color blindness or culturally conscious? color blindness or culturally conscious? national...
TRANSCRIPT
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COLOR BLINDNESS OR CULTURALLY CONSCIOUS?
National Association of Counsel for Children ConferenceSan Diego, California
Tracy Mills and Martha Pierce
August 31, 2011
ICWA vs. MEPA-IEP
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Part I:
ICWA: Culturally Conscious
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Congressional Findings:
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FOUR TYPES OF CHILD CUSTODY PROCEEDINGS
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Four Types of Child Custody Proceedings
foster care placement which shall mean any action removing an the child returned upon demand, but
where parental rights have not been terminated;
CHILD CUSTODY PROCEEDING SHALL MEAN AND INCLUDE, 1.
preadoptive placement which shall mean the temporary placement of an Indian child in a foster home or institution after the termination of parental rights, but prior to or in lieu of adoptive placement;
2.
3.
4.
termination of parental rights which shall mean any action resulting in the termination of the parent-child relationship;
and adoptive placement which shall mean the permanent
placement of an Indian child for adoption,
including any action resulting in a final
decree of adoption.
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25 U.S.C.A § 1903
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Indian Child:A Political Definition
INDIAN CHILD means any unmarried person who is under age eighteen and is either a member of an Indian tribe
ORis eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is the biological child of a member of an Indian tribe;
25 U.S.C.A. § 1903 (4)
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Basic Components of ICWAEXCLUSIVE VS. CONCURRENT JURISDICTION
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EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION
• WHEN THE INDIAN CHILD . . .
– Resides or is domiciled on the reservation; or
– Is a ward of the tribal court.
– Parent who resides on reservation cannot subvert this requirement by fleeing reservation to give birth or to relinquish.
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Concurrent (“presumptive”)Jurisdiction
Everything else
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CONCURRENT JURISDICTION
• Tribe has right to request transfer to tribal court only for foster care or terminations.
• Transfer required absent good cause.
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Reasons not to transfer:
• No tribal court;• A parent objects;• Tribe declines;• Good cause.
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Good Cause Not to Transfer
1. Parent vetoes transfer.
2. Advanced stage of proceedings.
3. Tribe has not court.
4. BIA Guidelines suggests child has a voice.
5. Forum non conveniens arguments.
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Intervention vs. TransferTribe may intervene in foster care or termination proceeding at any time.
•Tribe’s participation is prospective.
•May intervene in other proceedings using state civil rules).
25 U.S.C.A. § 1911 (c)
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Placement PreferencesThe Heart of ICWA
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Foster or Preadoptive Placements
• Least restrictive.• Most approximates a family.• Meeting “special needs.”• Within reasonable proximity to child’s home.
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Foster or preadoptive placements
1. Member of extended family (whether or not Native American).
2. Tribe authorized foster home.3. Licensed Indian foster home (whether or not
of child’s tribe).4. Tribe-authorized institution.
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Adoptive Placements . . .
1. Extended family member.2. Tribal member.3. Other Indian families.
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Preferences may be modified
• Per tribal resolution;• Per child’s preference;• Per parent’s preference;• Where parent requests anonymity.
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QUALIFIED EXPERT WITNESS,HIGHER STANDARD OF PROOF
• To support one finding:
• “that the continued custody of the child by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.”
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ACTIVE vs REASONABLE EFFORTS
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ICWA categorizes politically, not racially or culturally.
• a child can be 100% genetic Native American and not be an "Indian Child."
• a child can be 100% genetic non-Native American and be an "Indian Child."
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ICWA’s IMPLICIT VALUES
• Collective rights, child has right to belong.
• Sovereignty, self-determination.
• “Best Interests” code for middle class values.
• Values of culture, tribe best passed on within tribe.
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Where Child is Native American,but not politically Native American.
• What is the default position?
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Part II:
MEPA-IEP MULTI-CULTURALISM
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MEPA & MEPA-IEP
• MEPA = Multiethnic Placement Act.• 42 USC Sec. 5115a (1994) (repealed—
exception swallowed the rule)
• MEPA-IEP = Interethnic Placement Act.• 42 USC Sec. 1996b (1996)
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MEPA I, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1994 (1994) (repealed).
• Applies to foster care or adoption.
• Prohibits categorical denial or placement based “solely” on race, color, or national origin.
• Permits consideration of cultural, ethnic, or racial background of child and cultural capacity of care giver.
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MEPA-IEP, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1996b (1996)
• Applies to foster care or adoption.
• Prohibits discrimination of care giver on race, color, or national origin of child or parent.
• Prohibits denial or delay of placement based on race, color or national origin.
• Noncompliance can result in agency fine or civil rights action
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Part III: Same Child
Opposing Best Interests
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MEPA-IEP vs. ICWA
ICWA• Applies to foster care,
adoption.• Enforcement = possible
reversal.
• Culturally conscious.
MEPA-IEP• Applies to foster care,
adoption.• Enforcement includes
agency sanctions, civil rights action.
• Color-blind application.
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ICWA VALUES
• Child presumed to have cultural needs.• Child is part of collective.• Child’s placement is in part reparative.• Racial, cultural categorization inevitable.• Child needs role model from same
racial/ethnic group.• Extended family model• More deliberative.
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MEPA-IEP VALUES
• Swift permanency in nuclear family model.
• Race blind individualism.
• Child’s needs trumps notions of fairness.
• Child should not be permanently categorized.
• Persons of all races presumed to be able to care for children of all races.
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Part IV: The Voice of the Child.
How ICWA, MEPA-IEP, ABA, NACC listen to the Child.
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ICWA ALLOWS FOR THE CHILD’S VOICE
• Requiring appointment of counsel contemplates . . .– The Child’s interests does not always track the
Tribe’s.– The Child is a party.– The Child’s voice should be heard.– The Child is a fully formed person.
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ICWA PLACEMENT PREFERENCES andTHE CHILD’s VOICE.
• No age limit.• No need for preference to be verbalized.• Child needs must be accommodated.• Child’s need for home-like place.• Child’s need for place near home.
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Jurisdictional Transfers andThe Child’s Voice.
• BIA Guidelines.• Forum non conveniens may look at
convenience to the child.
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Child’s Voice andthe Qualified Expert Witness
• Goes solely to whether continued custody by the parent Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.
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MEPA-IEP & Children’s Participation
• Placement, permanency based on unique needs of child, not race, ethnicity.
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NACC / ABA STANDARDS
• Child’s counsel to– Ensure child’s physical presence in proceedings.– Ensure courts hear and consider unique child’s
views.– Advocate for permanency.– Advocate for family relationships.– Recommended reading includes books advocating
primary attachment / psychological parent theory.
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Part V: The Child’s Preferences
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A child, your child client is
• More complex than what the law implies.• More nuanced.• More evolving.• More in need.
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Child’s Expressed Preference . . .
• Is a moving target.• Is fluid, evolving.
• Is influenced by conflicting loyalties, changing needs.• Should be globally determined over time.
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Your child client will tell you by . . .
• Words, in conversation, over time.• Words from medical reports, police reports,
court reports.• Actions.• Facial expression.• Artistic and other expression.• Flourishing and faltering.
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Art Work, Home Work . . .
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Even infants express preferences . . .
• Quality of an attachment.• Thriving.• Failing to thrive.• Respiration.• Gaze.• Sucking response.
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Part VI: PARTICIPATION
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CHILDREN’s PARTICIPATION
• Increases their satisfaction with the outcome.• Increases their self esteem.• Affirms their sense of dignity and hope.• Increases others’ satisfaction with the
outcome.
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CHILDREN’s PARTICIPATION ENDORSED BY
• ASFA• ICWA• The ABA.• The NACC.
• The Pew Commission.• The UN Comm’n on Rights of Child.• Native American tradition.
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Getting the judge to hear the child’s voice by . . .
• Having the child at all hearings.• Highlighting the child’s voice and words as
they appear in the documents.• Leaving a photo, artwork with the judge.
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Getting the judge to hear the child by. . .
• Highlighting when the Child flourishes, falters.
• Highlighting Child’s non-verbals.
• Submitting Child’s art, homework.pressions.
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Part VII: THE TAKE AWAY
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THE TAKE AWAY: THE LAW
“Indian Child” is a political designation.
MEPA-IEP is the default position when the child does not fall in the political category of Indian Child--no delay in placement or permanency based on race, culture, ethnicity.
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THE TAKE AWAY: THE PRACTICE
•The Child is the Constant.•Preferences are communicated
holistically.•Participation is key.
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THE END