Color Monitors,Color Monitors,Display Processors Display Processors

ResolutionResolution

► A A display monitordisplay monitor capable of displaying many colors. capable of displaying many colors.

Display monitorDisplay monitor

► In contrast, a In contrast, a monochromemonochrome monitor can display only two colors monitor can display only two colors

-- one for the -- one for the backgroundbackground and one for the foreground. and one for the foreground.

Monochrome monitorMonochrome monitor

Color MonitorsColor Monitors

► Color monitorsColor monitors implement the implement the RRGGBB color model by using three color model by using three different phosphors that appear different phosphors that appear redred, , greengreen, and , and blueblue when activated. when activated.

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Color monitorsColor monitors

Miniature color video monitor

► By placing the phosphors directly next to each other, and By placing the phosphors directly next to each other, and activating them with different intensities, color monitors can activating them with different intensities, color monitors can create an unlimited number of colors. create an unlimited number of colors.

► In practice, however, the real number of colors that any monitor In practice, however, the real number of colors that any monitor can display is controlled by the can display is controlled by the video adaptervideo adapter. .

► Color monitors based on Color monitors based on CRTCRT technology employ three different technology employ three different techniques to merge phosphor triplets into techniques to merge phosphor triplets into pixelspixels: :

Dot-trioDot-trio shadow masks shadow masks place a thin sheet of perforated metal place a thin sheet of perforated metal in front of the screen. Since electrons can pass only through in front of the screen. Since electrons can pass only through the holes in the sheet, each hole represents a single pixel. the holes in the sheet, each hole represents a single pixel.

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Aperture-grille CRTsAperture-grille CRTs place a grid of wires between the place a grid of wires between the screen and the electron guns. screen and the electron guns.

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Aperture grille

Slot-mask CRTsSlot-mask CRTs uses a shadow mask but the holes are long uses a shadow mask but the holes are long and thin. It's sort of a cross between the dot-trio shadow mask and thin. It's sort of a cross between the dot-trio shadow mask and aperture-grill techniques.and aperture-grill techniques.

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Difference b/w Dot Pitch (Aperture Difference b/w Dot Pitch (Aperture Grill) & Dot Pitch (Shadow Mask)Grill) & Dot Pitch (Shadow Mask)

Aperture grille based

Shadow mask based

Difference b/w Shadow mask, ApertureDifference b/w Shadow mask, Aperturegrille & Slot Maskgrille & Slot Mask

► Multi-input display processorsMulti-input display processors combine multiple signals from combine multiple signals from real-time video and computer inputs on a single high-resolution real-time video and computer inputs on a single high-resolution projector of monitor. projector of monitor.

► A multi-input display processor allows for up to 12 inputs to be A multi-input display processor allows for up to 12 inputs to be displayed on a single monitor, where inputs can be from a displayed on a single monitor, where inputs can be from a mixture of video and computer sources. mixture of video and computer sources.

► There are many types of multi-input display processors, There are many types of multi-input display processors, depending on the number of inputs given to them and the number depending on the number of inputs given to them and the number of outputs. of outputs.

► ExamplesExamples include LED display processors, video display include LED display processors, video display monitors, and multi image display processor. monitors, and multi image display processor.

Display Processors (Multi-input DisplayDisplay Processors (Multi-input DisplayProcessorsProcessors ))

► LED display processorsLED display processors are the best display medium for both are the best display medium for both indoor and outdoor applications. LED display processors provide indoor and outdoor applications. LED display processors provide features such as brightness, dynamic color, and resolution features such as brightness, dynamic color, and resolution options. options.

► Video display monitorsVideo display monitors have a multi-format mode and the have a multi-format mode and the ability to automatically recognize and integrate the plethora on ability to automatically recognize and integrate the plethora on new video and computer sources. At the same time video display new video and computer sources. At the same time video display monitors provide output compatible with an equally wide range monitors provide output compatible with an equally wide range of display devices. of display devices.

► A A multi image display processormulti image display processor generally incorporates all generally incorporates all conceivable monitor wall features in one or more computer, conceivable monitor wall features in one or more computer, projection, or plasma displays. Other multi-input display projection, or plasma displays. Other multi-input display processors are commonly available.processors are commonly available.

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► There are several ways in which multi-input display processors There are several ways in which multi-input display processors function.function.

► Multi-input display processors have powerful image processing Multi-input display processors have powerful image processing and outstanding image quality feature along with web-based and outstanding image quality feature along with web-based control, dynamic window sizing, borders and titling, and smooth control, dynamic window sizing, borders and titling, and smooth zoom/pans and flexible image windows.zoom/pans and flexible image windows.

► Hardware of the processors consists of an RGB/component, a Hardware of the processors consists of an RGB/component, a composite component, and a video component which are male or composite component, and a video component which are male or female. female.

► In LED display processors the screen produces a signal that has a In LED display processors the screen produces a signal that has a native resolution of 486 to 576 (NTSC/PAL) vertically, and about native resolution of 486 to 576 (NTSC/PAL) vertically, and about 240 to 720 horizontally, depending on the quality of the source 240 to 720 horizontally, depending on the quality of the source and to reproduce these signals without loss of image resolution, a and to reproduce these signals without loss of image resolution, a minimum screen resolution of 648×486 (NTSC) or 768×576 minimum screen resolution of 648×486 (NTSC) or 768×576 (PAL) is required. (PAL) is required.

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► A multi image display processor has a modular design that A multi image display processor has a modular design that allows up to 32 inputs (HD-SDI, SDI, Composite, Y/C, RGB allows up to 32 inputs (HD-SDI, SDI, Composite, Y/C, RGB progressive, and streaming video). progressive, and streaming video).

► Video display monitors have a 2000:1 contrast, 800 x 600 native Video display monitors have a 2000:1 contrast, 800 x 600 native resolution, native 4:3 aspect ratio, single-chip DLP with 6-resolution, native 4:3 aspect ratio, single-chip DLP with 6-segment, and 4x wheel rotation speed. Video projectors accept a segment, and 4x wheel rotation speed. Video projectors accept a source and project the image from that source to the screen. source and project the image from that source to the screen.

► Video projectors work as processing circuitry which converts an Video projectors work as processing circuitry which converts an analog or digital video input signal into something that can be analog or digital video input signal into something that can be projected onto a screen. Multi-input display processors are projected onto a screen. Multi-input display processors are designed and manufactured to meet most industry specifications.designed and manufactured to meet most industry specifications.

► Multi-input display processors are used in many applications. Multi-input display processors are used in many applications. Examples include their use in critical network information and Examples include their use in critical network information and weather updates. weather updates.

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► Multi-input display processors are used in command centers and Multi-input display processors are used in command centers and control rooms, network operations centers (NOCs), presentation control rooms, network operations centers (NOCs), presentation rooms, and teleconferencing. Also, LED technology provides rooms, and teleconferencing. Also, LED technology provides mega bright billboard signs. Multi-input display processors mega bright billboard signs. Multi-input display processors should adhere to International Standards Organization (ISO) should adhere to International Standards Organization (ISO) standards.standards.

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Toshiba has expanded its family of RISC-based System-on-Chip Toshiba has expanded its family of RISC-based System-on-Chip processors for automotive displays with an IC that offers high processors for automotive displays with an IC that offers high system-level integration to reduce the cost, complexity and system-level integration to reduce the cost, complexity and component count of implementing TFT displays in sizes from 3 component count of implementing TFT displays in sizes from 3 to 5" and with resolutions up to VGA. Supplied in a compact to 5" and with resolutions up to VGA. Supplied in a compact QFP package, the Capricorn-A provides a low-cost, single-chip QFP package, the Capricorn-A provides a low-cost, single-chip solution for driving and managing the small-size TFTs solution for driving and managing the small-size TFTs increasingly found in instrument clusters in medium- to high-end increasingly found in instrument clusters in medium- to high-end vehicles. It features a powerful 64-bit processor and an advanced vehicles. It features a powerful 64-bit processor and an advanced graphical-display controller with a dedicated accelerator graphical-display controller with a dedicated accelerator function.function.

Display Processor for use in automotive Display Processor for use in automotive TFTsTFTs

► The The display resolutiondisplay resolution of a of a digital televisiondigital television or or display devicedisplay device is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. displayed.

► It can be an ambiguous term especially as the displayed It can be an ambiguous term especially as the displayed resolution is controlled by all different factors in resolution is controlled by all different factors in cathode ray cathode ray tubetube (CRT) and flat panel or projection displays using fixed (CRT) and flat panel or projection displays using fixed

picture-element picture-element (pixel)(pixel) arrays. arrays.

► One use of the term “display resolution” applies to fixed-pixel-One use of the term “display resolution” applies to fixed-pixel-array displays such as array displays such as plasma display panelsplasma display panels (PDPs), (PDPs), liquid liquid crystal displayscrystal displays (LCDs), (LCDs), Digital Light ProcessingDigital Light Processing (DLP) (DLP) projectors, or similar technologies, and is simply the physical projectors, or similar technologies, and is simply the physical number of columns and rows of pixels creating the display (e.g., number of columns and rows of pixels creating the display (e.g., 1920×1200). 1920×1200).

Display resolutionDisplay resolution

This chart shows the most common display resolutions, with the color of This chart shows the most common display resolutions, with the color of each resolution type indicating the display ratio (e.g., red indicates a 4:3 each resolution type indicating the display ratio (e.g., red indicates a 4:3 ratio)ratio)

► A consequence of having a fixed grid display is that, for multi-format A consequence of having a fixed grid display is that, for multi-format video inputs, all displays need a "scaling engine" (a digital video video inputs, all displays need a "scaling engine" (a digital video processor that includes a memory array) to match the incoming picture processor that includes a memory array) to match the incoming picture format to the display.format to the display.

► The term “display resolution” is usually used to mean The term “display resolution” is usually used to mean pixel dimensionspixel dimensions (e.g., 1920×1200), which does not tell anything about the resolution of (e.g., 1920×1200), which does not tell anything about the resolution of the display on which the image is actually formed. In digital the display on which the image is actually formed. In digital measurement the display resolution would be given in measurement the display resolution would be given in pixels per inchpixels per inch. .

► In analog measurement, if the screen is 10 inches high, then the In analog measurement, if the screen is 10 inches high, then the horizontal resolution is measured across a square 10 inches wide. This horizontal resolution is measured across a square 10 inches wide. This is typically stated as “xxx lines horizontal resolution, per picture is typically stated as “xxx lines horizontal resolution, per picture height.” height.”

► ExampleExample: Analog : Analog NTSCNTSC and and PALPAL TVs can typically display 480 (for TVs can typically display 480 (for NTSC) lines horizontal resolution, per picture height which is NTSC) lines horizontal resolution, per picture height which is equivalent to 640 total lines from left-edge to right-edge. equivalent to 640 total lines from left-edge to right-edge.

► Computers have higher resolutions than most televisions. Computers have higher resolutions than most televisions.

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► Most computers have higher resolution than T.V.Most computers have higher resolution than T.V.

► The following chart will show the linear size of digital pictures The following chart will show the linear size of digital pictures taken at certain resolutions as well as their linear and pixel file taken at certain resolutions as well as their linear and pixel file sizes working in RGB, assuming a dpi of 240, and a video card sizes working in RGB, assuming a dpi of 240, and a video card set at 24 bit depth or millions of colors: set at 24 bit depth or millions of colors:

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PIXEL DIMENSIONS

LINEAR FILE SIZE INCHES

FILE SIZE

640 x 480 2.667 x 2.00 900K

1024 x 768 4.267 x 3.2 2.25 MB

1152 x 864 4.8 x 3.6 2.85 MB

1280 x 960 5.33 x 4 3.52 MB

1280 x 1024 5.33 x 4.267 3.75 MB

Resolution

Low Resolution PCs (mid 1970s)Low Resolution PCs (mid 1970s)

When the first affordable "personal When the first affordable "personal computers" began to appear, their computers" began to appear, their "graphics" capabilities were generally "graphics" capabilities were generally quite chunky by today's standards.quite chunky by today's standards.

The popular Radio Shack TRS-80 The popular Radio Shack TRS-80 computer had a graphics resolution of computer had a graphics resolution of 128 x 48 dots in black and white (or 128 x 48 dots in black and white (or black and amber if you had one of the black and amber if you had one of the trendy "low eye strain" monitors).trendy "low eye strain" monitors).

Programmers in those days usually Programmers in those days usually compressed their graphic data in order compressed their graphic data in order to squeeze the maximum visual to squeeze the maximum visual capabilities into the limited program capabilities into the limited program memory of their computers. However, memory of their computers. However, no real standard graphic file formats no real standard graphic file formats existed; everyone simply did their existed; everyone simply did their own thing. own thing.

From the dozens of contenders for the From the dozens of contenders for the personal computer marketplace, the field personal computer marketplace, the field gradually narrowed to two main players: gradually narrowed to two main players: IBM PCs and Apple Macintoshes. Most IBM PCs and Apple Macintoshes. Most of the business world was adopting IBM of the business world was adopting IBM PCs, which were mainly used for text-PCs, which were mainly used for text-mode business applications (eg. Word mode business applications (eg. Word Processing, Databases, Spreadsheets).Processing, Databases, Spreadsheets).

The IBM PC originally came with either The IBM PC originally came with either a Monochrome Graphics Adapter (MGA) a Monochrome Graphics Adapter (MGA) or with a Colour Graphics Adapter or with a Colour Graphics Adapter (CGA), which allowed four colour (CGA), which allowed four colour graphics. The subsequent Enhanced graphics. The subsequent Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) allowed sixteen Graphics Adapter (EGA) allowed sixteen colours as well as higher resolution (640 colours as well as higher resolution (640 x 350 pixels). This higher resolution x 350 pixels). This higher resolution allowed improvements such as "Print allowed improvements such as "Print Previews".Previews".

Graphics file formats were becoming more common, with much better Graphics file formats were becoming more common, with much better compression possible.compression possible.

Medium Resolution PCs (mid 1980s)Medium Resolution PCs (mid 1980s)

Since the introduction of the VGA (VideoSince the introduction of the VGA (VideoGraphics Array) and subsequent extendedGraphics Array) and subsequent extendedVGA modes, the IBM PCs could at lastVGA modes, the IBM PCs could at lastdisplay photo-realistic images and movies.display photo-realistic images and movies.Users could now bring graphics into theirUsers could now bring graphics into theircomputers via scanners, digital cameras,computers via scanners, digital cameras,even video capture, and have them displayedeven video capture, and have them displayedon their screen or incorporated into theiron their screen or incorporated into theirdocuments.documents.

There is now an abundance of differentThere is now an abundance of differentgraphic formats for various different types ofgraphic formats for various different types ofimages and movies. The most common ofimages and movies. The most common ofthese are GIF, PNG and JPG (still images) orthese are GIF, PNG and JPG (still images) orMPG and WMV (movies).MPG and WMV (movies).

High Resolution PCs (mid 1990s on)High Resolution PCs (mid 1990s on)

The main advances since then have been in 3-D image rendering The main advances since then have been in 3-D image rendering capabilities. For example, computer software can now utilise a capabilities. For example, computer software can now utilise a computer's advanced graphics features to produce stunningly computer's advanced graphics features to produce stunningly realistic three-dimensional scenes in such things as games or 3-D realistic three-dimensional scenes in such things as games or 3-D designs.designs.

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