Chapter 1Language is a "socially shared code that uses a conventional system of arbitrary symbols to represent ideas about the world that are meaningful to others who know the same code."1. Language Is Sociallv Shared.2. Language Is a· CodeThat Uses a System of Arbitrary Symbols.

Morphemes are the smallest units of language that carrymeaning; they are combined to create words.Referent (the aspect of the world to which the word refers)

3. The Language Code Is Conventional.4. Language is a Representational Tool.

Modularity is a cognitive science theory about how the human mind is organized within the brain structuresThe brain seems to contain “a large number of relatively small but tightly clustered and interconnected modules with unique contributions to language processing."

Speech involves the precise activation of muscles in foursystems: respiration (a breath of air that isinspired into and then expired from the lungs), phonation (over the vocal cords), resonation (into the oral and nasal cavities), and articulation (The breath of air is then manipulatedby the oral articulator).

A model is a way to represent an unknown event on the basis of the best current evidence governing the event.

Speech production has three stages:1. The speech production process is initiated with a mental, abstract representation of the speech stream to be produced (language code).

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning, and in the production of syllables and words, a series of phonemes are strung together. Conventionally,

phonemes are represented by the symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet2. Development of a motor schema to represent the perceptual language-based representation. The motor schema is arough motor plan based on the abstract representation of the perceptual target (speech output).

Audition = hearing.Speech perception (word) Auditory perception (sound)

Symbolic communication, also called referential communication, occurs when an individual communicates about a specific entity (an object or event), and the relationship between the entity and its referent (e.g., a word) is arbitrary. Example: “bottle” to mean “drink.”Preintentlonal communication is communication in which other people assume the relationship between a communicative behavior and its referent.Example: infant cry can mean “I’m hungry” or “I’m wet”Intentional/Iconic Communication more precise but the relationship between the communicative intent and its referent is not arbitrary. Example: infant pointing to a bottle.

Three-Domain System1. Content refers to the meaning of language-the words used and the meaning behind them.2. Form is how words, sentences, and sounds are organized and arranged to convey content.3. Use pertains to how people draw on language functionally to meet personal and social needs. When you examine this domain of language, you are asking about the intentions behind the utterances and how well the utterances achieve these intentions.

Five-Component System1. Semantics (content) refers to the rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combinations.2. Syntax (form) refers to the rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences.3. Morphology (form) pertains to the rules of language governing the internal organization of words.4. Phonology (form) refers to the rules of language governing the sounds used to make syllables and words (we have 39 phenomes).5. Pragmatics (use) pertains to the rules of language governing how language is used for social purposes. Pragmatics comprises the set of rules that govern three important aspects of the social use of language: (a) using language for different functions or intentions (communication intentions), (b) organizing language for discourse, and (c) knowing what to say and when and how to say it (social conventions).

Language DevelopmentDialects are the natural variations of a language that evolve within specific cultural or geographic boundaries. These variations affect form, content, and use.Children raised bilingually often show language differences not seen in children who are raised monolingually, such as interchanges between the syntax and the vocabulary of the two languages they are learning. This phenomenon is referred to as code switching.Gender. One relatively well-known fact is that girls haVe an advantage over boys in language development. Girls usually begin talking earlier than boys do.Genetic Predisposition.Language-Learning Environment.

Chapter 3

sFive components of the three domains:

Semantics – individual’s learning and storage of the meaning of words.PragmaticsSyntax^content and use^MorphologyPhonology^form^

Building blocks of semantic development:Developing a lexicon, learning new words, and organizing the lexicon for efficient retrieval.

Building blocks of morphological development:Acquiring grammatical (inflectional) and derivational morphemes.

Building blocks of syntactic development:Increasing utterance length,Using different sentence modalities, andDeveloping complex syntax.

Building blocks of phonological development:Becoming sensitive to prosodic and phonotactic cues in streams of speech,Developing internal representations of the phonemes of the native language, andBecoming phonologically aware.

Building blocks of pragmatic development:Acquiring communication functions, developing conversational skills, and

gaining sensitivity to extralinguistic cues.