - the basic requirement in strategic plan­ning - is an absolute masterpiece and a tribute to his exceptional mind. It is a model for anytime, and it would lend support to the position some hold - that the true begin­ning of the Expedition was in Tho­mas Jefferson's mind.

At our forthcoming 17th Annual Meeting in St. Louis in August, we will be going back in time to exam­ine that city and its economy as it existed when the Lewis and Clark Expedition returned on September 23, 1806. Be there with us to exam­ine the impact of that historic event.

Bill Sherman

Cover Illustration

Our cover illustration often provokes up­risings from Lewis and Clark p'lrists. They say that the dog in the bow of the boat does not appear to be a Newfound· land, and there is a question as to whether or not the ti·icornered (cocked) hat worn by the Captain could have survived such a long journey. We learn from the artist, Stanley Meltzoff, that he had much dis­cussion with the Humble Oil and Refining Company, who commissioned the paint· ing, before it was completed for the com­pany's " Great Moments in American His­tory" calendar, published in 1965. Never­theless, the famous Expedition's arrival at St. Louis in September 1806 was a "Great Moment in American History" and we are indebted to the Exxon Company for per­mission to reproduce Meltzoffs work on the cover of this issue - it does portray the " harty welcom" afforded the explorers as they approached the shore of the Missis­sippi River at St. Louis.

We Proceeded On, May 1985

17th Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri, August 4-7, 1985 Foundation member Winifred " Winnie" George, chairman for this coming August's 17th An­nual Meeting of the Foundation, advises that members of record were m ailed annual meeting In­formation and Registration packets on April 22nd. Aug­menting the information con­tained in the packet, "Winnie" has sent We Proceeded On some additional comments related to the activities planned for annual meeting attendees, and her re­marks are transcribed here:

"The visit to the National Park Serv­ice's J efferson National Expan­sion Memorial - The 'Gateway Arch' and the wonderful 'Museum of Westward Expansion' - is a n event scheduled for Sunday evening (registration day) beginning at 7:30 and continuing until the Museum closes at 10:00 PM. The story of the Lewis a nd Clark Expedition is one of many themes developed in the Museum and the spectacular pho­tographic murals of locations along the Lewis and Clark Trail by the noted photographer David Muench 1

and other exhibits related to the Expedition will be of special inter­est.

"Wh en we walk the few blocks to the Spaghetti Factory in Laclede's Landing2 for lunch, we will arrive at a nine block area of cobblestone streets, brick sidewalks, a nd hand­somely renovated nineteenth cen­tury warehouses. The sh ops, galler­ies, and eateries a nd the atmosphere of this area will take you back to the days when St. Louis was a booming frontier and river town. It is alive with Mississippi River excitement, riverboats, history, heritage, a nd fun!"

"A 20 mile bus trip will take us north an~ a long the Mississippi l. Color reproductions of the Muench murals, together with Dan Murphy's delightful and imaginative text related to the Expedition, has been published by K.C. Publications, Las Vegas, Nevada. If you don't have this publication, Lewis and Clark Voyage of Discovery, in your collection, you will find i t at the Muse­um's bookshop a nd souvenir counter. Muench, at the Foundation's 11th Annual Meeting, Glasgow, Montana, 1979, a nd Murphy, at the Foundation's 13th Annual Meeting, Helena, Montana, 1981, were recipients of the Founda­tion's Award of Meritorious Achievement ("For outstanding Contributions in Bringin g to this Nation a Greater Awareness and Ap­preciation of the Lewis and Clark Expedi­tion.")

2. Named for Pierre Laclede Liguest, 1724-1 778, born in Bedous, France, fur trader a nd pioneer wh o came to America in 1755. Recog­nized ·as a founder of St. Louis, Missouri, where he established a trading post with Auguste Chouteau on the site of the present city in 1764.

We Proceeded On, May 1985

River to Lewis a nd Clark State Park a nd t he Lewis and Clark Memo­riaJ.'l The Park is directly across the Mississippi from the mouth of the Missouri River, a nd is in the vicin ­ity wh ere the Lewis a nd Clark Expedition constructed their winter establishment. Their "Camp Wood" was occupied from December 1803 and until their departure for the westward exploration on May 14, 1804. Sin ce Foundation members visited the Park during the 5th An­nual Meeting in 1973, and the 9th Annual Meeting in 1977, the hand­some Memorial structure has been constructed and dedicated at a spe­cial ceremony on September 27, 1981.4 Lewis and Clark State Park and its development and improve­ments, including the Memorial, for ma ny years was the specia l under­taking a nd avocation of the late Clarence H. Decker of East Alton, Illinois.5 At the Park and Memoria l we will be greeted by members of The Lewis and Clark Society of America comprised of citizens of the Alton, East Alton, Wood River , and Hartford (Illin oi s) communi­ties, who have, along with Decker, been interested in the preservation and development of the site and State Park since the middle 1960s.

"W hen we visit the Cahokia Mounds Historic Site - the group of prehistoric Indian mounds (one of which is said to be the largest prehistoric earthwork in the United States),6 Dr. Mildred K. Brown will speak to us about 'The French Co­lonia l Period in Illinois' a nd 'The Prehistoric Cahokia Mounds.' The site is about five miles northeast of St. Louis in Illinois, has been rec­ognized as A World Heritage Site by the United Nation s. From the site of the Mounds we will journey to the village of Cah okia (south and east of St. Louis). The village was founded by the French in 1699 and is one of the first permanent white settlements in Illinois. Our visit will include the Holy Family Church (1790-1797), the Nicholas Jarrot Mansion (1799), a nd the old Court­h ouse constructed in 1 735.

"The visit to the most beautiful a nd unique botanical gardens in the United States (a National Historic Landmark) will feature a lecture

3. See WPO, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 1, 3; Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 13.

4. See WPO, Vol. 7, No. 4, p. 3.

5. Eighth President of the Foundation (1976~ 1977) and Foundation Treasurer (1973-1984. See a lso, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 5-6.

6. Source: Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Revised Edition, 1959.

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and time to visit the 'Climatron' and the 'Linnaean House'.

"When French General Lafayette (a friend of George Rogers and Wil­liam Clark) visited William Clark a nd General Daniel BisselF in St. Louis in 1 824-1825,~ h e wrote that he was a mazed to see th at many of the citizens h ad established fine homes furnished with elegant items brought from the eastern seaboard. The Bissell residence on nine acres of the original 2300 acre farm has been restored and the interior fur­nishings project the 1812-1850 peri­od. We will visit the Bissell House which is very similar to the no long­er existing William Clark residence and near the location of Clark's home. We will be entertained during our picnic lunch by Nation al Park Service personnel, who have devel­oped a puppet show about Lewis and Clark.

"The city of St. Charles, Missouri, on the Missouri River, is 20 miles northwest of St. Louis. St. Charles was the location of the Founda­tion's 9th Annual Meetin g in 1977. Our visit this year includes a pro­gram portraying the Reenactment of the Court-Martial in the Old State Capitol Building in 1821, and the opportunity to see a keelboat under construction. The design of the Lewis and Clark keelboat is be­ing carefully followed. A noon meal featuring elk stew and other foods of the 1804 period will be served dur­ing our St. Ch arles visit.

"We are especially pleased and ex­cited about the three elective activi­t ies. The Mississippi River Dinner­Cruise aboard the famous 'Huck Finn ' riverboat is guaranteed to provide attendees with a real St. Louis evening. You will see the city and the 630 foot high Gateway Arch from the river, enjoy a delicious dinner, and entertainment by a real Dixie-land Jazz Band - all in air conditioned comfort!"

The other two elective activi­ties are post meeting activities on Thursday and Friday, Au­gust 8 and 9, and the itinerary and details are listed in the 17th Annual Meeting Information and Registration Packet.

7. Bissell was a fifer in the Revolutionary War who became Commandant of Fort Bellefon­taine, the U.S. Military establishment and predecessor to the present Jefferson Barracks establishmen t.

8. For more about Lafayette's visit to St. Louis see WPO, Vol. 5, No. 2, p. 9.

(Mo re Annual Meeting Information on pages 4 & 5)

Museum of Westward Expansion - Jefferson National Expansion Memorial - St. Louis

1985 is a double-anniversary year in St. Louis! Fifty years ago (1935) the Jefferson National Memorial was established, and twenty years ago (1965) the Gateway Arch construction was completed.

At 630 feet high, the Gateway Arch is truly an engineering marvel of the 20th century. Dominating the St. Louis skyline, it is a 42,878 ton stainless steel and concrete monument for our time. As you descend into the vi$itor's center beneath the Arch, you will discover an area larger than a football field and the un~que Museum of Westward

....C:"::::;;=:J l;c:~;;;:;:;;;i;;:;;;I """"~~ Expansion. The historic complex, the Arch and the Museum, commemorates the past and present and reveals the pattern of our nation's history between 1800and1900, and is a monument to those people who in the last century accepted the challenge of "The Winning of the West."

(Right) Excerpt from Clark's journal for Sunday, May 5, 1805 (Thwaites, 1:373-374) . . . . in the evening we saw a Brown or Grisley beare on a sand beech, I went out with one man Geo Drewyer & Killed the bear, which was verry large and a turrible looking animal, which we found verry hard to kill we shot ten Balls into him before we killed him, .. This animal is the largest carnivorous kind I ever saw we had nothing that could way him, I think his weight may be stated at 500 pounds, he measured 8 feet 7 Y:! In~ from his nose to the extremity of the Toe, .. his tallents (talon or nail)* was 4 Inches & % long, he was [in] good order, and appeared verry different from the common black bear . ..

The location of the Museum's fine mounted specimen of a grizzly bear does not appear on the floor plan dia­gram of the Museum shown below. It is conspicuously displayed just outside the entrance to the Museum in the Visitor Center Lobby. Readers will note that other animals (beaver, bison, appaloosa, and longhorn) doc­umented in the journals are part of the exhibits in the Museum.

• Thwaites indicates: "Words reproduced by us in Italics enclosed in parentheses, are corrections [in the manuscript journals] in red ink, presumably by Biddle ... "

Ursus horribilis (Grizzly Bear) Exhibit

Floor Plan - Museum of Westward Expansion

' GEPEE lf ~.

8 EXPLORERS ~ • ... .. ....... A CENTURY OF AMERICAN HISTORY

VISITOR CENTER LOBBY

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.... ---: ' "' ' • ocn • ' c:O ' ~ ~Ct ~

L •••••.• -8 -

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Annual Banquet Speaker

Foundation member John Logan Allen, Professor of Geography, Uni­versity of Connecticut, Storrs, has accepted Foundation President Sherman's invitation to be our 17th Annual Banquet speaker, August 7, 1985.

Dr. Allen is a native of Laramie, Wyoming. He attended the Univer­sity of Wyoming a nd received his B.A. from that institution in 1963. His graduate training was taken at the University of Wyoming (M.A., 1964) and at Clark University (Massachusetts) where h e was awarded the Ph.D. with distinction in 1969. He joined the faculty at the University of Connecticut in 1967 and was promoted to the rank of Associate Professor in 1973 and to Professor in 1978. During the years 1976 to 1981 he served as the first head of the newly established De­partment of Geography, and at the end of his five year term resigned to return to full-time teaching a nd re­search. His service to the Univer­sity has been extensive and has included two elected terms as a member of the Faculty Review Board.

John Allen's reputation as a schol­ar is based on two very different areas. Foundation members and Lewis and Clark students and en­thusiasts know him best as the author of the fine volume: Passage Through the Garden: Lewis and Clark and the Image of the Ameri­can Northwest, 1 and he has au­thored numerous articles and book chapters in the field of exploration and discovery. Current research efforts include the preparation of a book dealing with the explorations of John Ch arles Fremont. Allen is a lso the author and editor of several books and over a dozen articles in 1. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1975. Reviewed in WPO, Vol. 1, No. 3.

We Proceeded On, May 1985

the field of environmental planning an d management. He serves as a consultant to the Connecticut De­partment of Environmental Protec­tion and is a Commissioner of Planning and Zoning of the com­munity of Mansfield where he resides.

One of the most sought-after speak­ers of the University community, Dr. Allen has presented over 60 pub­lic lectures during his tenure at the Connecticut institution and these include five keynote addresses and numerous presentations to national and international professional as­sociations.~ Memberships in profes­sional orga nizations include: the Association of American Geograph­ers; the Society for the History of Discovery; the Western History Association; and the Royal Geo­graphical Society (U.K.).

Attendees at the Foundation's 17th Annual Meeting and Banquet may look forward to John Allen's ad­dress, and in a letter to the editor he has revealed that the title of his s poken word will be "In the Wake of the Red Pirogue: Lewis and Clark and the Exploration of the Ameri­can West, 1806-1845."

2. Familiar to Foundation members are Dr. Allen's participation detailed in We Pruceeded On: See WPO, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 8·11; WPO, Vol. 9, No. l , pp. l, 16, 26; Vol. 10, Nos. 2&3, p. 6.

News Notes

The editors of American Heritage m agazin e, to mark the thirtieth anniversary of their publication, asked a number of authors, schol­ars, and historians the question: "What is the one scene or incident in American history you would like to have witnessed - and why?" Sixty responses to their intenoga­tion were publish ed in the Decem­ber 1984 (Volume 36, No. 1) issue of American Heritage in a 16 page sec­tion of the magazine titled: " I Wish I'd Been There". Lewis and Clark en thusiasts will be interested in knowing that four of the responses connota ted to the Lewis and Clark Expedition: David M. Kennedy, Professor of History, Stanford Uni­versity, would have liked to have been a member of the exploring party; Don Moser, editor of Smith­sonian Magazine, indicates that he would h ave enjoyed being with t he party when from Sherman Peak on the Lolo Trail (present-day Idaho), the exhausted travelers sighted Weippe Prairie and knew that their arduous crossing of the " turrible" (Bitterroot) mountains was over; Dee Brown, retired professor, Uni­versity of Illinois, says that he

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would have liked to h ave looked over Clark's shoulder, at the estu­ary. of the Columbia River, as he wrote in his journal, "Ocian in View! O' the joy."; and David Lavendar, well-known historian, told the editors that he would have been pleased to have been in St. Louis on September 23, 1806, when th e Corps of Discovery return ed from the Pacific and fulfilled Jeffer­son's dream of a continental n ation.

* * * * * * Foundation member Sheila Robin­son, Coleharbor, North Dakota, has advised We Proceeded On t h at August E. (Gus) Budde, St. Louis, Missouri, passed away on March 11, 1985, at the age of 82. Gus was a long time Lewis and Clark en thusi­ast and served this Foundation as its first secretary in 1970, and again h eld that office in 1972. For several years he was employed by the Na­tional Park Service in Washington, D.C. and at the Jefferson National Expansion Memoria l in St. Louis. When differences arose with several of his many friends in th e Founda­tion, he chose, in 1974, to go his own way and to continue th e publication of a little publication which he titled the " Lewis and Clark Trail News­letter" - a newsletter that he had instigated in the early 1970s. Many Foundation members recognized his extensive knowledge of the Lewis and Clark Expedition and the his­tory of the American west, contin­ued to carry on conespondence with him a nd enjoyed his friendship.

* * * * * * The Seventeenth Annual Dako­ta History Conference was held April 11-13, 1985, at the Karl Mundt Library, Dakota State College, Mad­ison, South Dakota. There were twenty-two sessions, attended by 147 registrants, during the three day event. The papers presented dealt with a wide range of subjects: (Prairie Personalities; Prairie Ar­chitecture; Prairie Society, Schools, and Politics; Recording the Past -Teaching History; Music on the Prairie; Dakota History; Writers and Ideas; Transportation, Rail­roads; Running Water; Mining; and Indian People). At the Friday, April 12th Luncheon, Foundation mem­ber Sheila Robinson, Coleharbor, North Dakota, addressed 94 indi­viduals and the title of her paper was "Lewis and Clark in Dakota". At a Saturday, April 13th morning session, Foundation members Fred and Darlene Trende, Rosholt, South Dakota, presented "Notes and Slides: Visiting the 1805 Camp Sites of Lewis and Clark's 18 Mile Port­age of the Great Falls of the Missouri River."

A Jefferson Monument (Tombstone) On the University of Missouri Campus

Jean Tyree Hamilton1

"Educate and inform the whole mass of people . .. They are the only sure reliance

for the preservation of our liberty.,,

Students of the Lewis and Clark Expedition are cognizant that it was Thomas Jefferson who con­ceived a nd implemented the explor­ing enterprise and set the patterns for the westward expansion of our country. Many Lewis and Clark enthusiasts and Foundation mem­bers are also students and admirers of our nation's third president.

Few members of the Foundation, however, are aware that Thomas Jefferson ' s original (Monticello) tombstone stands in the Francis Quadrangle on the campus of the University of Missouri, Columbia. The Quadrangle was the original campus of the University, created by the Missouri State Legislature in 1839, and was the first such insitu­tion established in the territory involved with the Louisiana Pur­chase.2

Writing about the tombstone, often referred to as the University's "Jef­ferson Monument" , William Peden writes:

On the campus of the University of Missouri in Columbia stands a rough­hewn block of granite surmounted by a weather-beaten obelisk approxi­mately six feet in height. This scarred and battered monument is the original tombstone that for half a century [1833-1883] marked the grave of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello [Virginia]. Its history, including the details which culminated in its being presented as a gift to the University of Missouri in Boone Coun ty, Mis· souri, is a chequered one.

Shortly after Jefferson's death on July 4, 1826, his descendants found among his personal effects the rough sketch of a tombstone and directions for its inscription. "Could the dead," Jefferson had written on the back of a partially-mutila ted envelope, "feel any interest in Monuments or other

1. Editor's note: J ean Ha milton, Marshall, Missouri, and the late Henry W. "Ham" Hamilton have been regular attendees at Foundation Annual Meetings since 1973. (See WPO, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 8-9; Vol. 10, No. 4, p. 21.) This monograph by Jean Hamilton re­veals another bit of interesting information for Lewis and Clark and Thomas Jefferson enthusiasts.

2. Official Manuel of the State of Missouri 1975-1976. Jefferson City, p. 423.

remembrances of them," he would be gratified by a "plain die or cube ... surmounted by an Obelisk" bearing the words:

"Here was buried I Thomas Jeffer­son I Author of the Declaration of American Independance I of the Sta­tute of Virginia for religious freedom I & Father of the University of Vir­ginia."3

Such a monument was eventually erected at Jefferson's burial site on the grounds of Monticello, but not until 1833, seven years after his death. His instructions were fol­lowed to the letter, with one excep­tion. The granite specified for the obelisk proved to be too coarse and it was impossible to cut the inscrip­tions into the face of the ston e. Instead, the words were carved upon a marble plaque a nd the plaque was set into one of the four faces of the obelisk. It was Jefferson who specified that the memorial be made of " ... the coarse stone of which my columns" are made, that no one might be tempted hereafter to destroy it for the value of the materials."

The years brought poverty to Mon­ticello and neglect and vandalism to the simple monument. Unde­terred by the iron gates and high brick wall that enclosed the burial place, souvenir hunters chipped splinters from the monument itself and the marble plaque bearing the inscriptions was loosened from the obelisk. Fortunately it was rescued from destruction by a Lieutenant Levi, who gave the plaque to Thom­as Jefferson Randolf for safe keep­ing.5

3. Peden, William, The Jefferson Monument at the University of Missouri, University of Mis· souri, Columbia. 18 pages, n.p.

4. Probably the reference is to the columns used in the construction of Jefferson's home at Monticello.

5. Lieutenant Uriah Leyy, U.S. Nayy, an admirer of Jefferson, purchased the property in 1836 and used Monticello as a summer residence. The graveyard at the site was, how­ever, retained "with free access" to the Jeffer­son family. The marble plaque when it was separnted from the stone column was given to Randolf (Jefferson's grandchild) who gave the plaque along with the cube and obelisk to the University of Missouri in 1884 or 1885.

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Thomas Jefferson

In 1878 a Congressional Resolution appropriated monies for a replace­men t monument, but the project bogged down. Again in 1882, Con­gress appropriated $10,000. This was twice the earlier sum. In mid­April 1883, the new and larger monument weighing about 16,000 pounds a rrived and was installed at the grave site at Monticello.

Understandably, Jefferson's heirs had been deluged with requests for the original tombstone. The quest to acquire and bring the monument to the University of Missouri origi­nated with Dr. Frederick Fleet, pro­fessor of Greek at the University and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Th e University's presi­dent, Samuel S. Laws, a lso a Virgin­ian, supported Dr. Fleet, and their efforts led to the gift of the stone and plaque by certain great-grand­children of Thomas Jefferson to the University at Columbia, Missouri. It is apparent that Dr. Laws per­sonally underwrote the expenses involved with the moving of the monument. Dr. Fleet journeyed to Monticello to arrange for the ship­ment of the base, obelisk, a nd plaque to the University's campus.6

Placed in the Francis Quadrangle, it was unveiled on July 4, 1885, with appropriate ceremony during the institution's commencement serv­ices.7

In 1976 the monument was given a new setting in the Francis Quad­rangle as part of the University's observance of the nation's bicen­tennial. This included a new con­crete base, a brick-paved courtyard and evergreen plantings. At the dedication of the new setting in April 1976, Cancellor Herbert School­ing made the observation that the monument would continue to re­mind those who frequent the cam­pus and pass this location daily that Mr. Jeffersson considered his founding of the University of Vir­ginia to be one of his major accomp-

6. Peden, op. cit.

7. Shoemaker, Floyd C., "For A Patriot, 'Not a Word More' '', Missouri Historical Review, Vol. XLIX, No. 3, April 1955, Columbia. Page 423.

We Proceeded On, May 1985

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n.,...._ °'f'~·"l.. IJI..">. D.S.

9: .. tJ.._

(Left) Jefferson's handwritten design and suggested inscription for his tombstone. (Right) The tombstone at its first location on the University of Missouri campus. In 1976, the tombstone-monument was moved to its present location (see illustration on page 8) where it now resides in a brick-paved courtyard on the University's Francis Quadrangle. The date on the cube shaped base shows Jefferson's birthdate as "April 2, 1743 O.S. ", the O.S. referring to the old style calendar in use when he was born. Today's calendars indicate April 13th as his date of birth. The recessed portion on the face of the obelisk is where the marble plaque bearing the inscription written by Jefferson was originally installed. The plaque is presently kept in a vault in the University 's Administration Building except for the annual celebrations of Jefferson 's birthday, when it is placed on display. (See also, WPO, Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 11.)

lishments. Schooling stated that " ... the establishment of the Univer­sity of Missouri in the territory Jef­ferson had acquired will continue to be a most important accomplish­ment ... "in Missouri. As we shall see reported later in this mono­graph, several ceremonies are held at the site of the monument a nnu­ally; a nd these events signify an awareness of Jefferson's great faith in education which prompted his statement: "Educate and inform the whole mass of people ... They are the only sure reliance for the pres­ervation of our liberty."

As late as 1982 efforts were still being made to secure the return of the tombstone to Virginia. At that time L. Carey Bankhead, president of the Monticello Association, sup­ported leaving "things as they are." In a letter to the editor of the St. Louis Post Dispatch, he remarked: "The family [Jefferson's descend­ants] has no intention of dishonor­ing its gift of the original tomb­stone to the University of Missouri, where it s tands as evidence of Mr. Jefferson's tremendous interest in

We Proceeded On, May 1985

the education of succeeding genera­tions."8

The University of Missouri, the first institution of learning in the Trans Mississippi West, honors the third president of our nation by naming its most prestigious award, "The Jefferson Award", presented annu­ally to a facul ty member who " ... through personal influence and per­formance of duty to teaching, writ­ing and scholarship, character and influence, devotion a nd loyalty to the University best exemplifies the principles and ideals of Thomas Jefferson. "9 The award carries a stipend of $1000.

In 1984, this high honor was con­ferred upon Dr. Carl H. Chapman, who long-time Foundation mem­bers will remember as the Secretary of the Lewis and Clark Trail Com­mitte of Missouri. Dr. Chapman participated in the early activities

8. "Jefferson Tombstone Controversy Laid To Rest", Missouri Alumnus, Vol. 73, No. 1, Sep­tember-October 1984, Columbia. Pages 4 & 5.

9. The verbiage or citation on The Jeffe rson A ward.

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of the committee. A traveler a long the trail of the famous explorers, he was with a group who made a float trip from present-day Billings, Montana, down the Yellowstone River to its confluence with the Missouri. Chapman will also be remembered as the scholar on that Committee who strongly advoca ted that sites marked with the Lewis and Clark Trail Logo be authenti­cated by the Expedition's journals.

In his acceptance address, Dr. Chapman, Professor of Anthropol­ogy and Research Professor in American Archaeology, said in part:

I became thoroughly involved with Thomas Jefferson's concepts a nd ideals when I was Secretary of the Missouri Lewis and Clark Trail Committee and representative of Missouri's Governor at the Congres· sional Lewis and Clark Trail Com­mission 10 meetings at different loca-

10. Public La w 88-630 (1964·1969). Upon the r etirement of the Commission in 1969, the Lewis and Clark Tra il Heritage Founda tion, Inc. was organized, June 27, 1970, St. Louis, MO.

tions along the Expedition's Trail from Illinois to Oregon. Although Jefferson did not accompany the expedition in person, he had a thorough hand in its organization and direction. It was to be a scientific expedition to note the ethnology, geography, geology, palentology, botany and zoology of the Louisiana Territory. Ifeel that I have been more fortunate than Jefferson - for I have visited first-hand most of the major points of interest a long the Trail, including a trip down the Yellow­stone in a replica of a double-dugout canoe used by the explorers on th eir return journey [in 1806].

I first became interested in Thomas Jefferson 's life when I came to the University of Missouri 38 years ago as Director of American Archaeology .... A colleague, Maurice Mook, h ad written about J efferson as an ar­chaeologist, and reading that really piqued my interest. Among his many accomplishments, Jefferson was an amateur archaeologist and for his time he surpassed all others in scien· t ific techniques in the excavation and interpretation oflndian mounds. His archaeological work anticipated the fundemental approach and meth­od of archaeology by about 100 years. He left a legacy, part of which I feel I have inherited today."11

It was fitting that the Thomas Jef­ferson Award Ceremony on May 14, 1984, for Dr. Chapman, took place in the Jefferson Monument Quad­rangle, where the original Jefferson tombstone-monument from Monti­cello is now located on the Univer­sity of Missouri Campus in Colum­bia Missouri.

11. "Carl Chapman Honored With Thomas Jefferson Award", Missouri Archaeological Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 1, April-June, 1984, Pages 4 &5.

Author's note: It is of interest that the monu­ment was removed from the University's campus and loaned for display on the grounds of th e Louisiana Purchase Exposition (St. Louis World's Fair) during 1904. Dr. Peden indicates that a few years later (1907) the James town Exposition entrepreneurs asked for a similar loan for display on their grounds. The apprehensive Missouri University Cura­tors declined " ... for fear that if it were ever taken to Virg inia ... " it might never be returned to Missouri.

Indian Peace Medals Exhibit and Catalog Foundation Director Robert Taylor, Washington D.C., has been kind enough to provide We Proceeded On with details a nd an appraisal of an exhibit at The National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian I nstitution in Washington. Bob reports that the exhibit is " . .. highly specialized, small , and excellent" and is sche­duled to have future display at three other locations. The Washington D. C. exhibit was in place from Jan-

Dr. Carl H. Chapman, Professor of Anthropology and Research Professor of American Archaeology, University of Missouri, Columbia, is pictured in the University's Francis Quadrangle near to the Jefferson Tombstone-Monu­ment. In 1984, Dr. Chapman was the recipient of the University's presti­gious award, "The J efferson Award" (see text). Long-time Foundation members will recall that Dr. Chapman served as Secretary of the Missouri Governor's Lewis and Clark Trail Committee of Missouri, and as a Missouri representative for the Congressional Lewis a nd Clark Trail Commission 10

(see text).

uary 18 to April 21, 1985, and will be exhibited at the Buffalo Bill His­toric Center, Cody, Wyoming, from June 1 to September 2, 1985; at the Joslyn Museum, Omaha, Nebraska, from September 28 to November 10, 1985; and at t he Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver , Colorado, from November 30, 1985, to Febru­ary 2, 1986.

The t hirty-two page catalog pub­li sh ed in con junction with th e Washington exhibit will h ave ap­peal to Lewis and Clark bibliophiles, because of the Washington and J ef­ferson Peace Meda ls carried and dis­tributed to the Indians encountered by Lewis and Clark. This beauti­fully produced and illustrated pub­lication with the text written by Fran cis Paul Prucha is titled: Peace and Friendship: Indian Peace Med­als in the United States. Founda­tion members having a n interest in Indian peace medals will recall that Francis Paul Prucha, S.J., Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachu­setts, has previously made a major contribution to the literature related to this s ubject in his 186 page book Indian Peace Medals in American History, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, 1971. (The Uni­versity of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, has published a reprint of the orig­inal edition by arrangements with the State Historical Society of Wis­con sin.)

-8-

To order the thirty-two page catalog described above, direct your request to: Smithsonian Institution, Muse­um Shops, P.O. Box 44083, Wash­in gton D.C. 20026. Enclose $2.25 to cover cost of publication, handling and postage.

Foundation Gift Memberships If you have someone on your gift list who is interested in American history and the contribution of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to our na­tion 's westward expansion, a membership in the Founda­tion, which includes the quar­terly issues of We Proceeded On, would be an appreciated gift.

The Foundation has an attrac­tive gift membership card which will list you as the spon sor of a membership . Send your gift membership fee together with the na me. of the gift recipient and the occasion (friendship, birthday, gradua­tion, or holiday) you wish to honor to the Membership sec­retary whose address appears on page two.

We Proceeded On, May 1985

' l

\ J

The Lewis and Clark Exposition Gold Dollar

By Gerald R. Holcomb, M.D. 1

Collecting coins is a fascinating hobby a nd has been a pastime for many since the days of the ancient Greeks and Romans. A most inter­esting facet is the history which coins represent. This is particularly true of commemorative coins which differ in several ways from the everyday coins used in commerce. First, their origins require a special Act of Congress since by law no change can be made in the design of any denomination of regular coin­age more often than every 25 years. The pattern to appear on a com· memorative coin is not legislated and the design of both the obverse and the reverse of the coin approp­riate for the occasion to be cele­brated may be acceptable provided the sponsoring committee and the Treasury Department a pprove. In· stead of delivery to banks, the Treasury or th e Federal Reserve Banks, commemorative coins are received by the commission respon· sible for suggesting them. Although turned over at face value to the group requesting them, the commis· sion markets the coins for a price generally dependent on the quan· tity minted but usually well above the face value of the coin. The prof­its which accure are a form of fund­raising for the benefit of the partic­ular celebration. With few excep­tions, the actual usage of commem­orative coins in everyday trade is negligible, although each coin strict· ly is legal tender and could be spent. The first commemorative coin of the United States was struck in 1892 and marked the discovery of Amer­ica by Columbus 400 years earlier.

Although mint records are incom­plete, a gold dollar was a uthorized by an Act of Congress of April 13, 1904, to celebrate the lOOth anni· versary of the exploration of the Louisiana Territory and Oregon country by Lewis a nd Clark and the Corps of Discovery and the (1904· 1905) Lewis and Clark Exposition held in Portland, Oregon, in their honor.

The Act of Con gress which author­ized the minting of the Lewis and Clark Exposition gold dollars reads:

(Extract from Public Law No. 111 -58th Congress.)

Sec. 6. That upon the approval of this Act the Secretary of the Treasury shall , upon the request of the Lewis and Clark Centennia l and the American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair Company, caused to be coined at the mints of the United States not to exceed 250,000 gold dollars, of legal weight and fitness, to be known as the Lewis and Clark Exposition gold dollar, struck in commemoration of said exposition. The words, devices, a nd designs upon said gold dollars shall be determined and predescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and all provisions of law relative to the coinage and lega l-tender quality of all other gold coin shall be applicable to the coin issued under and in accord­ance with the provisions of this Act. That the said coins shall be disposed of by the Secretary of the Treasury to the said Lewis and Clark Centennial and America n Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair Company at pa r, under rules and regulations and in amounts to be prescribed by him ... Approved April 13, 1904

Profits were to be used to finance completion of a bronze memorial to Sacagawea in Portland. 2

Unlike the Louisiana Purchase Ex­position which it immediatley fol­lowed, the Lewis a nd Clark Exposi­tion was not designated a n interna­tional exposition a nd Congress did not authorize the president to ex­tend foreign invitations. Neverthe­less, 16 nations accepted invitations to exhibit from th e sponsors. These plus displays dealing with the fish ­ing, forestry and mining industries, seven major exhibition buildings, and conventional attractions result· ed in a 406-acre exposition that attracted 2,500,000 visitors during the period from June 1 to October 14, 1905.

During September 1904, the Phila· delphia Mint stxuck 25,000 Lewis and Clark dollars plus an extra 28 used for assay. These remained in vaults for nearly a year as the expo­sition opened on June 1, 1905. It is said that a certain Farran Zerby sold the Lewis and Clark souvenir dollars at $2.00 apiece from an

exhibit in the Manufacturers Build­ing on the Exposition site. In March and June of 1905 the Mint made 35,000 dollars with a 1905 date,' 41 extras for assay. The Exposition closed October 14, 1905, and at that time only 9,997 of the coins dated 1904 and only 10,000 of those dated 1905 had been sold. Th e other 1905 coins never left the Mint and were later melted. Thus, of 60,000 pieces minted, 10,000 of each date were distributed and 40,000 were melted, thus accounting for its relative rar­ity.

The Lewis a nd Clark gold coin is quite small, measuring 14112 mm in diameter. For comparison, the di­ameter of a modern dime is about 18 mm. Although it is not known for its attractiveness, the Lewis and Cla rk gold coin possesses the dis­tinction of being the only U.S.­minted coin having the likeness of two actua l persons on the coin. Lewis is on the obverse facing left and Clark on the reverse, also fac­ing left.

Among the 11 gold commemorative coins ma de between 1903 and 1926, the Lewis and Clark dollars are considered to be the most rare. Readers wishing to own a Lewis and Clark dollar should know they are not inexpensive. In recent years, the low price for either the 1904 or 1905 coin was about $825 and this occurred in 1976. In 1980, the coin reached a high of about $5,000. The price dipped to about $3,000 in 1982 and has n ow risen to the $4,000 range. These prices are asked for a coin which has not been circulated and is in superb condition (MS-65). Some coin dealers estimate that specimens in superb condition could sell for as much as $20,000 in just a few years. Certainly, coins that ·have been circulated a nd are worn and not in the best condition can be obtained for much less money, often at about 1110 the cost of a n uncircu­lated, mint state coin.

1. Editor's Note: Foundation member Gerald R. Holcomb, M.D., Rochester, Minnesota is on the staff of the Mayo Clinic in the Department of Hema tology and Internal Medicine. Dr. Holcomb's let ter to the editor some time ago told of his interest in numismatics a nd noted that nothing had a ppeared in We Proceeded On relating to the rare a nd unique 1904·1905 U.S. minted commemorative Lewis a nd Clark Exposition gold dollar. His offer to provide an article for our publication about the gold dolla r was eagerly accepted, and we are indebted to Dr. Holcomb for his contribution.

2. Miss Alice Cooper, Denver, Colorado, working under the direction of famous sculptor Lorado Taft, created the well known bronze, heroic size, statute "Sacajawea" (sic) . In the early 1900s, Eva Emery Dye (Oregon author of Th.e Conquest) was president of a n association of women residing in 01·egon and the "Trail States" frequented by the Indian woman clui·ing the time she was a member of the exploring plUty. This association raised money to fund creation of the statue. During the centennial exposition on " Sacajawea Day", July 6, 1905, the bronze was unveiled on one of the terraces at the exposition grounds. Following the exposition, the statute was moved to its permanent site in Portland's Washington Park. (See also, WPO, Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 12.)

We Proceeded On, May 1985 -9-

Book Review By Robert C. Carriker'

L ewis and Clark among the Indi­ans, by James P. Ronda, University of Nebraska Press, 1984. Illustra­tions, Bibliography, Notes, Maps, Index. xvii plus 310 pages. $24.95.

This book is as good as stated in both its previews and its press re­leases. For several years, while this book was being researched a nd written, Foundation members were given several "Previews of Coming Attractions ." Professor Ronda deli­vered the 1981 Banquet Address at the Thirteenth Annual Meeting,2 he also authored an article in We Pro­ceeded On" followed by a paper at th e 1982 Western History Associa­tion, in addition to participation in 1983 conference on "Mapping the North America n Plains" sponsored by the Center for Great Plains Stu­dies at the University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Most recently Ronda pre­viewed the content of his book at the "Enligh tenment Science in th e Pacific North west" symposium at Lewis & Clark College (Portla nd) in February 1984. In each instance Ronda's efforts were well received by Foundation ·members, Indian historia ns, a nd scholars of the west­ward movement. Upon completion of the manuscript, but before its release to the public in December 1984, the book was simultaneously nominated for both the Pulitizer Prize in American History, and the Ray A. Billington Prize in Ameri­can Frontier Hisotry by the Organi­zation of American Historians. To say that Foundation members have wai ted in impatient anticipation for h ardbound copies of this volume is an understatement. But the wait has been worth it.

Lewis and Clark among the Indians is a la ndmark publication. In com­bination with the several works of Dona ld J ackson and Paul R. Cut­right, plus the continuing editing task of Gary Moulton for th e new edition of the journals, Professor Ronda's cogent observations in the book under review place the study of the Corps of Discovery on a new, higher, level of schola rship. Care­fully combining the findings of a n­thropologists, archaeologists, and historia ns, Ronda presents a n eth ­nohistory of the complex India n-

l. Foundation Director Carrike r is on the facu lty of the Department of History, Gon­zaga University, Spokane, Washington. (See. WPO, Vol. 9, No. 4, pg. 17; Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 8, 17, 18.)

2. Transcribed in WPO, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 12-17.

3. In WPO, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 12-13

white rela tions experienced, and recorded, by Lewis and Clark.

Ronda is firm in his belief that the India n s met by Lewis a nd Clark were essential to the success of the expedition. Though President Th o­mas J efferson may have encouraged h is explorers to catagorize Native American culture in terms th at por­trayed the fodia ns as lit t le more than a field investigation or as part of some great Enlightenment exper­iment, the expedition quickly found the India n 's input was _not only desira ble but necessary. Nati ve Americans were relied upon to sup­ply maps, route information, trans­lations, food, horses, a nd especially, friendship, to the strangers passing through their territory.

As recorders of ethnographic infor­mation (as opposed to ethnological informa tion, which is a crucial dis­tinction to Ronda) Lewis, a nd sec­ondarily Clark , get h igh marks. Their mini-essays on the India ns at Fort Manda n, and also amon g the Shoshoni, Nez Perce, and Chinooks, are excellent, th ough Ronda cau­tions that their observations were mostly concerned with external, or material culture among the tribes. The two Captains however, were not as successful as diplomats among the Indians. Their view of the Indian geo-political world was sim­plistic a t best, ill-informed and clouded by Euro-American cultural prej udices at worst. If the captains failed to persuade th e Indians to become children of a distant father, writes Ronda, it was also because the India ns were politically sover­eign and not yet dependent upon white man's desires. In 1804-06 they could afford to be arrogant to th e diplomatic dema nds of Lewis a nd Clark inasmuch as they were politi­cally potent in their own territory .

It is in this area of explaining th e complex political-economic-cultural relation ship s among the Indians that Ronda excels. Step-by-step he instructs the reader in the ra mifica­tions of the Middle Missouri trade system into which Lewis and Clark were entering the American fur com­panies, the desire of the Rocky Mountain Indians for guns so as to off-set the advantage of other tribes who were bein g supplied by th e British tra ders above the forty­nineth parallel , and, finally, the link between the P lateau tribes and the Pacific trade system centered at the Da lles on the Columbia River with its proximity to European trade goods. Ronda's book is filled with insights, but those on the connetion between inter-tribal economics, in­t ernational politics, a nd internal

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culture are, in this reviewer's esti­mation, the most significant.

Ethnohistory can easily become ponderous to even the most devoted reader of sch olarly tomes. But Ron­da and the University of Nebraska Press have t a ken great pains to en­join a lucid writing style with a pleasing format (the type looks smal­ler than normal, but is, in fact, just as readable as Ronda's prose.) The book has a symmetry, a rhythm, that makes it enticing, even allur­ing, reading. Comparisons a nd ref­erences to activities at the extended camp at Fort Clatsop, for example, a re contrasted with those at Fort Mandan, and then alluded to fur­ther when the expedition spends nearly a month among the N ez Perce at Camp Chopunnish on the Clearwater River on the return jour­ney.

Ronda clearly has a high regard for the Native Americans met by Lewis and Clark. Sacagawea is given her realistic due, but Ronda reserves his special praise for the contributions of previously un hearlded men such as Sh eheke, Cameahwait, Old Toby, and Twisted Hair. In like manner, Ronda clarifies several previously misund erstood Indian cultura l prac­tices, s uch as the use of women for trade advantage or spiritual power , though his justification of the petty thievery and harassment by the Columbia River tribes falls sh ort of a satisfactory explanation. The poin t is that Ronda h as produced not only a readable book, but a bal­anced one as well.

Lewis and Clark among the I ndians is n ot a mere retelling of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. It is a schol­arly book of insight based upon a n exhaustive investigation of a vast literature on the Corps of Discovery and their India n hosts. The promise of the book that Foundation mem­bers h ave been waiting for since 1981 has been fulfilled.

New Book Relates to L. & C. at the Mandans

The University of Oklahoma Press has issued a prospectus describing a new volume: Early Fur Trade on the Northern Plains: Ca nadian Traders Among the Mandans and Hidatsa Indians, 1738-1 818: The Narratives of John Macdonell, David Thompson, Francois-A n­toine Larocque, and Charles Mc­Kenzie.1 The work is edited by Foundation member W. Raymond Wood,2 P rofessor of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, and Thomas D. Thiessen, Super-

We Proceeded On, May 1985

visory Archaeologist, National Park Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Among the narratives/ journals re­produced and annotated in this col­lection is the especially good docu­mentation of the dealings between whites and the Mandans and Hi­datsas for the period 1 790 to 1806, when several literate traders and the explorers Lewis and Clark visited and wintered in or near the Indian villages. The several traders recorded their experiences and impressions of the visitors in lively, colorful narratives. Students of the Lewis and Clark Expedition will n ote the documentations ofFrancois­Antoine Laroque, the Northwest Company fur trader who lived with the Mandans while Lewis and Clark and their party wintered at their Fort Mandan. It was Laroque who made numerous comments concerning the Expedition, its lead­ers, and its goals. He was also unsuccessful in making a request to accompany the Expedition.a

1. 400 pa ges, 13 illus trations, 3 maps, notes, appendix, references, index, 61/, x 91/1, July 1985, $29. 95.

2. Dr. Wood has been a contributor to We Pro· ceeded On. See: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 10-16; Vol. 10, 1, pp. 13-15.

3. See: Thwaites, Vol. 1, p . 252; Coues, Vol. 1, p. 228.

Back-Issues ofWPO Back-issues of We Proceeded On are available for purchase. Some early issues are paper plate photo-offset r eproduc­tions of the original publica­tions and the quality of the illustrations are slightly depre­ciated. Present-day printing and mailing costs require that back-issues be supplied at $2.00 each to Foundation mem­bers, and at $2.50 each to non­members. You may request a copy of a "WPO Feature Story Prospectus", which lists the titles, etc., of feature stories that have appeared in We Pro­ceeded On and in WPO Sup­plementary Publications. A re­capitulation of book reviews that have been published in We Proceeded On is also in­cluded in this prospectus.

Address requests for specific back-issues, or for the "WPO Feature Story Prospectus" to: 5054 S.W. 26th P lace, Port­land, OR 97201. Remittances should be made payable to the Foundation .

Updating Lewis & Clark In Recent Periodicals George Ehr lich, Professor of Art H istory, University of Missouri, Kansas City, has contributed an article of interes t in the January 1985 (Vol. CVIV) issue of The Penn­sylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 1 Related to the proposed publication outlined by Meriwether Lewis and publisher Conrad in their April 1807 prospectus, Ehr­lich's treatise is titled: "The 1807 Plan for an Illustrated Edition of the Lewis and Clark Expedition". The author points out that docu­mented exploration of that time originating in Europe included illus­trations, and cites as examples the three British circumnavigations of Cook, and the voyages of English­man Vancouver and Frenchman La Perouse.

Working with his Philadelphia pub­lisher, C. & A. Conrad Co., Lewis envisioned a remarkably ambitious publication about the Expedition that would include maps, illustra­tions of plants and animals, rendi­tions of the scenery (the Great Falls

(continued on page 12)

1. The quarterly publication of The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107.

Youngstown University Exhibit Related to Director Ronda's New Book (Relates to Book Review on Facing Page)

·~\ J ~ J, I u: ... rt11 , :i

LEWIS AND CLARK: THE

n ~. ill ~Iii 1:a ~ iflJ =H o Do

WAY

"Lewis and Clark: The Way West" was the title of an attractive exhibit at the Maag Library - Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio. The display was in place during January and February 1985. The exhibit highlight­ed aspects of the famous Lewis and Clark Expedition and celebrated the publication of James P. Ronda's new book Lewis and Clark among the Indians (see review in this issue of WPOJ. The exhibit was designed by Jim Ronda and was built by the YSU Media Center.

We Proceeded On, May 1985 -11-

of the Missouri and the falls and narrows of the Columbia), and sev­eral plates illustrating the appear­ance, dress and weapons of the sev­eral India n nations encountered by the exploring party. As bibliophiles of Lewis and Clark literature know, the projected publication described in the prospectus never material­ized. In addition to the explanation usually advanced that the failure was due to Lewis's personal and official problems that inhibited him from producing a manuscript, Ehr­lich conjectures that perhaps the publishing art at that time in Phil­adelphia was not capable of produc­ing extensively illustrated, multi­volume books comparable to those produced in Europe. He adds the observation that: " ... how could acceptable illustrations be created to meet exactin g ethnographic and scientific criteria, when there was no artist on the Expedition?"

Readers will find that the author details Lewis's search for and en­gagement of several artists (Peale, Wilson, Pursh, de Saint Mernin, and Barralet) and the contributions they were to make for the publica­tion. Problems involved with cost and productions of engravings are cited, as well as to the price that people would be willing to pay for such an elaborate publication. He deals with William Clark's involve­ment, following Lewis's death in 1809, to bring some type of narra­tive based on the manuscript jour­nals into print. This effort, after considerable delay, resulted in the two volume paraphrase edited by Nicholas Biddle and published by Bradford & Inskeep in 1814. The success of the earlier (1807) paraph­rase of the journa l kept by the Expedition's Sergeant Patrick Gass is described a nd the indication is that the public's curiosity about the exploring enterprise was at least partially satisfied. There were six more Gass editions printed between 1808 and 1814 - three editions in Europe (London, Paris, and Wei­mar) and three editions published in Philadelphia by Mathew Carey (1810, 1811, and 1812). It was Carey who did add six full-page illustra­tions and Ehrlich describes these as: "At best ... rather naive depic­tions which superficially connected to the text." The Gass journal para­phrase without a doubt satisfied a part of the expected market for the Lewis-Conrad work extolled in the prospectus.

Having explained the problems and conditions that resul ted in the fail­ure of producing Lewis's ambitious 1807 plan for the production of an illustrated edition, Ehrlich turns to

the present and concludes his expo­sition by saying:

"The lure of the expedition, how­ever, continues to attract attention, and the new and comprehensive edition of the ma'J>s and journals is being published by the University of Nebraska Press. With its appear­ance, we will once again renew our regret over the paucity of illustra­tions authentic to the time and places of the expedition. And though the work of George Catlin and Karl Bodmer does provide rele­vant visual information, it was done a generation later and is far too limited in its range of subjects. The disappointment of Jefferson and his contemporaries in the fail­ure of the 1807 plan for a fully illus­trated documentation of 'Lewis and Clark's Tour to the Pacific Ocean' is a disa ppoin tmen t we recognize, per­h aps especially so, today."

Recent Meetings: The OREGON (GOVERNOR'S) LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL COM­MITTEE held a quarterly meeting on Saturday, March 16, 1985. Chair­man Ch uinard called the meeting to order at 10:00 A.M. and 16 members of the committ ee were present. Three new committee members ap­pointed by Oregon Governor Ati­yeh: Florence Bookhultz, Cannon Beach; Malcolm Buffum and Laur­en Aimonetto, both of Por tland, were introduced. Aimonetto is the committee's representative for Colon el Friedenwald of the Army Corps of Engineers.

Roy Craft, chairman of the State of Washington Lewis and Clark Trail Committee, attended the meeting and reported on the forthcoming (May 4, 1985) Annual Washington­Oregon Lewis and Clark Sym­posium to be held in Pomeroy, Washington and Lewiston, Idaho. This year's symposium will include members of the Idaho (Governor's) Lewis and Clark Trail Committee, who will have a part in the pro­gram.1

Items on the agenda for the com­mittee's meeting included the fol­lowing: a motion recommending that th e terminology "Salt Works" be the official designation, in lieu of "Salt Cairn" for the Expedition's salt making establishment in pres­ent-day Seaside, Oregon - nomen­clature suggested by the staff at the NPS Fort Clatsop National Memo­rial;2 the receipt of a letter from l. A report of this important meeting will appear in the August (Vol. 11, No. 3) 1985 issue of WPO. 2. A s uggestion by the editor of WPO in 1974 that met with much opposition.

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David Talbot, Oregon State Parks Administrator, indicating that $5,000 has been allocated in the State Park's budget for Lewis and Clark Trail signing in Oregon; a report by committee member Flor­ence Bookhultz regarding Whale .Site Park (wh ere members of the Expedition visited the stranded whale on· the Pacific Ocean shore in January 1806) a development by the city of Cann on Beach Parks Com­mission which will include an inter­pretive sign with a legend supplied by the committee; and " Lead Agency" activity: application to include the community of Cascade Locks, Oregon (on the Columbia River east of Portland) in the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail; and a renewed investigation toward the development of the trail from Fort Clatsop to the Salt Works and the beached whale site. The minutes of the meeting reveal that the decision has been made for the choice of the site for the pro­posed Lewis and Clark Pageant. The site selected is the Cullaby Lake location in Clatsop County, Oregon (off Highway 101, midway between Seaside and the NPS Fort Clatsop National Memorial). The Lewis and Clark Historical Pag­eant, Inc., is the name for the organ­ization seeking to develop, staff, and fund the undertaking. There was a discussion concerning the planning for the national Foun­dation's 18th Annual Meeting to be held in Oregon in 1986. Committee members Michael Bordeaux and Malcolm Buffum have been inves­tigating sites for activities, motel­hotel facilities, etc. Buffum is the individual appointed by national President William Sherman for the selection of the Foundation's an­nual meeting site(s). Program for the meeting will be the responsibil­ity of the 18th Annual Meeting Pro­gram Committee to be appointed by the Foundation's 1985-1986 presi­dent. Oregon Committee Chairman Chuinard has had exchanges of correspondence with 1st Vice Presi­dent (President-Elect) Ed win Wang, and dates have been confirmed for August 17-20, 1986, and the pro­posed pageant will be a featured event during the course of the an­nual meeting.

Regarding the choice of a site for an Interpretive Building for the Lewis and Clark Nature Trail in Lewis and Clark State Park (east of Port­land near Troutdale, Oregon), Chair­man Chuinard read from a recent letter from David Talbot, Oregon State Parks Administrator, which reiterated firm opposition to locat­ing the Interpretive Building adja-

We Proceeded On, May 1985

cent to the Nature Trail. Chuinard h ad asked ifthere might be a re-eval­uation of this stand in view of the n on-developmen t of the land be­tween Highway I-84 and the rail­road. Th ere was considerable dis­cussion and the point was raised as to whether or not an Interpretive Building might still be constructed in this area. The discussion ended with committee member Roger Mackaness presenting a motion that the city of Troutdale consider approaching Oregon State Parks to develop some a rra ngement to acquire or manage Lewis and Clc:irk State Park. The motion was ap­proved unanimously.

Th e meeting, without luncheon, was adjourned at 3:15 P.M.

* * * * * * The P ORTAGE ROUTE CH AP­TER of the national Foundation, Great Falls, Monta na, continues to hold monthly meetings, and since last reported in WPO this vital and enthusiastic organization h as h eld meetings on January 28th, Febru­ary 15, March 25, and April 22nd. At the March meeting, Bob Singer, Fort Benton, owner-operator of the Missouri River Outfitters, Inc., pre­sented a slide-illustrated talk of the Missouri River White Cliffs area (sixteen ch a pter members are plan­ning a float trip with Singer through the area this coming July 13th). Wilbur Werner, Cut Bank, will speak at the organization 's May 20th meeting about th e two Lewis and Clark locales in Glacier a nd Pondera Counties (near Cut Bank) - th e "Camp Disappoint­ment" site, a nd the "Two Medicine River Fight Site" - and on June 15th h e will conduct a tour for ch ap­ter members to these historic places. There will be a June 24th field trip for the organization to the Soil Con­servation Service's natural area near Crooked Falls, and this will be followed by a picnic at Ryan P ark (th e Montana Power Company's recreational facility at Ryan Dam - th e h ydroelectric installation at Meriweth er Lewis's "Great Falls of the Missouri").

The chapter is pursuing a number of exciting and important projects: the a uthentication of a suspected site of an Expedition cach e; th e support of the activities associated with the recently appointed (Gover­n or's) Montana Lewis and Clark Trail Advisory Council; an interest in the development of a Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center in the Great Falls area; the editing and printing of th e h a nd-out brochure relating to the giant (Orduno) mural that describes the Expedition's 18

We Proceeded On, May 1985

mile portage a round the Great Falls of the Missouri River that is per­manently installed in the terminal building at the Great Falls Interna­tional Airport; and the continued sale of maps (see page 14) and oth er publications relating to Lewis and Clark history and h eritage in the area.

* * * * * * The ORE GON LEWIS AND CLARK HERITAGE FOUNDA­TION (an affiliate of the n ational Foundation and the Oregon Histor­ica l Society) h eld its first 1985 quar­terly meeting on April 3rd. Because of parking problems a nd other con­siderations, th e organization 's meet­ing place has been changed to the Dubach Room, Templeton Center, Lewis and Clark College, in south­west Portland. Following the busi­ness meeting, wh ich included con­siderable discussion r elated t o meeting program content, Vice President Malcolm Buffum provid­ed a book review of Dr. James Ron­da's new book Lewis and Clark among the Indians. Malcolm was joined later in the evening by James Pierson and their presentation was titled "Weapons of th e Lewis a nd Cla rk Period" a nd their program included the display of replicas of some of t h e firearm s related to the time of th e Expedition. Meetings for the ba lance of 1985 were announced as follows: F ield Trip, June 22nd, Fort Canby-Cape Disappointment, Lewis and Clark Interpretive Cen­ter; October 9th, Lewis and Clark College; and December 11th, Lewis and Clark College.

* * * * * * There is information from Omaha, Nebraska, detailing the organiza­tion of THE NEBRASKA-IOWA LEWIS AND CLARK ASSOCIA­TION and the prospects are that this organization will become a n affiliate or chapter of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. A group of 45 to 50 individuals h eld a n "Informational and Organ­ization a l" meeting on March 5, 1985. F oundation Past President Strode Hinds and Foundation Past Director Mildred Goosman, a nd Foundation Director Gary Moulton attended the meeting. Local organ­izers Jack Schmidt, Dick Fletcher, Tom Gilbert, Ch arles Martin, Steve Kemper, Mark Hinds a n d many others h ave enthusiastically sup­ported the activity. A steering com­mittee a ppointed at the March 5th meeting met on March 14th for the purpose of preparing a ~late of pro­tem officers to present at a sched­uled meeting on April 19th, at the W. Dale Clark Library, Omaha.

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Unfortunately inclement weather, including high winds and a tornado warning, caused the meetin g to be can celled. A report from that re­scheduled meeting will a ppear in a forthcoming issue of We Proceeded On.

Pres. Sherman Presents KJHS L & C Essay Award

By good fortune President Bill Sherman was in Louisville, Ken­t ucky the week of April 15th, a nd took extra time to attend the Annu­al Meeting of the Kentucky Junior Hi storical Society on Saturday, April 19th in Richmond, Kentucky, before he returned to Portland. The KJHS event wa.s h eld this year on th e campus of East Kentucky Uni­versity a nd was attended by some 700 boys and girls from various chapters of the society through the state of Kentucky.

Kimberly Wisdom, Green County High School, was the Lewi s and Clark Essay Contest's Grand Prize winner , and Sherman made the presentation of the Foundation's at­tractively framed certificate a nd a ch eck for $100.00.

This is the third year that th e foun­dation has spon sored the essay con­test in cooperation with the Society, and the popularity of the contest attracts many entries. Organiza­tions or sch ool systems wishing to sponsor a Lewis and Clark essay or art contest should develop their own rules a nd guidelines. This informa­tion and request for participation should be forwarded to the Founda­tion's Secretary (address on page two). The secretary will forward the request to the ch airmen of the Foundation 's Young Adults Activ­ity Committee a nd th e Monetary Grants Committee. The committees' consideration will be forthcoming, a nd a rrangements made for the preparation of the framed certifi­cate(s) and monetary award(s).

Jacques Cousteau Documentary on Mississippi-Missouri Rivers

Provides Views of Lewis and Clark Country

Lewis and Clark enthusiasts may have already seen or may look for­ward to the syndication of a two hour TV documentary titled "Cousteau: Mississippi". The Cos­teau Society's ship Calypso sailed the entire length of the Mississippi twice during 1983. Their studies in­cluded plant and animal life in and alon g the river and in addition re­ferred to the problems of pollution. Original plans for the documentary did not include segments related to the Mississippi's largest tributary, but the Society's advanced scouts were so impressed with the scenery, environment, and history of the Missouri that Cousteau traveled to Montana from Paris, France, to view this region.

A lengthy segment of the docu­mentary made on the stretch of the Missouri downriver from Fort Ben­ton, Montana, through the White Cliffs area is the only segment con­taining live-voice commentary by Cousteau. Travel through this area was by motorized rubber craft and most of this portion was filmed from a hovering helicopter. Cou­steau is shown playing a n accor­dian at a campsite they established

in the same bottomland where the Expedition established one of their camps in 1805. " It is nearly two centuries since Lewis and Clark gazed in awe at the apparitions that hem the rive!," Cousteau says in his commentary. " I, too, share their astonishment; surrounded by these walls of spires and figures. I feel myself in the ruins of some vast and ancient edifice, a museum in time."1

During the Cousteau party's five weeks in Montana, footage was made from the Society's helicopter of the birth of the Missouri River at Three Forks where the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin Rivers join their waterways to form the Mis­souri. Spectacular scenery has been included along the Missouri north of Helena known as "The Gates of the Mountains."2 There is also an exdting rafting scene made on the Madison River's treacherous "Bear Trap Canyon" near the community of Norris. At Fort Peck Dam, near Glasgow, the film reveals the first of the seven major dams and the radical changes that now involve "the once truant Missouri." In this section of the documentary there

COLLECTOR'S ITEMS!

are sequences describing the pre­historic denizens - the sturgeon and paddlefish - from the depths of the inundation that is now the Fort Peck Reservoir.

The first showings of the documen­tary were via WTBS-Atlanta-Cable on April 2, 7, and 29. Syndication is indicated to follow on some 76 or more local TV stations in markets nationwide. If you did not have the opportunity to view the WTBS Cable presentations, watch for no­tice of showings on your local TV station. Lewis and Clark country fared well in this latest Cousteau enterprise.

1. Cousteau's statements are synonymous with Meriwether Lewis's " ... Clifts which exhibit a most romantic appearance," and his " ... seens of visionary inchantment . .. " See Reuben Thwaites (Editor), Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804·1806, Dodd, Mead & Co., N.Y., 1904. Reprint edi­tions: Antiquarian Press, N.Y., 1959; Arno Press, N .Y., 1969. Vol. 2, pp. HXJ.102.

2. Lewis journal (ibid. Vol. 2, p. 248) states: " ... from the singular appearance of this place I call it th e gates of the rocky moun­tains." This is a stretch of the Missouri River where it creates a spectacular gorge as it cuts through a spur of the Big Belt Mountains about 5 miles north of Helena, Montana.

MAP OF THE EXPEDITION'S PORTAGE AT THE GREAT FALLS OF THE MISSOURI PROVIDES CARTOGRAPHIC DETAILS AND A CHRONICLE OF THE ORDEAL AND TRIUMPH OVER THIS BARRIER TO THEIR WESTWARD PROGRESS

Foundation member, cartographer Robert N. Bergan­tino, Butte, Montana, with a thorough understanding of the Expedition's travel route and activities in the Great Falls area, has produced an outstanding carto­graphic gem. Measuring 23 X 30 inches (image size) and reproduced on fine paper, in addition to the carto­graphy, Bob has lettered-in some fifty journal entry excerpts in his expert calligraph y. These pin-point exact locations and provide a chronicle of the experien­ces and accomplishments of the Captains and their party while effecting the arduous 18 mile portage around the series of falls in this area.

If you have struggled through the journal texts and endeavored to fix in your mind the intricate details and geography of this segment of the journey, you will find it attractively and accurately portrayed in this medium by Bob Bergantino.

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A second cartographic study by Bergantino is a 20 X 28 inch (image size) reproduction of William Clark's June 1 7-19, 1805, survey of the Great Falls (the several falls), and his June 23, 1805 survey of the portage route. Addi­tional details (and a part of this study) have been derived from maps in the Captain's field notebooks and from Clark's journal entries for July 8, 1805, and his "Courses and Distances" (Thwaites: VI: 5-8).

The two maps described here were produced in time to be available for purchase by attendees at last August's 16th Annual Meeting. Additional copies of the two maps are available. Send your order with remittance of $17.00 (for both maps including postage and handling) to: Portage Route Chapter , P.O. Box 2424, Great Falls, MT 59403.

We Proceeded On, May 1985

Josephine M. Love 1892 - 1985 Well-known as a maker of historical flags, Josephine M. Love, Astoria, Oregon, passed away J a nuary 24, 1985. Mrs. Love made many differ­en t designs of the American flag including facsimiles of the flag car­ried across the continent by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Over 100 of her Lewis and Clark flags h ave been distributed over the years to Trail State Governors and histor­ical societies.

In 1974 during the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Foundation at Sea­side-Astoria, Oregon, - Ilwaco­Cape Disappointment, Washington, one of her Lewis a nd Clark flags was given to the Foundation. The flag was presented to the late Foun­dation charter member E.E. "Boo" Macgilvra by E.M. Marriott. Mr. Marriott was a close friend a nd associate of Mrs. Love and together they presented their p rograms1

titled "Evolution of Our Flag". The presentation was made at the Sixth Annual Banquet, a nd in accepting the flag "Boo" suggested that the flag should carry the terminology "The Foundation President's Flag" and should remain in his custody during his term as president, be displayed at each annual meeting, and passed to the incoming presi· dent at the annual banquets.

(Left) Past-President, Gail Stensland (1977-1978) and the late Past-President Mitchell Doumit (1978-1979) unfurl the Foundation's (15 bar, 15 star) President's Flag at the Foundation's 10th Annual Meeting, Vancouver, Washington, 1978. The flag, a replica of the E xpedition's flag, and a gift from the late Josephine Loue, Astoria, Oregon, was presented to the Foundation at the 6th Annual Meet· ing, Seaside, Oregon, August, 1974.

1. A 40 minute program presented to fraternal organizations, service clubs, youth groups and schools relating to the history of the nation's flags.

We Proceeded On, May 1985

Josephine Love was born in Fort Robinson, Nebraska. Her father was a civilia n employee with the U.S. Army, and the family moved to Fort Wall a Wall a in sou th east Washington state, where she attend­ed school and married James V. Short. They owned and operated a wheat ranch near Walla Walla. Fol­lowin g Mr. Short's death, she moved to Astoria, Oregon a nd in 1950 married Chester M. Love. Mr. Love passed away in 1969. Jose­phine was an active member in sev­eral fraternal organizations, and worked for more than 40 years with the local Red Cross chapter. She was a mem her of the Clatsop County Historical Society, and af­filiated with the Lewis and Clark Tra il Heritage Foundation soon after its organization. She is sur­vived by a son, James V. Short, Walla Walla, four sisters, a brother, a stepdaughter, stepson , grandch il­dren , step-grandchildren, nieces, and nephews.

News Note M embers of the F ounda ­tion's (ad hoc) Liaison With Nature Conservancy of Canada - Mack­enzie Trail Committee (Chairman Ralph Rudeen, Victor Eklund, a nd Bob Lange) met recently with Mr. Russell J. Irvine, Director, The Her­itage Conservation Branch, Minis­try of Provincial Secretary and Government Services, Victoria, B.C., a nd John Woodworth, Kelow­na, B.C. For severa l years, Wood­worth has spearheaded a movement to preserve, interpret, and develop the history and heritage of the 1 793 Alexander Mackenzie Trail across British Columbia to the Pacific. Recen t funding for beginning the project brought the Canadians to Seattle, Washington to meet with the Foundation's committee to re­view and discuss the early (1970) organization and the present activi­ties of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. A recent letter from John Woodworth to the editor expressed thanks to the com­mittee for their interest and the ex­change of information, and indicat­ed that registration is underway for the organization of the Alexander Mackenzie Heritage Trail Society. This will be a lay organization , sim­ilar to our Foundation, to work with the British Columbia Government Services toward developmen t of the Mackenzie Trail.

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Marian L. Sherman 1911-1985 The Foundation regrets the March 3, 1985 passing of Marian L. Sher­man, Portland, Oregon, wife of our President Bill Sherman. Marian and Bill have been regular attendees at our annual meetings since 1977, and h er presence and friendshi p will be missed by the m any Foundation members who knew her. In addition to Bill, she is survived by a son, Roger Sherman, Portland; a daugh­ter, Charis Howser, Spokane, Wash­ington; and six grandchildren.

Change of Address A costly part of the distribution and mailing of our quarterly pub­lication, WE PROCEEDED ON is the administration and ha n­dling of mailed-out copies of the publication that are returned be­cause the addressee has moved. Whether or not members have left a forwarding address with their post office when they moved, WPO is returned to the Foundation. We mail our maga­zine on a Non-Profit-Organiza­tion bulk mail permit (a reduced rate type of Third-Class Mail, at about .052 to .08 per issue depend­ing on the number of pages, in­serts, a nd total weight). This type of mail is not eligible for forwarding and is returned to the sender (the Foundation). When i t is returned we are assessed "Post­age Due" at the regular single­piece T hird-Class Rate (any­where from .56 to .98 depending on weight). If and when we have your new address (sometimes pro­vided by the post office), we mail out the returned issue to you and this postage costs us the same as the "Postage Due" fee when it was returned. The total cost of such tran sactions, therefore, costs the Foundation anywhere from $1.12 to $1.96.

If you are about to move, it would be much appreciated if you would provide us with your new address (the USPS has a card for this purpose, their Form 3576) - it will save the Foundation money as well as administration time.

WPO SUPPLEMENTARY PUBLICATIONS

These publications bring to members of the Foundation and others, s pecial items of interest, and on occasion, reprints of out-of-print publications that are not otherwise available.

WPO Publication No. 1, October 1976 $2.00 "Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting, August 15-18, 1976, Great Falls, Montana"

Conten ts: "President's Message", by Wilbur P. Werner; "Sta­tus of Missouri River Breaks Wild and Scenic River Legis­lation", by Edwin Zaidlicz; "Sacagawea and Sacagawea Spring", by E.G. Chuinard, M.D.; "The Expedition 's Journa ls - Captain Lewis's Discovery and Desc1iption of the Grea t Falls of the Missouri River", by Robert E. La nge; "The White Pirogue of the Lewis and Clark Expedition", by Bob Saindon.

WPO Publication No. 2, July 1977 "Our Dog Scannon - Partner in Discovery"

.75¢

Ernest S . Osgood's monograph about the Expedition 's New­foundland dog. A delightful perspective of the canine member of the exploring party. Reprint from Montana the Magazine of Western History, Vol. XXVI, No. 3, Summer 1977.

WPO Publication No. 3, July 1978 $1.50 "Beacon Rock on the Columbia: Legends and Tra­ditions of a Famous Landmark", by Henry J_ Biddle.

A rep1in t of Biddle's 1925 monograph concerning the acqui­sition and preservation of the 800 foot high landmark on the Columbia River. Lewis a nd Clark described the geologic for­mation in 1805-1806. Annotations by Robert E. La nge.

WPO Publication No. 4, December 1980 $2.50

"Three Papers Presented at the Foundation's 12th An­n ual Meeting, Omaha, Nebraska, and Sioux City, Io wa, Aug ust 20-22, 1980"

Contents: "Sergeant Floyd and the F loyd Memorial a t Sioux City, Iowa", by Edward Ruisch ; "Some Thoughts on the Death of Sergeant Charles Floyd", by E.G. Chinard, M.D.; "Ex­pansion of the Fur Trade Following Lewis a nd Clark", by Charles E. Ha nson, Jr.

WPO Publication No. 5, August 1981 .75¢

"Thirteenth Annual Meeting - Visit to the Missoula County Co urthouse - The Edgar Samuel Paxson Murals", compiled by Robert E. Lange.

The visit to the Missoula, Montana, courthouse was an event during th e Foundation 's Annual Meeting. This publication provides biographical information about Montana a rtist Edgar Paxson , and description s of two of the eight Paxson murals in the courthouse that depict incidents related to the Expedition in the Missoula Area.

WPO Publication No. 6, July 1982 $4 .00 "Contributions of Phi'ladelphia to Lewis and Clark His­tory", by Paul Russell Cutright. 52 pages, illustrations.

Dr. Cutrigh t provides an in-depth study of activities related to the Expedition in Philadelphia, both before (1803) and after (1807-1814) the explorers' return. Litterateur Nicholas Biddle's contiibution toward seeing to the publication of a narrative based on the Captains' journals is included in Dr. Cutright's fine monograph.

WPO Publication No. 7, May 1984

Lewis's Woodpecker - Clark's Nutcracker

$4.00

Color portraits of birds whose n ames m emorialize the sur­names of Captains Lewis and Clark. Reproduced from color paintings by Marie Nonnast Bohlen th rough the courtesy of Fawcett Publications a nd publisher Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Two 8 X 10 inch portraits with descriptive captions on fine paper stock in authentic color, and suitable for framing.

For more information concerning the ornithology of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, see We Proceeded On, Vol. 10, Nos. 2 & 3, May 1984.

WPO Publication No. 8, November 1984 $3.00

"Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and the Dis­covery of Monta na", by Harry W. Fr itz, 32 pages, maps.

This is an unabridged transc1ipt of a paper presented at the 16th Annual Banquet of the Foundation, Great Falls, Mon­tana, Augus t 8, 1984. Dr. Fritz in his fine speaking a nd writing style, a nd backed by his exten sive knowledge, has produced this review of the purpose, organization and personnel of th e exploring enterprise. In addition it presents a fin e recapitu­lation of the Expedition's documentation of their experiences and discovery of what is today the great state of Montana. It was in Montana where the exploring party spent the most "traveling" days while traveling the most miles, overcame one of their greatest obstacles to their favorite river tra'(el (th e Great Falls of the Missouri), and establish ed their most n u­merous nigh t encampmen ts.

Prices for the above publication s include postage and cost of production only.

Order from: WPO Publications, 5054 S.W. 26th Place, Portland, OR 97201. Make checks payable t o the Foundation. Postage stamps are acceptable in lieu of ch ecks.

THE FOUNDATION NEEDS THE CONTINUED INTEREST AND ENCOURAGEMENT OF LEWIS AND CLARK ENTHUSIASTS ON A NATION-WIDE BASIS. WE HOPE, IF YOU ARE NOT ALREADY A MEMBER, THAT YOU WILL CONSIDER LENDING YOUR SUPPORT TO THE FOUNDATION. IF YOU REQUIRE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, A PROSPECTUS DESCRIBING THE FOUNDATION, TOGETHER WITH A MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION, WILL BE FORWARDED PROMPTLY. ADDRESS YOUR REQUEST TO THE SECRETARY.

WE PROCEEDED ON derives from the phrase which appears repeatedly in the collective journals .of the Expedition: -

"this mo ming we set out early and proceeded on ... "

" ... wind from the S. W. we proceeded on . .. until 6 oC/cck ... "

" ... the fog rose thick from the hollars we proceeded on .. . "

"We proceeded on with four men in front to cut some bushes .. . "

"We set out early proceeded on past a Island on the S. Side ... " " . .. c:Wuded up ... We proceeded on under a fine breeze ... "

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Capt. Meriwether Lewis, July 19, 180.5.

Capt. William Clark, May 14, 1805.

Sgt. John Ordway, June 29, 1806.

Sgt. Patrick Gass, June 18, 1806. Sgt. Charles Floyd, June 26, 1004.

Pvt. Joseph Whitehouse, October 10, 1800.

We Proceeded On, May 1985