Colonization

The Age Of ExplorationRound Two: Settlers Arrive

The EuropeansWhat's happening in

Europe?1200’s – 1600’sComing out of the

“Dark Ages”Renaissance

Arts – Leo DivinciTechnologyEducationScienceReligious Reform

Exploration, Expansion, & Trade

Trade linked through land routes: Persia, Arabia, Asia, & the Silk Road

Europeans had ship trade in the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean

Wanted a direct route to the east rather than dealing with the middle man

Atlantic Ocean was vastly unknown

Motives for Exploration

Money, Money, Money EconomicDesire for wealth and foreign

goodsWanted to sell foreign goods for

profitEventually… religious freedom

The Age of Exploration…

The Portuguese take the lead:Bartolomeu Dias 1487-1488Vasco da Gama 1498Slave Trade and eventually …“The Middle Passage”

The West AfricansSonghia and Benin Kingdoms

Highly civilized and densely populated.Advanced Agriculture (Gold & Salt mines)Iron WeaponsWriting SystemTransportation System (Camel Caravans & Riverboats)

Speaking of Camels…

Slavery in AfricaSlavery existed as a form of labor in Africa

before Europeans became interestedWarfare was common due to influence from

the Islamic empires(The rise and fall of Mali, Ghana, and

Dahomey)Wealthy war lords would take POWs as slaves

and sell themSo… Who was the first country to use slaves

in modern times/terms? …Africa.

But Seriously… Slavery

Portugal was the first European nation to establish a slave trading empire in Africa

They traded textiles and guns for African slavesRoughly 1000 slaves per year were traded along the

Middle Passage initially (Route from Europe to West Africa, to North America)

By 1800, 5 ½ million adults and 11 million children were transported as slaves

Europeans saw slavery as a great economic boonThey did not notice the social impact that slavery

had in Africa As a result, they transplanted the ‘economic

mentality’ of slavery to the rest of Europe

European Interest

The Middle Passage

Essentially, Spain got jealous of Portugal’s economic boom and had to get involved

Spain had recently gotten over the Spanish Reconquista (pushed the Moors out of Spain) and wanted desperately to become a big economic power

The Spanish Reconquista was the only successful crusade against Islamic faith

Basically, they ordered all Muslims AND Jews to convert to Catholicism or get out or be put to death.

By the end of the 1400s, Spain was sending numerous explorers to find a way to the Indies

Spain says… We don’t think so…

The Spaniards Have Landed…

The SpanishChristopher Columbus 1492…

But what did he really discover???Where did we get the name “Indians”?

The ConquistadoresGOD – GOLD – GLORY (3G Coverage)Hernando Cortes’ – Aztecs (Mexico) 1519-1521Juan Ponce de Leon – Fountain of Youth (Florida) 1513Hernando de Soto – Mississippi River Valley (Cherokee)

The Colombian Exchange

Horses, Steal Weapons… and Biological Warfare?Smallpox, Measles, and CholeraEnslaved Indians die out… need slaves from

Africa to compensate loss. “The Middle Passage”Positives: Trade, Livestock, Colonial possibilities

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494Pope Alexander VILine of Demarcation

Spain on the LeftPortuguese on the Right

Both countries agreed to Christianize the native ‘savages’ after the treaty was signed

Spain goes a step further and calls for all “inferiors” to convert to Christianity

The French and English didn’t care… they looked for new passageway through North America

Location:Vast empire from California to South America

and parts of the CaribbeanGoal of settlers:

Gain land and riches: GOLDReligious Conversion

Type of GovernmentKing exercised strict rule through the Council

of the Indies and Viceroys (Catholic Church)

Spanish

Religion:Roman Catholic – influenced local government

through Mission CommunitiesMission Communities used to convert to

ChristianityEconomy:

Closely controlled tradeSilver and Gold shipped back to Spain… not for

long.Queen Elizabeth and English Navy Vs. The Spanish

ArmadaEncomienda System [encomendar=to

entrust] lead to the importation of African Slaves to provided the labor

Spanish Continued

Spanish Missions

Location of SettlementsLarge area of eastern South America

Goals for Settlement?Land and plantationsReligious Conversion

GovernmentGrants of land issued to Nobles who sent

settlers to build towns.

The Portuguese

ReligionLandowners sent settlers to build Churches

first.Religious Conversion

EconomyPortuguese Nobles developed the land once

establishedBrazilwood exported, plantation agriculture, &

cattle raising.Indians and Africans forced to work together

Races MixMestizo [Spanish]Mestico [Portuguese]

Portuguese

LocationNearly half of North America and some of the

CaribbeanGoals of Settlers:

Fishing and Fur TradingWin Converts – [The only truly successful at

mission.]Government

The Crown didn’t really pay much attention at first then Louis XIV got much more involved.

France

ReligionCatholic

MissionariesLouis XIV prohibited

Protestant settlers from settling.

Economy:The Fur TradeCaribbean Island

slave trade

France

The French Samuel de Champlain founded

Quebec in 1608 He helped establish an empire from

the St.Lawrence River to the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River

The French adopted a humane policy toward the Indians because all they wanted was trade

However, they brought disease and depleted animals for the fur trade

The first French colonists were the Huguenots (a Protestant variation)

All of their settlements failed due to famine, native attacks, or Spanish invasions.

Overall, initial French colonization efforts were weak

Location:Present Day East Coast of US and Caribbean.

Goals for Settlers:Commercial Ventures

Dutch East India CompanyLondon Company

Haven for the persecuted ReligiousProtestant Groups

Puritans QuakersCatholicsProtestants in General

The English

GovernmentRoyal Governors Large degree of self government

ReligionHaven for victims of Religious Persecution in

EnglandEconomy

Fishing Villages in New EnglandPlantations in South and Caribbean IslandsUsed Native Indians first, then traded African

Slaves

The English

England became interested in exploration because of Spain and Portugal’s wealth

Religiously, England was thoroughly Protestant because of Henry VIII’s marriage issues and his daughter, Elizabeth I’s push for Protestantism

Elizabeth I executed her Catholic cousin, Mary Queen of Scots for numerous assassination attempts

This upset King Phillip II of Spain and he sent the Spanish navy to invade Britain in 1588

Bringing it Home… The English

Comparisons

Traditional Henry VIII Post-Modern Henry VIII

The English “Sea Dogs” (pirates) and the navy easily defeated the illustrious Spanish Armada on a very foggy day

The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave the English a valid claim to the New World

English pirates like Sir Francis Drake discovered San Francisco

Sir Walter Raleigh founded the Roanoke Colony in North Carolina which later mysteriously disappeared …known as “The Lost Colony”

In 1600, there were no English settlements in the New World

English Colonization

The 3 G’s (3G Coverage)Gold, God, and Glory (in that order)• Essentially sums up what all European

nations were after• Claims of abundant gold and silver drove

warriors, sailors, and other ambitious men to seek glory while serving the Church

• A true win-win situation for God and Country

• National glory and religious mission went hand in hand

What Have We Learned?