combined em waves from physics hl p3 m10
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Combined EM Waves From Physics HL P3 M10TRANSCRIPT
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Option G — Electromagnetic waves
G1. Thisquestionisaboutacompoundmicroscope,sphericalaberrationandchromaticaberration.
(a) An object O is placed in front of the objective lens of a compound microscope asshownbelow.
eye lensobjective lens
F FO
ThefocalpointsoftheobjectivelensareatF.Themicroscopeisinnormaladjustment. Withoutdrawingaraydiagram,labeltheapproximatepositions,ontheprincipalaxis,of
(i) theimageproducedbytheobjectivelens(labelthispositionX). [1]
(ii) thefocalpointsoftheeyelens(labelthesepointsE). [1]
(iii) thefinalimage(labelthisimageY). [1]
(b) Anobjectisviewedthroughaconvexlensthathasbeencorrectedforsphericalaberration.Foraparticularobjectdistance,theimageoftheobjectisasshownbelow.
(This question continues on the following page)
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(Question G1 continued)
Anotherconvexlensofthesamefocallength,butnotcorrectedforsphericalaberration,isnowusedtoviewtheobject.Theobjectdistanceisunchanged.
Inthespacebelow,drawtheimageasitwouldbeseenthroughthissecondlens. Theimageasseenthroughthecorrectedlensisshownasabrokenline. [2]
(c) Explainhowchromaticaberrationariseswhenanobjectisviewedthroughasinglelens.
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[2]
G2. Thisquestionisaboutthescatteringoflight.
(a) Stateanapproximatewavelengthfor
(i) redlight.
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[1]
(ii) bluelight.
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[1]
(b) With reference to your answers in (a), explain why the setting Sun appears reddishincolour.
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[3]
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G3. Thisquestionisabouttwo-sourceinterference.
Adoubleslitisarrangedsothatitsplaneisnormaltoabeamoflaserlight,asshownbelow.
2.4 m
0.85 mm
double slit screen
laser lightwavelength
640 nm
Thewavelength of the light is 640nm. The slit separation in the double slit arrangementis0.85mm.Coherentlightemergesfromtheslitsandaninterferencepatternisobservedonascreen.Thescreenisparalleltotheplaneofthedoubleslits.Thedistancebetweentheslitsandthescreenis2.4m.
(a) (i) Statewhatismeantbycoherentlight.
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[1]
(ii) Explainhowaninterferencepatternisformedonthescreen.
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(b) Calculatetheseparationofthefringesintheinterferencepatternonthescreen.
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(This question continues on the following page)
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(Question G3 continued)
(c) The interference pattern in (b) consists of a series of alternate light and dark fringes. Theintensityofthelightfromoneslitisnowreduced.Suggesttheeffectontheappearance
ofthefringes.
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[2]
G4. ThisquestionisaboutX-rays.
(a) InanX-raytubehavingatungstentarget,electronsareacceleratedfromrestthroughapotentialdifferenceof45kV.
CalculatetherangeofwavelengthsthatwillbeobservedintheX-rayspectrumproducedbythisbombardment.
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[3]
(b) ExplaintheoriginsofthefeaturesofacharacteristicX-rayspectrum.
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G5. Thisquestionisaboutthinfilminterference.
(a) Thediagrambelowshowsarayofmonochromaticlightincidentonathinfilminair.
thin film
E
Onthediagram,drawthepathsofraysthatwouldgiverisetointerferenceasseenbyaneyeintheregionnearE. [2]
(b) Whitelightisincidentonasoapbubble.Explainwhythesoapfilmappearscoloured.
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[2]
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Option G — Electromagnetic waves
G1. Thisquestionisaboutlaserlight.
(a) Outlinehowlaserlightisproduced.
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[3]
(b) State two ways in which light emitted by a laser differs from light emitted from anordinaryfilament lamp.
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G2. Thisquestionisaboutacompoundmicroscope.
Thediagram(nottoscale)isofacompoundmicroscope.
objectivelens eyepiecelens
60mm
F F F′ F′ 20mm
24mm
Thefocallengthoftheobjectivelensis20mmandthatoftheeyepiecelensis60mm.Asmallobjectisplacedatadistanceof24mmfromtheobjectivelens.Themicroscopeproducesafinalvirtual imageof theobjectatadistanceof240mmfromtheeyepiece lens.
(a) (i) Determine, by calculation, the distance from the objective lens of the imageformedby theobjective lens.
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[2]
(ii) Explainwhytheimagein(a)(i)isreal.
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[1]
(iii) Determine the distance of the image formed by the objective lens from theeyepiecelens.
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(b) Determinetheoverallmagnificationofthemicroscope.
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G3. Thisquestionisaboutinterference.
(a) LightfromalaserisincidentontwoverynarrowslitsAandB.
A θ
BC
(diagramnottoscale) screen
PointConthescreenisdirectlyoppositethemidpointoftheslits.
(i) Ontheaxesbelow,sketchthevariationwithangleθoftheintensityofthelightonthescreen. [2]
intensity
C θ
(ii) The separation of the slits is 0.120mm and the wavelength of the light is6.80×10–7m.Thedistancebetweentheslitsandthescreenis1.40m.Calculatetheseparationofthebrightfringesonthescreen.
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(This question continues on the following page)
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(Question G3 continued)
(b) SlitAiscoveredwithatransparentpieceofglass.Theeffectoftheglassistoincreasethepathlengthofthelightfromtheslittothescreenbyhalfawavelength.Itmaybeassumedthattheamountoflightabsorbedbytheglassisnegligible.Stateandexplaintheeffect(s),ifany,oftheglassonthe
(i) intensitypatternyouhavedrawnin(a)(i).
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(ii) separationofthebrightfringescalculatedin(a)(ii).
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G4. ThisquestionisaboutX-rays.
InanX-raytubeelectronsareacceleratedfromrestthroughapotentialdifferenceandstrikeametal target.
(a) OntheaxesbelowdrawandannotateatypicalX-rayspectrum. [2]
intensity
0 wavelength
(b) Identify the mechanism by which the different regions of the X-ray spectrum areproduced.
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[3]
(c) In a particular X-ray tube the electrons are accelerated from rest through a potentialdifferenceof24kV.TheminimumwavelengthoftheX-raysproducedis4.8×10–11m.DetermineavalueforthePlanckconstant.
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[3]
(d) X-raysofwavelength2.25×10–10maredirectedtowardsthesurfaceofacrystal.AstrongfirstorderreflectedX-raybeamisobservedwhentheX-raysmakeanangleof28 1. withthecrystalsurface.Determinetheseparationoftheatomicplanesinthecrystal.
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Option g — electromagnetic waves
g1. This question is about laser light.
(a) State two differences between the light emitted by a laser and that emitted by a filamentlamp.
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(b) The production of laser light relies on population inversion. Outline the meaning of the term population inversion.
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g2. This question is about an astronomical telescope.
(a) The diagram below shows two rays of light from a distant star incident on the objective of an astronomical telescope. The paths of the rays are also shown after they pass through the objective lens and are incident on the eyepiece lens of the telescope.
objective lens eyepiece lens
light from a distant star FO
The principal focus of the objective lens is FO.
On the diagram above, mark the position of the
(i) principal focus of the eyepiece lens (label this FE ). [1]
(ii) image of the star formed by the objective lens (label this I). [1]
(b) Statewherethefinalimageisformedwhenthetelescopeisinnormaladjustment.
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[1]
(c) Complete the diagram in (a)toshowthedirectioninwhichthefinalimageofthestarisformed for the telescope in normal adjustment. [2]
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(Question G2 continued)
The eye ring of an astronomical telescope is a device that is placed outside the eyepiece lens of the telescope at the position where the image of the objective lens is formed by the eyepiece lens. The diameter of the eye ring is the same as the diameter of the image of the objective lens. This ensures that all the light passing through the telescope passes through the eye ring.
(d) A particular astronomical telescope has an objective lens of focal length 98.0 cm and an eyepiece lens of focal length 2.00 cm (i.e. fO = 98.0 cm, fE = 2.00 cm). Determine the position of the eye ring.
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g3. This question is about interference and diffraction.
Light from a laser is incident on two slits of equal width. After passing through the slits, the light is incident on a screen. The diagram below shows the intensity distribution of the light on the screen.
intensity
distance along the screen
(a) The wavelength of the light from the laser is �33 nm and the angular separation of the bright fringes on the screen is 4.00×10– 4 rad. Calculate the separation of the slits.
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[3]
(b) Light from the laser is incident on many slits of the same width as the widths of the slits above. Draw, on the above diagram, a possible new intensity distribution of the light on the screen. [2]
(c) The laser is replaced by a source of white light. Describe, if any, the changes to the fringes on the screen.
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(Option G continues on page 18)
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g4. This question is about X-ray diffraction.
The diagram below represents an arrangement for measuring the intensity of X-rays scattered from the surface of a cubic crystal. The angle between the surface of the crystal and the reflected ray is θ .
detector
θ
X-ray beam crystal
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(Question G4 continued)
The diagram below represents two lattice planes of the crystal. The lattice ions are represented by the black dots.
dfirstplane
second plane
(a) Add lines to the diagram above to represent the incident and scattered X-rays, explain why, as the detector of the scattered X-rays is rotated, it registers a maximum of intensity at various values of the angle θ .
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(b) The wavelength of the incident X-rays is 1.2 ×10–10 m. The first maximum value of intensity is recorded at θ =12. Show that the lattice spacing d in the diagram above is 2.9 ×10–10 m.
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g5. Thisquestionisaboutawedgefilm.
In an experiment to measure the thickness d of a piece of adhesive tape, the tape is used to separatetwoflatplatesofglassasshownbelow.Thisformsawedgeshapedairfilm.
microscope
half-silvered mirror monochromatic light λ = 480 nm
glass plate d
adhesive tape
5.0×10–2 m glass plate
A beam ofmonochromatic light is incident on thewedge film. The light that is reflectedat right angles to the wedge, is viewed using the microscope. A system of parallel fringes ofequalspacing isobserved in thefieldofviewof themicroscope.
(a) Outline how the fringe system is formed.
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(b) The spacing between the fringes is 1.2×10– 4 m. The distance from where the two plates of glass touch and the edge of the adhesive tape is 5.0×10–2 m. The wavelength of the light is 480 nm. Estimate the thickness d of the adhesive tape.
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