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Chapter 2


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Looking Inside the Computer

System


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Essential Computer Hardware

Computers use the same basic hardwareHardware categorized into four types

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Parts of the Computer SystemComputer systems have four parts

HardwareSoftwareDataUser

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Parts of the Computer System

HardwareMechanical devices in the computer

Anything that can be touched

SoftwareTell the computer what to do

Also called a programThousands of programs exist

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Parts of the Computer System

DataPieces of information

Computer organize and present data

UsersPeople operating the computer

Most important partTell the computer what to do

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Information Processing Cycle

Steps followed to process dataInputProcessingOutput

Storage

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How Computers Process Data

The CPUCentral Processing UnitBrain of the computerControl unit

Controls resources in computerInstruction set

Arithmetic logic unitSimple math operationsRegisters


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Control Unit

All the computers resources are managed from thecontrol unit.

The logical hub of the computer

The CPUs instructions for carrying out commandsare built into the Control Unit.


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The Arithmetic Logic Unit

All computer data is stored as numbersMuch of the processing involves comparingnumbers or carrying out mathematical operations.

Two types of operations: Arithmetic operations andlogical operations Arithmetic operation include addition, subtraction,multiplication and divisionLogical operations include comparisons

--- one number is equal to, greater than, or less thananother number.


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Mother board


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(Random Access Memory) RAM-- The CPU contains the basic instructions needed to

operate the computer-- CPU cannot store the entire programs or large sets of

data Stores open programs and data-- CPU needs millions or even trillions of of bytes space,

where it can quickly read or write programs-- Area is called Memory-- Small chips on the motherboard-- More memory makes a computer faster


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Nonvolatile memory (ROM)-- Holds data when power is off-- Contains the instructions that power the

devices-- when a computer is on, it must know how to

start. ROM contains a set of start-upinstructions called Basic Input OutputSystem (BIOS)

-- BIOS ensure that whether the system isfunctioning proplerly or not by doing aroutine check-up called Power On Self Test(POST)


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Computer Peripherals

Generic name given to all input, output, and

secondary storage devices that are part of a computer

system, but are not part of the CPU.

Three types of peripherals

Input peripherals

Out peripherals

Storage peripherals


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Input and output devices

Allows the user to interact

Input devices accept data

Keyboard, mouse

Output devices deliver data

Monitor, printer, speaker

Some devices are input and outputTouch screens

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Storage devices

Hold data and programs permanently

Different from RAM

Magnetic storageFloppy and hard drive

Uses a magnet to access data

Optical storageCD and DVD drives

Uses a laser to access data

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Input peripherals

Keyboard

Pointing Devices

Pen-Based Computing

Speech Recognition Systems

Optical Scanning


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Electronic Mouse Moving mouse on pad moves cursor

on screen. Pressing buttons on mouse activatesactivities represented by selected icons.

Trackball Stationary device with a roller ball on topused to move cursor on screen.

Pointing Stick Small button-like device which movescursor in direction of pressure placed on stick.

Input peripherals


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Touchpad Small rectangular touch-sensitive surface which

moves the cursor in the direction of finger moves on the pad.

Touch Screen Video display screen that emits a grid ofinfrared beams, sound waves, or a slight electric current that

is broken when the screen is touched.

Input peripherals


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Pen-based ComputingPressure-sensitive layer under slate-like liquid crystal

display screen and software that digitizes handwriting,

hand printing, and hand drawing

Input peripherals


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Optical Character Recognition(OCR)

The machine identification of printed characters

through the use of light-sensitive devices.

Devices that read text or graphics and convertthem into digital input for your computer

Input peripherals


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Magnetic Stripe

A magnetic stripe card is a type of card capable of storing

data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic

particles on a band of magnetic material on the card.Devices that read data stored in the magnetic stripe on the back of

cards.

Input peripherals

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Smart Cards

A smart card , chip card , orintegrated circuit card (ICC) is anypocket-sized card with embeddedintegrated circuits.

Smart cards can provideidentification, authentication , datastorage and application processing.

Smart cards provides strong

security authentication . Devices that read a microprocessorchip embedded in a card.

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Output Technologies

Video Output

Printed Output

Voice Response


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The most common output device for a computersystem. The monitor is the piece of computer hardware

that displays the video and graphics information

generated by the computer through the video card.

Monitor

P i d O


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Printed Output

Inkjet Printers

An inkjet printer is a computer output peripheral that

produces hard copy by spraying ink onto paper. A typical

inkjet printer can produce copy with a resolution of at least300 dots per inch ( dpi ).


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Laser Printers Laser printing is an electrostatic digitalprinting process that rapidly produces high quality text and

graphics by passing a laser beam over a charged drum to define adifferentially charged image. The drum then selectively collects

charged toner and transfers the image to paper, which is then

heated to permanently fix the image. laser printer use anelectrostatic process similar to a photocopying machine


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Storage Devices

A storage device is any computinghardware that is used for storing, porting and

extracting data files and objects. It can hold and

store information both temporarily and

permanently, and can be internal or external to

a computer, server or any similar computing

device.

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Direct vs. Sequential AccessDirect (or Random) Access Each storage position has a uniqueaddress. Each storage position can be individually accessed without having to search through other storage positions.

A direct-access storage device is any storage device in which "eachphysical record has a discrete location and a unique address

Sequential Access Data are recorded one after another in apredetermined sequence. Locating an individual item of data

requires searching the recorded data until the desired item islocated.

Sequential access is the only one way of accessing the data

t q t


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rect vs. equent a ccess

M i Di k


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Magnetic Disks

Characteristics:FastLargeReasonably PricedUsed for SecondaryStorage

Types of Magnetic Disks


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Types of Magnetic DisksFloppy Disks single disk inside a protective jacketHard Disk Drives several disks, access arms andread/write heads in a sealed module


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H d Di k D i


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Hard Disk Drives


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Peripheral control interface (PCI)

A peripheral controller interface (PCI) is a typeof microcontroller component that is used in the

development of electronics, computers, robotics

and similar devices.The PCI was designed to improve the

performance of I/O operations from a

computer's peripheral devices.

Connects audio, video and sound cards

Found in most modern computers 5A-35

Affecting Processing Speed


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Affecting Processing Speed Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)

The Accelerated Graphics Port ( AGP) is ahigh-speed point-to-point channel for

attaching a video card to a computer

motherboard, primarily to assist in theacceleration of 3d computer graphics.

Connects video card to motherboardExtremely fast busFound in all modern computers

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ec ng rocess ng pee


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ec ng rocess ng peeUniversal Serial Bus (USB)

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard

developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables,

connectors and communications protocols used in a bus

for connection, communication, and power supplybetween computers and electronic devices.

Most popular external busConnects external devicesSupports up to 127 devices

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Exten ing t e Processors Power


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Exten ing t e Processors Power

Plug and play

In Computing a plug and play device is one with aspecification that facilitates the discovery of a hardwarecomponent in a system without the need for physicaldevice configuration in resolving resource conflicts.

New hardware detected automaticallyPrompts to install driversNon-technical users can install devices


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Millisecond Thousandth of a second

Microsecond Millionth of a second

Nanosecond Billionth of a second

Pico second Trillionth of a second


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MIPS million instructions per second

Megahertz (MHz) millions of cycles persecond

Gigahertz (GHz) billions of cycles per

second

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