Colonization through the Civil War

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▪ After England defeated Spain, England could then begin setting up colonies in North America

▪ Early settlements were created by joint stock companies: investors would join their money and get a charter from the king to set up a colony in North America

▪ The colonists were supposed to find gold/wealth to send back to the investors

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▪ On May 24, 1607, about a 100 English settlers establish Jamestown colony in Chesapeake Area (Virginia)

▪ 1st permanent English colony in North America

▪ Jamestown was funded by the joint stock company was called the Virginia Company

▪ Colonist more concerned with digging for gold than working for survival

▪ Poor location, disease, starvation common3

• Luckily, in 1608, a Captain John Smith took over control and whipped the colonists into discipline.

• By 1625, out of an original overall total of 8000 would-be settlers, only 1200 had survived.

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• John Rolfe cultivated a successful type of tobacco (good quality, easy to grow in Jamestown)

• Finally, a product that was profitable to the Virginia Company

• BUT tobacco depleted soil and ruined the land—leading to wars with natives over land.

• Tobacco also was labor intensive

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▪ Native Americans were not suitable for slave labor on the tobacco plantations

▪ Englishmen could come to Jamestown and agree to work for 5-7 years to pay off their passage (indentured servitude)

▪ By 1619, people realize that indentured servitude isn’t all that was promised—but manual labor is still needed to grow tobacco

▪ African slaves were being imported to the colonies in North America (triangular trade)

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• Representative self-government was born in Virginia, when in 1619, settlers created the House of Burgesses. Government for land owners

• Indentured servants brought to Jamestown to work soon are forced to live on the outskirts of the colony

• Constant Indian attacks and no voice in government leads to Bacon’s rebellion

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New England colonies were not created for profit by joint stock companies, instead, these colonists came to North America looking for religious freedom

English pilgrims establish a colony at Plymouth in 1620

Puritans establish a colony in Boston in 1630--Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Religion controls colonial government and almost all aspects of private life as well

Only members of the Puritan church could participate in the town meetings

Such strict religious beliefs and control of government and society led to conflict within the Puritans

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Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson spoke out against the Puritan church and were banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Roger Williams founded a new colony Providence (Rhode Island) were people truly had freedom of religion

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1684– The King revoked Mass Bay Charter because they would not obey royal authority

Mass became a royal colony under the strict, direct control of the King

Salem Witch trials—1692 hysteria sweeps through Massachusetts as innocent people are convicted of witchcraft

More than 20 people died and 150 imprisoned

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The Puritans church starts losing its control over society, so it passes a half way covenant (people who were not full members but could attend the Congregational Church)

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In 1621 the Dutch formed a colony called New Netherland to take part in the thriving fur trade (present day New York/Hudson River area)

The capital of the colony was called New Amsterdam

The Dutch encouraged people from different parts of Europe to settle there and they had good relations with the neighboring Indians

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The English did not like this “Dutch Wedge” separating the English colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Virginia

The English drove out the Dutch without firing a shot

The colony is later named New York and a part of it becomes New Jersey

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Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherlands

William Penn inherited land in North America due to a debt the king owed to his father

Penn set up a Quaker colonyQuakers promoted non violence & a

society where people were treated as equals

Immigrants from all over Europe settled in Pennsylvania (which weakened Quaker philosophies)

Penn promoted peaceful co-existence with the natives 15

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• England set up a mercantilism system in which the colonies exported raw materials and products to the “Mother Country” and colonies had to buy products they needed from England

• Because of the tobacco and sugar plantations, slaves were imported from Africa (triangular/middle passage)

• Africans retain some of their native culture through song, dance, music and oral traditions

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A thriving fur trade expanded French control to most of North America

England and France get involved in a war over territory from 1754-1763 (Seven Year’s War, French & Indian War)

France lost the war and had to give up most of its holdings in North America

The Treaty of Paris 1763 gave England and Spain most of the land in North America

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The Proclamation of 1763 said colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian mountains

American colonists feel that they should have the right to move into some of the newly acquired areas

Causes tension between colonists and crown

Also the English need to raise money to help pay for war expenses, so they start to directly tax the colonies

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Colonists had gotten used to not being directly controlled by Britain

So when England starts taxing the colonies and enforcing the taxes, American colonists do not like it

Sugar Act (1st direct tax—offenders would be tried in a royal court)

Navigation Act restricted colonial trade with other nations

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Stamp Act—placed a tax on all legal documents

Townshend Act—placed a tax on glass, lead, paint, & tea

Colonists boycott British products

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Boston Massacre

British soldiers attack colonists at Boston harbor

Crispus Attucks is killed

Sons of liberty was a secret resistance group led by Samuel Adams who organized boycotts of British goods

Women also organized boycotts and protested taxes by making their own clothes and making colonial versions of “tea”

The Committees of Correspondence organized communications throughout the colonies to keep the colonists up to date about resistance activities

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December 6, 1773 colonists sneak aboard a ship in Boston harbor and dump 18,000 pounds of tea into the water

Britain respond with the Intolerable Acts which shut down the harbor

The Quartering Act forced colonists

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War breaks out in Spring 1775 When it becomes clear that England will

not compromise, people begin to change from “no taxation without representation” to total independence from the crown

Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet criticizing the king and calling upon the colonies to break away from the tyrannical monarchy and form a new government based on social and economic equality

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By summer 1776 the Continental Congress agreed that separating from England was the best action

Thomas Jefferson was asked to write down the colonies concerns and complaints

Jefferson drew upon John Locke’s ideas of natural rights that a government could not take away from the people

“Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”

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It also stated that the people give the power to the government

“All men are created equal” did not apply to many groups (slaves, women, native Americans, and many poorer colonial men)

July 4, 1776 the colonies declare themselves to be free and independent from England

John Hancock—the first to sign

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After the colonists win the Battle at Saratoga, the French openly support the colonies in their fight against Britain (want revenge for French & Indian war)

The Marquis de Lafayette came to help the colonial cause during the winter at Valley Forge. He also helped negotiate more French help in the war

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Benjamin Franklin was an ambassador in France and help to secure a French and American alliance treaty

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Gained military experience fighting in the French & Indian War

Was chosen to lead the Continental Army during the American revolution

He organized a daring attack on British forces by crossing the Delaware River on Christmas night 1776

He gained the loyalty and support of his soldiers by living with them at Valley Forge

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Winter 1777-1778

Soldiers stay at a Fort in Pennsylvania

2,000 of the 10,000 camped there died from exposure to the elements or starvation

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The British, led by Lord Cornwallis, shift their military focus to the south, hoping to rally the support of loyalists there

French reinforcements arrive and with the patriot army surround Cornwallis at Yorktown and force the British to surrender

The British defeat at Yorktown marks the beginning of the end of the war

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American delegates demanded that Britain grant the states their independence

It also established the geographic boundaries of the United States

Native Americans were not protected, British did not specify when they would evacuate their North American forts, and the states promised to pay back debt owed to the British

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1st attempt at a government for the USA

Gave the national government very little power (did not want a strong central government) could not tax, not executive or courts, hard to amend/ratify, no national army, etc)

States had most of the powers

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Farmers who fought in the American revolution are angry because banks are foreclosing on their farms

They marched on the local government demanding the courts be closed (violent rebellion)

The federal government didn’t have the power to call on troops to help the state government

**Shays’ rebellion showed that the Articles of Confederation government was too weak

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September 17, 1787—delegates decide to replace the Articles of Confederation with a stronger, more effective government

2 groups Anti-federalists—wanted a Bill of rights Federalists wanted the Constitution

ratified James Madison and Alexander Hamilton

wrote the Federalist Papers to gain support for the Constitution

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1. Popular Sovereignty2. Limited Government3. Federalism4. Separation of Powers5. Checks and Balances

The Constitution was written by James Madison

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A federal government allowed powers to be shared between state and national governments

Separation of power would be divided among the executive, judicial, and legislative branches

Each branch would have specific responsibilities and the ability to check the power of the other branches

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Solved the problem of representation in Congress

The Constitution would create a bicameral legislature

The Senate would have 2 representatives from each state

The House of Representatives would have members based on each state’s population (larger states would have more reps in the House than smaller states)

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Slavery was specifically not put into the final draft of the Constitution

They were afraid southern states would not ratify the new plan for government if the Constitution stated slavery was wrong

The Bill of Rights The 1st 10 amendments were added to

the Constitution (Bill of rights) Protect people’s basic freedoms and

liberties

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1st presidentSet up a cabinet (officials to help him

run the government)The Whiskey rebellion proved that

the new nation was strong and could enforce the laws

Warned the young nation not to get involved in foreign alliances

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• Both men served on Washington’s cabinet• Very different ideas about the power of the

government outlined in the constitution• Hamilton—wanted a strong national govt,

a loose interpretation of the constitution, and a Bank of the U.S. His plans favored wealthy Americans

• Jefferson—wanted stronger state governments, a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and favored farmers and average Americans

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The different opinions of Hamilton and Jefferson lead to the development of political parties in the government

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2nd presidentTries to avoid the US from getting

involved in a war with FranceLimited the people’s freedom of

speech with the Alien and Sedition Acts (anti-French)

XYZ affair & conflict with Indians occur during Adam’s presidency

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3rd presidentFavored a strict interpretation of the

ConstitutionBUT when Napoleon offered to sell

French territory in North America, Jefferson couldn’t turn the deal down

The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the USA for ($15 million) 3 cents an acre

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Explore all of the land gained by the Louisiana Purchase

Led by native American guide Sacajawea

Documents plants, animals and native Americans in that area

Explored all the way to the west coast (California)

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Britain was at war with FranceBritish ships were kidnapping

American sailors and forcing them into the British navy (impressment)

Britain also prevented American trade by setting up a blockade

Jefferson set up an embargo-wouldn’t buy British goods, but Americans soon want to go to war

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President Madison declares warEven though the British burned down

the white house and had some victories, American success at the Battle of New Orleans turned the war in our favor

The US wins and it promotes the idea of patriotism and nationalism.

America had defeated England again52

• 1823• The U.S. would

not allow any European nations to create any new colonies in the Western Hemisphere

• North, South, and Central Americas

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Factories start developing near rivers (power) and start replacing hand made goods

Eli Whitney developed the idea of interchangeable parts

He also developed the cotton gin (separated seeds from cotton fibers)

The machine actually increased the demand for slaves to plant and pick cotton in the south

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Once Lewis and Clark explored the rest of North America, Americans feel it was our purpose to extend from coast to coast (Manifest Destiny)

Henry Clay’s American System encouraged the building of The National Road and the Erie canal to connect the different areas of America together

People start moving west to settle 55

2nd Great Awakening—a religious revival leads to people wanting to reform other problems in society

Education reform—Horace Mann (wanted public schools)

Temperance—reduce the use of alcohol

Abolition—eliminate slavery Mentally ill/prison reform—Dorothea

Dix56

Women wanted the right to vote Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and

Lucretia Mott Held a convention at Seneca Falls, NY Wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments”

a version of the Declaration of Independence which said all men and

women were equal

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Andrew Jackson was a war hero who appealed to the “common man”

For the first time, many ordinary citizens voted in the presidential election

He also used the spoils system—which put his friends as cabinet members

He disobeyed the Supreme Court when he forced the removal of Native Americans living in the east & moved them to Oklahoma (Trail of Tears)

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William Lloyd Garrison—a leader of the abolition movement, wrote the Liberator

Frederick Douglass—former slave, was educated and became a great speaker—wrote the North Star

Nat Turner—led a violent slave rebellion Harriett Tubman—led slaves to freedom

using the Underground Railroad Harriett Beecher Stowe—Wrote Uncle

Tom’s Cabin

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As territory from the Louisiana Purchase applied for statehood, the debate grew over the number of slave and free states

The Missouri Compromise stated that states north of the 36 30 line would be free and states south of the 36 30 line would be slave

The slavery question is solved temporarily, but would continue to influence political policies

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• Slavery and the tariff become hot topics• Southern states did not like the tariff of

1928 because it forced them to buy more expensive good produced by northern factories

• John Calhoun of South Carolina said states should not have to follow federal laws that they disagreed with

• He believed that states should have the right to nullify (void) laws believed to be unconstitutional

• President Jackson said states could not nullify a federal law

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North—industrialSouth—based on cotton industryWest—based on farming

3 different attitudes develop about the role of the federal government and the power of the states

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President Polk also wants New Mexico and California (areas owned by Mexico)

The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo gave the US the areas we wanted

It then became a question if these territories would become free or slave states

The Wilmot Proviso proposed that no states from the area gained by the war with Mexico would be slave states---problems

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California would be a free stateUtah & New Mexico would decide

using popular sovereigntySlaves could no longer be sold in

Washington, DCA stronger Fugitive Slave law would

require runaway slaves to be returned to their owners

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Problem—The Nebraska territory is north of the 36 30 line

An idea is proposed to divide the area in half and let the status be determined be decided by popular sovereignty

As the vote gets closer, violence breaks out in Kansas--Bleeding Kansas

John Brown leads massacre at Pottawatomie Creek

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Dred Scott was a slave who had lived in a free territory for a while

When his owner died, he sued for his freedom

The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property—not citizens-- and the constitution protected property

In other words, a slave owner could take his slave any where in the US

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South Carolina leads the Confederate states by seceding (breaking away) from the Union

Confederacy is led by Jefferson Davis Attack of Ft. Sumter starts the war (April

1861) Union had lots of soldiers and resources Union leaders (Grant and Sherman) Confederacy had better generals

(Robert E. Lee, “Stone Wall” Jackson)69

Antietam—Bloodiest single day battle in American history (26,000)

Vicksburg—cut the confederacy in half (at the Mississippi River)

Gettysburg—the south was not able to continue its plan to invade the Union (turning point of the war)

Battle for Atlanta—Sherman led Union troops on a total war fare march from Atlanta to Savannah to demoralize the South.

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Lincoln decides that it was no longer just a war to rejoin the United States, now a war to end slavery

The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in Confederate States--really no slaves were freed because the Confederate states didn’t listen to Lincoln

It also weakened support for the war in the Union because not everyone agreed with ending slavery

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