combatting terrorism

8/6/2019 Combatting Terrorism

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WRITTEN & ORAL COMMUNICATIONASSIGNMENT NO: 01

COMBATING TERRORISM

Submission Date: - 30th Aug10

SUBMITTED TO: - SUBMIT TED BY :-

Resp. Prof. Sham Sharma Chirag Gupta

M.A. (Lucknow) Deepika Kumari

D.M.M. (London) Himanshu Kishor

Faculty IPM Ishan chughHarmeet Kaur

Institute of Productivity &Management, Meerut

Total words:

5896


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Contents pg

1. Letter to home minister 3

2. Acknowledgement 4

3. Introduction 5-7

4. Executive summary 8

5. Body 9-26

6. Findings 27-28

7. Steps can be taken 29

8. Recommendations 30

9. Conclusion 31

10.Bibliography 32


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To,Shri P. ChidambaramUnion Home MinisterNew Delhi

Sub: - Identification of terror attack

Honourable Minister,

We are the citizen of India and facing continuous terror attack inMetro cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and other palaces. On this majorissue in our organisation held a healthy debate on which wederive conclusion that Post-Mumbai, the cracks in our securitystructure stand seriously exposed. A complete revamp of thepolice force, especially at the metro level, is now top priority. The

police to effectively take up the challenges thrown by terrorismremain in deep freeze.

I humbly request you to implement police reforms proposed bythe Mission on an urgent basis.

As a beginning, you could get the states to upgrade the existingpolice stations and provide better equipment.

The nation needs an alert and responsive police to fight the waron terror.

Yours sincerely,

Concerned Citizens of India

Ishan ChughHarmeet KaurChirag Gupta


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Himanshu Kishore PrabhatDeepika Kumari

IPM, Meerut

Acknowledgement

Every work accomplished is a pleasure a sense of satisfaction.However a number of people always stimulate, criticize andappreciate a work with their objective ideas and opinions, hencewe would like to use his opportunity to thank all, who have

directly or indirectly helped us to accomplish this project.

Firstly, we would like to thank Mr. Sham Sharma Sir Who gaveus an opportunity to work for the same and helped us to gainknowledge about the fundamentals. Next we would like to thankall the people who gave their valuable time and feedback to thisproject. We would also like to thank my college for supporting uswith possessions, which beyond any doubt have helped me.

Let us also use this opportunity to thank our team members whohave contributed to this project with their invaluable opinions andsuggestions, which have gone a long way in soothing our roughedges as a teammate.


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Introduction

No group or nation should mistake our intentions:We will not rest until terrorist groups of global reach

have been found, have been stopped, and have been defeated.

The word "Terrorism" has been derived from Latin word "Terrere" whichmeans "To fight". This word was first used in Rome in a state ofemergency in response to the approach of Warriors of the Cimbri tribe in

105B.C. Terror is used as a means of coercion. In simple words, Terrormeans all those acts which are done in order to create fear in the mindsof the people. Terror is a feeling of fear and anxiety, the use of violenceagainst civilians.

In early 1975, the Law Enforcement Assistant Administration inthe United States formed the National Advisory Committee onCriminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumesthat the committee wrote was entitled Disorders and Terrorism,produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under thedirection of H.H.A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff.[70] TheTask Force classified terrorism into six categories.

Civil disorder A form of collective violence interferingwith the peace, security, and normal functioning of the

community. Political terrorism Violent criminal behaviour designed

primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantialsegment of it, for political purposes.

Non-Political terrorism Terrorism that is not aimed atpolitical purposes but which exhibits conscious design to
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create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercivepurposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather

than the achievement of a political objective. Quasi-terrorism The activities incidental to the

commission of crimes of violence that are similar in formand method to genuine terrorism but which neverthelesslack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose ofthe quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victimas in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terroristuses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terroristand produces similar consequences and reaction.[71] For

example, the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuineterrorist but whose purposes are quite different.

Limited political terrorism Genuine political terrorism ischaracterized by a revolutionary approach; limited politicalterrorism refers to acts of terrorism which are committedfor ideological or political motives but which are not part of aconcerted campaign to capture control of the state.

Official or state terrorism "referring to nations whoserule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar toterrorism or such proportions. It may also be referred to asStructural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist actscarried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives,often as part of their foreign policy.

Several sources have further defined the typology of terrorism:

Political terrorism Sub-state terrorism

Social revolutionary terrorism

Nationalist-separatist terrorism

Religious extremist terrorism
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Religious fundamentalist Terrorism

New religions terrorism

Right-wing terrorism

Left-wing terrorism

Single-issue terrorism

State-sponsored terrorism

Regime or state terrorism

Criminal terrorism

Pathological terrorism

The terrorist attacks of 26/11 upon Mumbai, were acts of waragainst the Nation, peacefulPeople throughout the world, and the very principles of libertyand human dignity. The Nation, together with our Coalitionpartners, has fought back and will win this war. We will hold thework to prevent the recurrence of similar action on anyparameter

Whether at home or abroad. The War on Terror extends beyondthe current armed conflict thatArose out of the attacks of 26/11, and embraces all facets ofcontinuing our nation efforts toBring an end to the terrorism. National Strategy for CombatingTerrorism focuses on identifying and defusing threats before theyreach our borders. While we appreciate the nature of theDifficult challenge before us, our strategy should be continues tothe terrorism.

The United States with its unique ability almost prevent him bythe terror. If necessary, however, we will not hesitate to actalone, including acting against terrorists to prevent them fromdoing harm to our people and our country. We will use the powerof our values to shape a free and more prosperous world.


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Executive summaryOur nation commitment to lead the world to victory in the war againstterrorism. We fully support your call for a broad and sustained campaign

against the terrorist organizations and those who support them. and we

must, go after terrorism wherever we find it in the world and get it by itsbranch and root. We agree with the government policy must aim not only at

finding the people responsible for this incident, but must also target thoseother groups out there that mean us no good and that have conducted

attacks previously against nation,

In order to carry out this first war of the 21st century successfully, and inorder, as you have said, to do future generations a favor by coming

together wipe out terrorism, we have seen their kind before. They are thecause of all the murders in 21th century. By sacrificing human life to serve

their vision, by abounding every value of the mankind??.We people know that terrorism did not

begin on november11/26,the history is very long and we people are familiar

with that. 21 century punctuated by terrorism. Today, in the battle ofterrorism we are not alone whole globe is against the terror. Terrorist have

left their mark in any way upon globe. With the end of the Cold War, we alsosaw

Dramatic improvements in the ease of Communication. While terrorism is

not new, todays


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Terrorist threat is different from that of the past. Modern technology has

enabled terrorists to plan and operate worldwide as never before. With

advanced telecommunications they can coordinate their actions amongdispersed cells while remaining in the shadows. Todays terrorists

increasingly enjoy a force-multiplier effect by establishing links with otherlike-minded

Organizations around the globe.

Combating terrorismIndia has become a soft target for terror attack. The root cause of

all terror attacks is lack of cooperation and coordination, which ispresent between the states governments and the Centre .SerialOften we are reminded that terrorism continues to inflict pain andsuffering on peoples lives all over the world. Almost no weekgoes by without an act of terrorism taking place somewhere inthe world, indiscriminately affecting innocent blastshave becomea routine affair now in the country. Any terrorist group can playwith innocent lives of citizens.Few present agencies/ministries/defense and paramilitary forces

that are individually and collectively facing the identification,tackling and suppression of terrorist activities on Indian soil are:-

Anti-Terrorist Squad or Anti-Terrorism Squad as it is

popularly called was created by Government of Maharashtra


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on July 8, 2004. The ATS works towards gathering

information regarding anti-national elements active in parts

of Maharashtra, coordinating with Central information

agencies, like IB, RAW and exchange information with them,

coordinating with special squads of other States,

The National Security Guard (NSG) was set up as a

centralized emergency operational Force in 1984 to tackle

terrorism in the country. The basic function of the Force is

to fight terrorism in the areas where the activities of

terrorism is very high.

The state police and its intelligence set-up

Physical security agencies

The national intelligence community

Paramilitary forces

The Army


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To check this terrorism some strategies need to be put into

place to make the tackling of terrorism into an obsession like

The United Nations General Assembly adopted a global

counter-terrorism strategy on 8 September 2006. The

strategy - in the form of a Resolution and an annexed Plan

of Action - is a unique instrument to enhance national,

regional and international efforts to counter terrorism. Its

adoption marks the first time that all Member States have

agreed to a common strategic and operational approach to

fight terrorism. Its aim is to reduce the risk from

international terrorism through four strands:


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Prevent preventing terrorism by tackling radicalisation ofindividuals.

Pursue pursuing terrorists and those that sponsor them

Protect protecting the public, key national services and UKinterests overseas

Glossary:-Radicalization:- To make people more willing to consider new&different policies, idea etc to make people more complete in theirpolitical opinion.Annex:-- To take control of a country, region etc.

In all of Europe, and Germany it is mandatory for every citizen or

resident to have an identity card.Every resident is registered atthe equivalent of the local panchayat office of the area wherethe person lives pecially by force. No house can be rented; nobank account can be opened without a registration in the localpanchayat. ID cards must be carried at all times. Our problem inIndia is that all our enemies are within the country and, secondly,we do not know who is an Indian?


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European laws make it easy to arrest terrorism suspects.European anti-terrorism laws are more expedient and give

broader capability to reach people who merely advocate violenceor solidarity with terrorists.Anti-terrorism legal codes in the UK and Europe cover a range ofoffences. In the UK,In the UK, for instance, it is illegal to merelypossess a terrorist training manual even one that is availablefor download on the Web. some of strategies:-National strategy for combating terrorism.National military strategic plan for war on terrorism.What India urgently needs is a nationwide professional counter-

terrorism strategy that covers scenarios in advance by clearlydefining the aims, boundaries, roles and responsibilities of thoseinvolved in counter-terrorism. In most societies afflicted by thethreat of terrorism, a wide range of measures have been adoptedto tackle the menace.

Glossary:-Expedient:-An action that is useful or necessary for a particularpurpose, but not always fair or right.This includes:-- killing terrorist combatants, imprisonment ofcaptured terrorists, provision of financial and other inducements

to terrorists to give up the struggle, amnesties, establishment ofpolitical dialogue as well as the award of political concessions tomeet half-way the demands to solve grievances that have madeindividuals adopt terrorism against the authorities. While theseare important measures, by themselves, they are necessary butnot sufficient to end terrorism.


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Around the globe both developed & developing country likeUSA,UK,Japan Israel,Argentina,Spain,Russia&India has terrorist

policy like:-Japan has sharply upgraded security procedures relating to visa,immigration, Enhanced interagency and international information exchangeregarding immigration; Denial of entry into Japan of individuals and entities listed bythe UnitedCounter-terrorism techniques followed by IndiaThe techniques followed by India stress the following: The

importance of timely technical intelligence, which is generallymore precise than human intelligence.Effective physical security measures so that even if intelligencefails, security agencies are able to prevent acts of terrorism.goodinvestigative machinery, specially trained to investigateterrorism-related cases.

Glossary:-Amnesties:--A period of time during which people can admit to

a crime or give up weapons without being punished.Some of the significant successes in different countries against AlQaeda apparently by possible due to increased intelligence-sharing without reservations.Regional cooperation in South Asia


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Regional cooperation in the battle against terrorism has not beenas successful in south Asia as it has been in the southeast Asian

region. This is largely because of Pakistan's policy of usingterrorism as a weapon to keep the Indian security forces bleedingand pre-occupied with internal security duties and Bangladesh'stolerance of the activities of terrorists from its territory. Unlessthese two countries realise the folly of their policies and actions,which have made their own territories playgrounds for terroristgroups of different hues and irrationalities, there is very littlescope for any meaningful co-operation.

Glossary:-Irrational-unreasonable,foolish,illogical,absurd.

Folly-idiocy,silliness.

Pakistan has been accused by India, Afghanistan, the UnitedStates, the United Kingdom, of involvement in terrorism in
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Kashmir and Afghanistan. Poland has also alleged that terroristshave "friends in Pakistani government structures. The Jammu

Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) has stated that it was trainingmore than 3,000 militants from various nationalities. According tosome reports published by the Council of Foreign Relations, thePakistan military and the ISI have provided covert support toterrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the al-Qaeda affiliateJaish-e-Mohammed". Pakistan has denied any involvement interrorist activities in Kashmir, arguing that it only providespolitical and moral support to the secessionist groups who wish toescape Indian rule. Many Kashmiri militant groups also maintain

their headquarters in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, which iscited as further proof by the Indian government. Many of theterrorist organisations are banned by the UN, but continue tooperate under different names. Many consider that Pakistan hasbeen playing both sides in the US "War on TerrorPakistan is accused of sheltering and training the Taliban inoperations "which include soliciting funding for the Taliban,bankrolling Taliban operations, providing diplomatic support asthe Taliban's virtual emissaries abroad, arranging training for

Taliban fighters, recruiting skilled and unskilled manpower toserve in Taliban armies, planning and directing offensives,providing and facilitating shipments of ammunition and fuel, andon several occasions apparently directly providing combatsupport.

Glossary:-

Emissaries-someone who does something for a government.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Foreign_Relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secessionisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Foreign_Relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secessionisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror


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Expanding Network of LeT and HUJI-BPost-Mumbai attacks and the release of two of its

jailed leaders, the LeT is as much a threat as theTaliban or any other group of the al Qaeda network.This concern, is based on doubts regarding the abilityof Pakistan army and ISI to crack down on their owncreation. There are also doubts regarding a split withinthe LeT and its disintegration into splinter groups, notnecessarily under the control of the Pakistan army. Thisfurther implies that the group has followed a trajectorynot expected even by the Pakistan army. Given this

possibility, recent reports revealing the groupsoperations and bases in India, its recruitment strategy,and financial network are of grave concern.The recent arrest of Mohammad Omar Madni, a closeassociate of Saeed, revealed plans of the LeT toestablish bases in the Konkan region and Malabarcoastal area of Kerala, parts of Jharkhand, and in thejungles along the Indo-Nepal border, to facilitate thetransfer of funds (Hindu 6 June 2009). Nepal, in

particular, is emerging as an important base for theLeT to carry out its operations in India, as revealed byMadni (Indian Express 11 June 2009). In terms of itsrecruitment strategy, the LeT is looking to thoseworking in fireworks factories who can be trained toassemble improvised explosive devices, apart fromcomputer literates and graduates from themetropolises (Hindu 6 June 2009). While LeTs Gulfconnections are well-established, investigations into

the 2008 Mumbai attacks have revealed a similarpattern, involving Gulf-based financers (Roul 2009).Since joining the IIF in 1998, HUJI-B has sought toexpand its linkages with separatist groups like ULFA inAssam and other Islamist terrorist groups like JeM andGlossary:-


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Disintegration-be destroyed by breaking into small pieces.Let-lashker-e-toibaHuji-Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami

LeT to facilitate a mutual swap of operatives foroperations, mutual use of bases and safe houses, andlogistical networking for increasing operationalLinked to the above developments, is the rise of agroup of individuals in India willing to take upviolence in the name of religion. While theemergence of the first such group of homegrownterrorists dates back to 1993 (John 2008), thisphenomenon has gained considerable momentum

in the past few years with the emergence of theIndian Mujahideen (IM), a group that first claimedresponsibility for the court blasts in UP in November2007. Committed to the cause of spreading Islam inIndia, the group has since claimed responsibility for aseries of bomb blasts that occurred in quicksuccession in 2008: Jaipur (May), Bangalore (July),Ahemdabad (July), and New Delhi (September).Notwithstanding reports alleging links between the

IM, LeT, Student Islamic Movement of India (SIMI),and even Pakistans ISI, the rise of the group throwssignificant light on the pattern of radicalization inIndia. Most of the alleged members of the group,arrested or charged by the Maharashtra police,belong to Azamgarh in Uttar Pradesh and are young,educated, employed men, adept at exploiting thelatest technology. This is in sharp contrast to thepredominant phenomenon of madrassa-educated

and bred terrorists in the region..Technical Capabilities and ResourcesIn sync with the development of transnationalterrorism, the attacks in India underscore theaccretion of terrorist resources in terms of access tohigher technology, equipment, communications,
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and cyber space.

Glossary:-Radicalization-make person,group or system more radical.Accretion-gradual increase in size or amount.The Internet, in particular, isemerging as a powerful tool used by terrorists formultiple purposes, including propaganda andpublicity, networking, fundraising, recruitment andmobilization, and planning and coordination(Weimann 2004). With these developments,

transnational organizations such as the al Qaeda,reflect newer organizational patterns, guided by abroad set of guidelines rather than a commandhierarchy.


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Regional ChallengesThe cross-border linkages of transnational terrorismwarrant an effective regional response to the threat.

The biggest challenge in this regard is securingIndias borders at a time when the forces ofglobalization are reducing the significance ofnational borders. While India is keen to push for crossbordertrade to strengthen economic linkages, itconcomitantly faces the danger of infiltration byinimical forces as also a large number of migrantswho face the danger of becoming a parish forradicalization. Coastal security is another area of

concern that has emerged post-Mumbai attacks.The guarding of Indias 7,516km-long coastline, alongnine states, is a formidable task, demanding anappraisal of the capacity of the Coast Guard, theprimary agency responsible for guarding thecoastline.The predominant challenge however, remains thecontinuing mutual distrust and suspicion; the Mumbaiinvestigations, for instance, have been affected by

the stalemate between India and Pakistan overcredible evidence and effective cooperation ininvestigations.


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Glossary:-Concomitantly-happening at the same time.Inimical-causing harm,or stopping.

This stems, in part, from the failure torecognize the emergence of transnational terrorismthat is targeting both India and Pakistan..Regional efforts and arrangements such as SAARChave also been rendered ineffective due to politicalmistrust. This situation, however, could well bechanging, given the increasing victimization of mostSouth Asian countries (except Bhutan, Maldives, andSri Lanka, to some extent) by transnational terrorism.

Supporting a regional mechanism to facilitatetechnical cooperation in counterinsurgency, Strengthen police-community relations toincrease the resilience of communities toextremism.Immediate Measures - Bilateral Build a common data bank on terrorist outfitsand their networks, similar to the TerroristOffences Monitoring Desk created in Colombo.

Establish several Working Groups onCounterterrorism, along the lines of the workinggroups created during the course of the peaceprocess, where each can focus on differentaspects of counterterrorism cooperation rangingfrom terrorist financing, sharing of information/


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actionable intelligence, to the training ofcounterterrorism practitioners from either side,

among others.Long Term Measures - Bilateral Evolve a common counter-terror framework tocombating terrorism. . Given the political obstacles impeding SAARCswork, establish a regional, technically-focusedcounterterrorism mechanism such as a regionallaw-enforcement training center that can

Glossary:-Victimization-assesing the role of offender or offence.provide training for a range of counterterrorismpractitioners in collaboration with other countries;or a mechanism similar to the IntergovernmentalAuthority on Developments Capacity-BuildingProgramme Against Terrorism (ICPAT) in Africathat focuses on capacity-and-confidencebuilding in the region, need to be explored

(International Peace Institute, 2009).


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Lessons from the pastIndia's past experience regarding such assistance has taught it tobe vigilant to the possibility of it being used for purposes thatgenerate tension and hostile actions against India.attack has fueled already existingconcerns about Indias counterterrorism policies and capabilities.In the present case, the Mumbaiattackers extensive use of modern technology presented poorlyequipped Indian investigatorswith a difficult challenge.Reports have arisen indicating that somedegree of warning wasavailable to Indian authorities, although it is not clear howactionable such intelligence was.U.S. intelligence agencies were reportedly among those warningIndian authorities of a potentialattack from the sea against hotels and business centers inMumbai.Past Indiacounterterrorism investigations have realized only minorsuccesses, usually producing insufficient


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evidence for prosecutorial action. Even if charges are levied, thejudicial system is badly

hampered by painfully slow trials and obsolete technology.Efforts to reform the system come under criticism for being minorand slowly implemented. Onlya few hundred Intelligence Bureau officials are said to specializein counterterrorisma seemingpittance in a country of more than 1.1 billion peopleand theIndian Coast Guard employs lessthan 100 boats to patrol nearly 5,000 miles of shoreline. Indianpolice forces suffer from a dire

lack of funding and training. Poor working conditions, archaicsurveillance and communicationsequipment, and obsolete weapons further hinder theircapacity.One senior Indian terrorismanalyst emphasizes the key role of local policing and he faultsfederal and state governments formaintaining a distressingly low police-to-population rat5 per100,000, little morethan half of the U.N.-recommended ration for peacetime policing.

At an emergency meeting of major political parties on November30, Prime Minister Singhvowed to establish a federal investigative agency, bolstermaritime and air security, and createmultiple new bases for commando forces.On December 17, theIndian Parliament passed twomajor pieces of legislation in response to the Mumbai attacks, theNational Investigating AgencyBill and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendments Bill.


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Glossary:-Levied-money you have to payPittance-an unfairly small amount of money

The latter is meant to facilitateinvestigations and trials of the accused in terrorism cases. Amongother provisions, it woulddouble (to 180 days) the detention period allowed for suspectsand seek to restrict the flow ofMumbai Attacks Show Up Indias Technology ShortcomingsAlong with domestic political recriminations, the Mumbai attackhas fueled already existingconcerns about Indias counterterrorism policies and capabilities.

In the present case, the Mumbaiattackers extensive use of modern technology presented poorlyequipped Indian investigatorswith a difficult challenge.Reports have arisen indicating that somedegree of warning was


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available to Indian authorities, although it is not clear howactionable such intelligence was.

U.S. intelligence agencies were reportedly among those warningIndian authorities of a potentialattack from the sea against hotels and business centers inMumbai.Past Indiacounterterrorism investigations have realized only minorsuccesses, usually producing insufficientevidence for prosecutorial action. Even if charges are levied, thejudicial system is badlyhampered by painfully slow trials and obsolete technology.

Glossary:-Recriminations-situation where people criticize each otherEfforts to reform the system come under criticism for being minorand slowly implemented. Onlya few hundred Intelligence Bureau officials are said to specializein counterterrorisma seemingpittance in a country of more than 1.1 billion peopleand the

Indian Coast Guard employs lessthan 100 boats to patrol nearly 5,000 miles of shoreline. Indianpolice forces suffer from a direlack of funding and training. Poor working conditions, archaicsurveillance and communications


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equipment, and obsolete weapons further hinder their capacity.One senior Indian terrorism

analyst emphasizes the key role of local policing and he faultsfederal and state governments formaintaining a distressingly low police-to-population ratio of about125 per 100,000, little morethan half of the U.N.-recommended ration for peacetime policing.At an emergency meeting of major political parties on November30, Prime Minister Singhvowed to establish a federal investigative agency, bolstermaritime and air security, and create

multiple new bases for commando forces.On December 17, theIndian Parliament passed twomajor pieces of legislation in response to the Mumbai attacks, theNational Investigating AgencyBill and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendments Bill. Thelatter is meant to facilitateinvestigations and trials of the accused in terrorism cases.

POLICY CHALLENGES TO COUNTER TERRORISMFragile political systems and nascent democracieshave generated ideal conditions for the sponsorshipof insurgencies, resulting in institutionalizing thisphenomenon. The transnational nature of terrorism,however, is significantly transforming the challengeof terrorism in India. The convergence of differentIslamist groups in pursuit of a global agenda, thriving


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transnational financial and commercial networks,access to latest communication technology coupled

with weak institutional capacities, socioeconomicmarginalization and widespread corruption, reflectthe complexity of the challenges, both regional anddomestic, which confront India in its fight againstterrorism.Domestic ChallengesRecent attacks in India have underscored themultiple challenges in countering terrorism from aweak and poorly-trained police force, weak

intelligence-gathering, target hardening (securityincludingtraining of practitioners and othercapacity-building measures, will go a long way inundermining political mistrust and securing Indiasnational interests.

Glossary:-Marginalization-make something seem unimportant.

Thriving-very successful

Findings

In recent months the country has witnessed a spate of terroristattacks in different cities as well as organised communal violenceagainst religious minorities in several states.


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We the undersigned strongly condemn all these acts of violence

that have resulted in loss of life and grievous injury to scores ofinnocent people. It is clear that whoever is responsible for suchviolence should be severely punished under Indian law and allmeasures be taken to protect the lives of ordinary citizens underthreat from their activities.

We find it deeply disturbing however that the Indian governmentas well as concerned state governments have adopted doublestandards in dealing with the two equally deadly phenomenon of

terrorist bombings and communal violence.

On one hand throughout the country Muslim youth are beingtargeted, without any or little evidence, as responsible forterrorist attacks. On the other hand Hindu extremists behind thecommunal violence in Orissa, Karnataka and Madhya Pradeshagainst Christian populations are being allowed to go scot-free.

In our view there is a concerted attempt by the Indian police,

sections of the media and certain political parties to portray allmembers of the Muslim community as 'terrorists and extremists'- to be arbitrarily arrested, tortured and killed in fake encounters.

The term 'terrorism' is however never associated with the Hinduextremist outfits like the Bajrang Dal, Vishwa Hindu Parishad orthe Shiv Sena despite their clear and acknowledged role in themurder and injury of hundreds of innocent Indian citizens, from

religious minority communities. Hindu extremists have beenfound time and again planting bombs in Muslim religious placesor localities in Nanded and Malegaon in Maharashtra, Tenkasi inTamil Nadu and suspected of carrying out the heinous bombblasts on the Samjhauta Express in 2007. The recent attacks onChristian religious institutions are in fact openly claimed by Hindu


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terrorist groups, like the Bajrang Dal in front of television newscameras and yet no action is taken against them.


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Steps can be taken

It is in this context of utter hypocrisy of the Indian and stategovernments that we would like to demand the following:

1) An immediate ban on all organizations and individuals carryingout or inciting communal violence particularly the Bajrang Dal,Vishwa Hindu Parishad and Shiv Sena;2) Stringent punishment for those organizing or participating incommunal violence against Christians in Orissa, Karnataka,

Madhya Pradesh and other parts of the country;3) Special investigation by an independent body of theinvolvement of Hindu extremist organizations in terrorist activitysuch as planting explosives, manufacturing arms and mobilizingmob attacks on religious minority populations;4) Disbarment from contesting national or state elections, by theElection Commission, of political parties found guilty of usingreligious, regional, linguistic hatred and violence to further theirelectoral fortunes;

5) Setting up of a judicial commission to inquire into theindiscriminate arrests, torture and killings of youth belonging tothe Muslim community.6) Payment of adequate compensation to each person, from allcommunities, arrested, tortured, injured or killed on false chargesby the Indian police; prosecution of police officers guilty ofplanting evidence and framing false charges against innocentpeople;7) Initiation of action on the recommendations of the Srikrishna

Commission Report, expediting of pending cases against thoseinvolved in the demolition of the Babri Masjid and speedy justicefor the survivors of the 2002 anti-Muslim pogrom in Gujarat.8) A ban on regional chauvinist organizations such as theMaharashtra Navnirman Samithi of Raj Thackeray responsible foratta.


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RECOMMENDATIONSThe following are some recommendations, keepingin mind the measures already undertaken by theMinistry of Home Affairs to augment Indias internalsecurity infrastructure.Immediate Measures - Domestic To combat financing of terrorism, create aspecialized cell, including officers with expertiseon financial investigations, to augment the

power of the investigative agencies engaged incounterterrorism. Given the increasing use of the Internet byterrorists, create web-based organizations tomonitor terrorists websites, increased surveillanceof internet cafes, use of technology that canidentify the location of a computer and filteraccess to particular Internet content accordingto the national origin of the computer

(Geolocation software) and internet contentpolicy legislations that allow the government toregulate content on the internet, need to beexplored and debated in India (Conway 2007). Focus on Border Area Development Programmesthat aim to promote the socio-economicdevelopment of communities living close toIndias borders to reduce their vulnerability tobeing use by inimical forces.

Besides increasing security cover in publicplaces, train staff in public places in renderingfirst aid, evacuation techniques, and reliefoperations are equally important (Kanwal andManoharan 2009) and Improve Indiasemergency and municipal services such as firebrigades.


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Long Term Measures - Domestic Engage with Islamic theologists to evolve a code

of conduct that will delegitimize activities of terrorist.

Conclusion :

To conclude with, lets not forget that the enemies of our nationhave vowed to "bleed India through thousand cuts". Even ifterrorism represents a small fraction of the overall economic riskin India, it may have a large impact on the allocation of

productive capital across the country. In any part of the worldterrorism is unwanted as it not only kills the human life but alsothe infrastructure, industry ultimately shackling its overallgrowth. Since the September 11 attacks, America is safer, but weare not yet safe. We have done much towards it, our MuslimpartnersMuslim partners are speaking out against those who seek to usetheir religion to justify violence and a vision of the world. Wehave significantly expanded our trends to the War on Terror. We

have liberated more than 50 million Afghans and Iraqis fromdespotism, terrorism, and oppression, permitting the first freeelections in recorded history for either nation. In addition, wehave transformed our governmental institutions and frameworkto wage a generational struggle. There will continue to bechallenges ahead, but along with our partners, we will attackterrorism and its ideology, and bring hope and freedom to thepeople of the world.


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