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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 121 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017

Combined Effects of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) Infection and

Salinity Stress on Barley Growth and Yield Parameters

Asma Najar, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Université

de Carthage, 1004 Tunis-Manzah, Tunisia, Mejda Abassi, Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forêts, Université de Carthage, 1004 Tunis-

Manzah, Tunisia, Hajer Ben Ghanem, Institut National de la Recherche

Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, 1004 Tunis-Manzah, Tunisia, and

Ahmed Debez, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cédria, Université de Carthage,

BP 901, 2050 Hammam-lif, Tunisia __________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

Najar, A., Abassi, M., Ben Ghanem, H., and Debez, A. 2017.Combined effects of Barley

yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection and salinity stress on barley growth and yield

parameters. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 12: 121-133.

Following the current climate changes, Tunisia climate is characterized by less and more irregular rainfall together with milder and shorter winter, resulting in increased soil salinity and higher incidence of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). The selection of productive cultivars adapted to both abiotic and biotic constraints is crucial for crop breeders, and especially for cereal breeding. In this study, the behavior of two genotypes (G1 and G2) obtained from a cross breeding (QB813-2/3/Lignee527/NK1272//JLB70-63) and the most commonly grown cultivar Rihane were compared for their responses to the combined effects of various salinity levels (0 to 150 mM NaCl) and BYDV virus infection. Rihane was the most sensitive cultivar under biotic and abiotic stress combination whereas growth and yield parameters were significantly improved in G1 and G2 genotypes under BYDV+50

mM NaCl treatment. In addition, these two genotypes were less affected by the virus infection and high salinity (100 and 150 mM NaCl) combination than Rihane. Interestingly, stress tolerance index was higher in G2, followed by G1 and Rihane, suggesting that this parameter could be a useful trait to discriminate genotypes for their performance under multiple stress conditions.

Keywords: Barley, BYDV, growth, salinity, stress tolerance, yield

__________________________________________________________________________

Cereal crops are of vital

importance in Tunisia, since their

products contribute to the population food

balance, and are therefore considered as

strategic crops for the nation. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the most

Corresponding author: Asma Najar

Email address: [email protected]

Accepted for publication 16 June 2017

frequently cultivated cereals in Tunisia. It

is commonly used as animal feed. With a

growing area estimated at 600,000 ha,

barley is the second most grown cereal

after wheat in Tunisia (El Felah et al. 2015). Its cultivated area extends from the

semi-arid to arid regions (located in the

central to the southern part of the

country), characterized by low

precipitations and low quality of

irrigation water, especially with respect to

its salinity level, which often exceeds the

salt-tolerance limits of crops (Walia et al.

2006).


In Tunisia, salinity is estimated to

affect around 12% of arable soils

corresponding to 1.8× 106ha (Mashali et

al. 2005). Salinity level of irrigation water

generally varies between 30 to 100 mM

NaCl, but can reach up to 140 mM NaCl

in the Saharan areas (Hammami et al.

2016). Even though, barley is a relatively

salt-tolerant crop, maintaining reasonable growth under moderate salinity levels, the

plant productivity in terms of biomass

and grain yield is severely affected by

high salinity levels (Qiao et al. 2007).

Interestingly, several reports highlighted,

however, the presence of variability of the

plant behavior when exposed to salinity,

depending on the origin of the used

germplasm (Abassi et al. 2012).

Besides abiotic constraints like

salinity, biotic stresses affect the productivity of cereal crops (including

barley). This is the case of the insect-

vectored Barley yellow dwarf virus

(BYDV). It is frequent in natural and

agricultural systems throughout the world

and can be found in various native,

invasive and cropland Graminae hosts

(Davis et al. 2015). Yield losses of 15-

46% have been documented in oat,

barley, and wheat (Kaddachi et al. 2014).

In Idaho, yield losses of 70-100% in wheat plants were related to BYDV

infection (Marshall and Rashed 2014). In

Tunisia, 20-30% of cereal productivity

was lost, and possibly higher for barley,

have been reported, especially when the

climate conditions are favorable for the

development and dissemination of aphid

species responsible for disease

transmission (Jefferson et al. 1987; Najar

2009; Najar and Hamdi 2014). Due to

their sessile lifestyle, plants are

continuously exposed to a wide range of abiotic stresses (drought, salinity,

temperature variations) in interaction with

biotic stresses (insect pests, fungal and

bacterial pathogens). Since field

conditions are unlike the controlled

laboratory conditions, several stresses

may occur together. As pointed out by

Atkinson and Urwin (2012), a greater

attempt must be made to mimic these

conditions in laboratory studies. The

current change in climate conditions due

to mostly anthropogenic causes such as

the increase in CO2 emissions (Peters et al. 2011) exacerbates agricultural land

deterioration due to temperature rise. This

leads to increased evapotranspiration,

more frequent drought episodes (Zhao

and Running 2010) and increasing soil

salinization. Actually, many abiotic stress

conditions were shown to deteriorate

plant defense mechanisms and to enhance

their susceptibility to pathogen infections

(Amtmann et al. 2008; Goel et al. 2008;

Mittler and Blumwald 2010). Major crops grown in the field will be most likely

exposed to more severe abiotic and biotic

conditions.

So far, the effect of combined

stresses on barley productivity was poorly

investigated. In order to assess whether

the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses

are combined in barley, the present study

aimed to compare the behavior of tow

barley genotypes and Rihane when they

were simultaneously exposed to salinity stress and BYDV infection, with special

emphasis on some morphological and

physiological parameters related to their

growth and yield.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant material.

Barley genotypes used in this

study were bred through a cross (QB813-

2/3/Lignee527/NK1272//JLB70-63) aim-

ing to develop high-yielding spring barley

with high BYDV resistance (G1 and G2). Rihane, the most commonly grown barley

cultivar in Tunisia, known to be relatively

salt-tolerant (Sbei et al. 2012) and

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.12797/full#nph12797-bib-0011





sensitive to BYDV (Najar 2009), was

used as control.

Culture conditions and experimental

design.

The trial was performed in 2008-

2009 growing season, under semi-

controlled conditions at the National

Institute of Agronomic Research of Tunisia (INRAT). Plants were grown

outdoors under semi-controlled

conditions (covered with a plastic film to

control irrigation). Seeds were sown in 5

kg plastic pots with a drain hole in the

bottom, and filled with a substrate

composed of a mixture of sand (2/3) and

forest soil (1/3) with certain physico-

chemical properties (Béjaoui et al. 2008)

detailed in Table 1.Plants were watered

with deionized water until the three leaf

stage before applying stress. Four salinity

levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl)

combined or not with BYDV infection, were used. Soil salinity was regularly

monitored by measuring the electrical

conductivity of the excess solution

coming out of drain hole.

Table 1. Physico-chemical composition of the mixture (sand and forest soil)

used as substrate (Béjaoui et al. 2008)

Variable Quantity Variable Quantity

Clay (%) 13 P2O5 (OLSEN) (ppm) 185

Fine limon (%) 6 K2O (ppm) 70

Coarse limon (%) 5 Total nitrogen (ppm) 595

Fine sand (%) 18 Organic matter (%) 1.4

Coarse sand (%) 58 Moisture level (%):

Total calcareous (%) 5 -pF 2.8 8

Active calcareous (%) 1 -pF 4.2 4

pH 1/2.5 7

BYDV-PAV strain used in this study was serologically and molecularly

characterized (Najar et al. 2017). BYDV

inoculation was performed through the

aphid vector Rhopalosiphum padi

(Comeau 1984). A pure virus-free colony

of this species was established from a

single apterous aphid and reared for two

weeks in a screen cage in a glasshouse

under controlled conditions of 19±1°C

temperature and 16 h/8 h photoperiod.

Aphids were transferred and kept on infected barley plants (cv. Manel) for 48

h to provide access to the virus. After

virus acquisition, viruliferous aphids were

collected and transferred to healthy barley

seedlings (at 2-to 3-trueleaf stages).

About5 to 10 aphids were used per

seedling to inoculate them with the virus.

About 48 h later, confidor insecticide

polyvalent was applied to kill the aphids (0.4ml/l of water). To assess the success

of the infection, virus presence was

checked by the tissue blot immunoassay,

15 days after inoculation (Makkouk and

Kumari1996). A split-split plot

experimental design with 4 replications

and 4 plants per replication combining the

different treatments was used for this

study.

Growth parameters. Straw height was determined with

a ruler from the collar until the base of the

mature spike. Tillers’ number per plant,

spike number, grain number per spike,

and 1000-grain weight were also

determined for each plant. At the end of

the experiment, shoot and root dry

weights were also determined.


Yield index.

Yield index (YI) was calculated

according to Gavussi et al. (1997) as

follows: YI = ys / ȳs, where ys is the yield

per cultivar under stress conditions and ȳs

is the mean yield of all genotypes under

stress.

Statistical analysis. A three-way analysis of variance

(ANOVA) using GenStat Release 15.1

test with LSD mean comparison at P<

0.05 was performed to assess the main

effects of individual treatments (C,

cultivar; S, salinity; V, Virus inoculation),

and their interactions (C × S, C × V, S ×

V, C × S × V) on the different parameters

measured in this study (Table 2).

RESULTS The three-way ANOVA revealed a

significant effect of two individual

treatments (C and S) on all the

parameters, whereas V showed no effect

on spike number per plant (Table 2). The

combined treatments (C × S, C × V, S ×

V, and C × S × V) had different effects on

the parameters measured in the present

study (Table2).

Tiller number per plant. The number of tillers was

significantly affected by all treatments,

except by C × S and C × S × V

combinations (Table 2). In the non-

inoculated controls, the number of tillers

was comparable for the three genotypes

(about 4.5 tillers per plant) (Fig. 1). Virus

infection under salt-free conditions

resulted into a considerable stimulation in

the genotype G1 which had more tillers

than G2 and Rihane (5.3, 4.3, and 3.9

tillers/plant, respectively). Under saline conditions, non-inoculated plants of G1

and Rihane had higher number of tillers

than their control (0mMNaCl), especially

for G1 which had the maximal value at

150 mM NaCl (5.3tillers/plant). With

respect to G2, no effect was observed.

Under combined stress conditions, this

parameter showed are duction in both G1

and Rihane, with a more pronounced

effect for the latter, especially at 150 mM

NaCl (-30 and -40%, respectively as

compared to the inoculated control). G2 was the most stable cultivar since no

impact on tiller number was noted. At the

highest salinity levels, G1 and G2were

less affected than Rihane (3.9, 3.6, and

2.5 tillers/plant, respectively). It is

noteworthy that combined stress effects

were more pronounced in G1 and Rihane

as compared to G2.

Spike number per plant.

Spike number per plant was significantly affected by C, S, and S × V

(Table 2). In the absence of salt stress and

BYDV infection, the mean number of

spikes produced per plant was close to 2.3

(Fig. 2), whereas it increased in G1 and

G2 genotypes (3.8 and 3.4 spikes per

plant, respectively). Upon exposure to

moderate salinity, non-inoculated plants

of G1 and Rihane showed higher values

for this parameter (3.3 and 3.1 spikes per

plant at 100 and 50 mM NaCl, respectively), whereas no effect was

found for G2. At 150 mM NaCl, plants of

the three genotypes showed comparable

values (2.5 spikes per plant). As for tiller

number, all genotypes showed a

significant decline in the spike number

per plant under combined effect of

BYDV infection and salinity stress

(especially at 100 and 150 mM NaCl),

with values comparable to the control (0

mM NaCl). In addition, non-inoculated

plants exposed to salinity were more productive than the inoculated ones,

especially in G1 and Rihane.


Fig. 1. Effect of salinity-BYDV infection stress combination on the number of tillers per plant

of three barley genotypes (Rihane, G1 and G2).LSD (at P=0.05) for predicted means = 0.8116.

Grains number per spike. This parameter was statistically

comparable in the salt-free and non-

inoculated plants of the three genotypes,

even though Rihane and G2 genotypes

were slightly more productive than G1

(27, 24, and 22 grains per spike,

respectively) (Fig. 3). BYDV inoculation

in absence of salt stress led to a

significant decline in this parameter in G1

and Rihane (-35% on average), whereas

G2 seemed to be stable. Interestingly, salt-exposed and non-inoculated plants of

G1 and G2 had higher values as

compared to the control (salt-free), even at 150 mM NaCl (26 and 31 grains per

spike, respectively), whereas a decline

was observed for Rihane (19 grains per

spike). Effect of both stresses seems to be

not additive since the general behavior of

genotypes under combined effects of

salinity and BYDV was similar to that

observed under salinity stress only.

However, it is worth noting that G1

genotype was more productive under

combined stress conditions (especially 100 mM NaCl) than under salt stress only

(35 and 29 grains per spike, respectively).

Table 2. Results of a three-way ANOVA showing effects of genotypes (C), salinity levels (S), virus (V) infection,

and their interactions on the different agronomic parameters of barley

F pr. df

Tiller

number

per plant

Spike

number

per plant

Grains

per

spike

Straw

height

1000-

grain

weight

Shoot

dry

weight

Root/Shoot

dry weight

C 2 < .001 0.003 < .001 < .001 < .001 < .001 0.003

S 3 0.009 < .001 < .001 < .001 < .001 < .001 < .001

V 1 < .001 0.587 < .001 < .001 < .001 < .001 < .001

C × S 6 0.395 0.058 < .001 < .001 < .001 0.013 0.204

C × V 2 0.005 0.107 < .001 0.309 < .001 < .001 0.006

S × V 3 < .001 < .001 0.027 0.059 0.416 < .001 < .001

C × S × V 6 0.146 0.392 0.009 0.875 0.039 0.079 0.161

Residual 360

Total 383


Fig. 2.Effect of salinity-BYDV infection stress combination on the number of spikes per plant in three barley

genotypes (Rihane, G1 and G2). LSD (at P=0.05) for predicted means= 0.6535.

Fig. 3. Effect of salinity-BYDV infection stress combination on grain number per spike in three barley

genotypes (Rihane, G1 and G2). LSD (at P=0.05)for predicted means= 4.364.

Straw height.

Straw height was significantly

affected by all treatments, except C × S, S

× V and C × S × V (Table 2). This

parameter was variable among genotypes in the stress-free control conditions (salt-

free without inoculation) where Rihane

showed the highest value (63 cm)

whereas those of G1 and G2 were

statistically comparable (45 cm on

average) (Fig. 4). BYDV inoculation

impacted this parameter in the three

genotypes , but Rihane showed the

highest value (51 cm, versus 36 and 35 cm in G1 and G2, respectively). Salt

treatment alone led to a progressive and

important reduction of straw height in

Rihane reaching -20% at 150 mM NaCl,


whereas this negative effect was observed

only at 150 mM NaCl for G1 and G2

genotypes. Nevertheless, Rihane

remained the most productive cultivar

under these conditions. Submitting plants

to stress combination led to a higher

decrease in straw height as compared to

the control Rihane (-19%), whereas a

significant stimulation was observed

under moderate salinity stress (50 mM

NaCl) in both G1 and G2 genotypes. At

higher salinities, G2 showed tolerance

since it was less affected as compared to

G1 and Rihane.

Fig. 4. Effect of salinity-BYDV infection stress combination on the straw height in three barley genotypes

(Rihane, G1 and G2). LSD (at P=0.05) for predicted means= 5.119.

1000-grain weight. 1000-grain weight was


except C × S (Table 2). In the stress-free

control (cultivated under salt-free and

non-inoculated), the three cultivars

showed comparable 1000-grain weight

(about 46 g) (Fig. 5). BYDV inoculation

applied under non-saline conditions had

an impact on this parameter in both G1

and Rihane genotypes, whereas G2

seemed to be unaffected. When applied separately, salt stress resulted in a

substantial decline in 1000-grain weight

in G1 and G2 genotypes (37 g recorded at 150 mM NaCl), whereas Rihane showed

constant values (estimated at 45.5 g at

150 mM NaCl). A significant increase in

1000-grain weight was recorded under

stress combination (at 50 mM NaCl) for

G1 (43 g) before registering a sharp

decrease at higher salinity levels. The

reduction in 1000-grain weight, however,

was less sharp in G2 and to a minor

extent in Rihane, even at high salinity

stress.


Fig. 5. Effect of salinity-BYDV infection stress combination on the 1000-grain weight in three barley

genotypes (Rihane, G1 and G2). LSD (at P=0.05) for predicted means= 3.596.

Shoot biomass production.

Shoot biomass production was significantly affected by all treatments,

except C × S × V (Table 2). In the

absolute control, shoot biomass

production of the three genotypes was

significantly comparable (about 5 g) (Fig.

6). Despite slight differences, inoculation

with BYDV under non-saline conditions

had no impact on this parameter in the

three genotypes. Moderate salinity (50

mM NaCl) applied separately resulted in

a considerable increase of shoot biomass in Rihane (+32% compared to the

absolute control) and more markedly in

G1 (+61%), the latter being the most

productive before progressively

decreasing at higher salinity levels. G2 seemed to be less affected by salinity, and

was even the most productive cultivar at

150 mM NaCl. Under combined stresses,

G1, Rihane and G2 showed the same

behavior where a significant restriction of

shoot biomass was noted at salinity levels

higher than 50 mM NaCl. Thus, Rihane

appeared to be more sensitive to

combined stresses, as expressed by the

high amplitude between values of shoot

biomass under these conditions as compared to those noted under salt stress

only.

Fig. 6.Effect of salinity-BYDV stress combination on the shoot biomass production per plant in three

barley genotypes (Rihane, G1 and G2). LSD (at P=0.05) for predicted means =1.117.


Root/Shoot dry weight ratio.

Root/Shoot biomass ratio was


except C × S and C × S × V (Table 2).

Under salt-free conditions and whether

BYDV-infected or not, the three

genotypes showed close values (Fig. 7).

In non-inoculated plants, salinity led to a transient decrease in this parameter of G1

and Rihane until 100 mM NaCl before its

increase at 150 mM NaCl. Values for G2

were constant irrespective of the salt

concentration in the culture medium.

Under combined stresses, a significant

increase in the Root/Shoot DW ratio was

observed in G2 and to a much higher

extent in Rihane, indicating a stronger

impact on shoot growth in the latter. G1 showed a transient increase up to 100 mM

NaCl before decreasing at 150 mM NaCl.

Fig. 7. Effect of salinity-BYDV stress combination on the root/shoot biomass ratio in three barley

genotypes (Rihane, G1 and G2). LSD (at P = 0.05) for predicted means = 0.04326.

DISCUSSION Very little is known on the impact

of stress combination on barley

productivity. Therefore, the purpose in

the present study was to compare

performance of three barley genotypes

under increased salinity stress and/or

BYDV infection based on growth- and

yield-related traits. This is an interesting

approach to improve productivity of local

barley genotypes by exploiting the wide

genetic variability of their response to

environmental constraints (Sbei et al. 2012). Genetic diversity between

genotypes is usually addressed by

assessing physiological and

morphological differences of quantitative

and economically important criteria

(Elakhdar et al. 2016). Generally, all parameters

investigated in this study were impacted

by salinity and/or BYDV infection, but

interestingly, a cultivar-dependent

behavior was also observed, reflecting the

occurrence of variability in plant response

to a single (Abassi et al., 2012) or

combined applied stresses.

Despite lower than the control,

straw height showed the highest values

for Rihane under the different treatments as compared to G1 and G2. As suggested

in previous studies (Kadri et al. 2009;

Abassi et al. 2012; Hammami et al.

2016), this trait could be a discriminating

criterion when comparing barley


germplasms for their responses to salinity

and/or BYDV stresses. It has been well

documented that BYDV impacts plants

by reducing the translocation of nutrients

in the phloem, leading to altered

morphology and restricted growth

(Comeau and Haber 2002). Interestingly,

inoculated plants showed higher values of

straw height than the non-inoculated ones, especially under saline conditions.

Under stress combination

conditions (especially at 100 and 150 mM

NaCl), a significant growth restriction

was observed in Rihane, whereas the

impact was less pronounced in G1 and

G2genotypes, which are more tolerant to

BYDV. This confirms previous findings

documenting Rihane sensitivity to BYDV

(Najar 2009). This is related to the virus-

induced obstructions in phloem which restricts water transport and

photosynthetates translocation towards

young leaves (Comeau and Haber 2002).

The significant increase in root/shoot

biomass ratio especially under combined

stresses in Rihane suggests that for this

cultivar, shoots were more impacted by

the stress conditions. As for biomass, the

impact was more pronounced in Rihane

as compared to G1 and G2.

Overall, high salinity and virus infection led to a strong reduction of the

main yield components, including tillers

number, grains number per spike, and

1000-grain mass, which are key

indicators of plant productivity after the

flowering stage (Hammami et al. 2016;

Sbei et al. 2012).However, a significant

inter-cultivar variability was found. The

spike fertility based on the number of

grains per spike (Yakoubi 2001) was

impacted by the stress combination,

especially for the sensitive cultivar

Rihane and to a lesser extent in G1,

whereas this trait was much less affected

in G2, suggesting a relatively more tolerant behavior in this cultivar. This

trend was also true for the number of

tillers. With respect to 1000-grain mass,

Rihane, known for its adaptation to semi-

arid conditions, was only slightly affected

under combined stresses as compared to

the non-inoculated plants, and also to the

two other genotypes (G2 and G1). This

suggests that this parameter (1000-grain

weight) is closely related with plant vigor

and growth under saline conditions, whereas such a strong correlation seems

to be less obvious under BYDV infection

conditions.

Stress tolerance index further

confirmed these preliminary results when

plants were simultaneously exposed to

both stresses. Indeed, the three genotypes

showed significant differences regarding

the relative index (Table 3). However,

under stress conditions, the highest value

at 50 mM NaCl was noted in G2 genotype, followed by G1 and Rihane. At

higher salinities (150mMNaCl), G2 and

G1 showed comparable values for this

parameter, whereas the lowest value was

recorded in Rihane.

Table 3. Yield tolerance index of three barley genotypes as affected by the combined effect

of salinity stress and BYDV infection

Cultivar YI 50mMNaCl+V YI 100mMNaCl+V YI 150mMNaCl+V

G1 0.98 1.18 1.25

Rihane 0.60 0.67 0.57

G2 1.42 1.15 1.19


Data obtained in this study,

although still preliminary, highlight the

potential of G2 as a candidate to be

inscribed in the Tunisian catalogue as a

cultivar adapted for different

environmental stresses. Despite Rihane is

relatively tolerant to salinity, it appeared

to be the most sensitive under combined

stresses, as all parameters investigated

were significantly affected. Based on the

observed stability (and even the

stimulation) of the yield- and growth-

related parameters in both G2 and G1

genotypes at moderate salinity levels (50-

100 mMNaCl), which are frequent in

Tunisia.Further field trials need to be

performed to confirm the behavior of

these genotypes.

_________________________________________________________________________

RESUME

Najar A., Abassi M., Ben Ghanem H. et Debez A. 2017. Effets combinés de l'infection

par le virus de la jaunisse nanisante de l'orge (Barley yellow dwarf virus ou BYDV) et

stress salin sur les paramètres de croissance et de rendement de l'orge. Tunisian

Journal of Plant Protection 12: 121-133.

Suite aux changements climatiques actuels, le climat tunisien se caractérise par des précipitations de plus en plus irrégulières et des hivers plus doux et plus courts, entraînant une augmentation de la salinité du sol et une incidence plus élevée du virus de la jaunisse nanisante de l'orge (Barley yellow

dwarf virus ou BYDV). La sélection de cultivars productifs adaptés à la fois aux contraintes abiotiques et biotiques est cruciale pour les améliorateurs, et en particulier pour la sélection des céréales. Dans cette étude, le comportement de deux génotypes (G1 et G2) issus d'un croisement (QB813-2 / 3 / Lignee527 / NK1272 // JLB70-63) et le cultivar Rihane le plus communément cultivé ont été comparés pour leurs réponses à la combinaison de l’effet de divers niveaux de salinité (de 0 à 150 mM NaCl) et à l'infection par le BYDV. Rihane était le cultivar le plus sensible sous l'effet du double stress biotique et abiotique alors que les paramètres de croissance et de rendement étaient significativement améliorés chez les génotypes G1 et G2 sous le traitement combiné (BYDV+50 mM NaCl). De plus, ces deux

génotypes étaient moins affectés que Rihane par l'infection virale en présence d'une forte salinité (NaCl 100 et 150 mM). Il est à signaler que l'indice de tolérance au stress était plus élevé pour G2, suivi de G1 et Rihane, suggérant que ce paramètre pourrait être un indicateur utile pour distinguer entre les genotypes sur la base de leur performance sous conditions de stress multiples.

Motsclés: BYDV, croissance, Orge, salinité, rendement, tolérance au stress

__________________________________________________________________________

ملخص ر وتقزم صفراابفيروس اآلثار المجتمعة للعدوى 2017. . وأحمد دباز بن غانم وماجدة عباسي وهاجر أسماء،نجار

. الخصائص اإلنتاجية للشعيرالملوحة على النمو و إجهاد( وBYDV) الشعير

.133-12: 121 Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection

أكثرإلى جانب شتاء منتظمبسبب التغيرات المناخية الحالية، يتسم المناخ في تونس بانخفاض معدل هطول األمطار غير

صفرار وتقزم ا، مما يؤدي إلى زيادة ملوحة التربة وارتفاع معدل اإلصابة بفيروس مدة اعتداال وأقصر

/ QB813-2 / 3)نتقاء سالالت من الشعير مقاومة من بين األجيال المتأتية من هجائن ا.ويعتبر (BYDV)الشعير

Lignee527 / NK1272 // JLB70-63) صفرار اتم إنتاجها باستعمال أصناف حاملة لجينة المقاومة لمرض فيروس

تقييم أمرا حاسما بالنسبة لمربي المحاصيل، وال سيما بالنسبة لتربية الحبوب. في هذه الدراسة تم ،(BYDV)وتقزم الشعير ميليمول 150إلى 0مختلفة ) ( في مستويات ملوحةG2و G1)نتقائها االخصائص اإلنتاجية للسالالت المقاومة التي تم

NaClوعدوى فيروس )BYDV. الصنف األكثر حساسية تحت تركيبة هو ن ريحان أوقد أظهرت نتائج هذا التقييم

+ BYDVتحت ) G2و G1بشكل ملحوظ في اإلنتاجية، في حين تحسنت معدالت النمو وحيائيإالالحيائي واإلجهاد اإل

BYDV أقل تأثرا من عدوى فيروس سالال ت المقاومة للفيروسكانت هذه ال (. وباإلضافة إلى ذلك،NaCl ميليمول 50


( من ريحان. ومن المثير لالهتمام، كان مؤشر تحمل اإلجهاد ، على التواليNaCl ميليمول 150و 100والملوحة العالية )

وريحان، مما يشير إلى أن هذه الخاصية يمكن أن تكون سمة مفيدة لتمييز األصناف ألدائها تحت G1ليهي، G2أعلى في

متعددة. اتظروف إجهاد

نمو ملوحة،، فيروس تقزم واصفرار الشعير، مقاومة شعير، :كلمات مفتاحية

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