colonization: a permanent habitat for the …...colonization a permanent habitat for the...
TRANSCRIPT
COLONIZATION
A PERMANENT HABITAT FOR THE
COLONIZATION OF MARS A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master in Engineering Science (Research) in
Mechanical Engineering
B Y
M A T T H E W H E N D E R
T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F A D E L A I D E
S C H O O L O F M E C H A N I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G
S U P E R V I S O R S – D R . G E R A L D S C H N E I D E R &
C O L I N H A N S E N
A u g u s t 2 0 0 9
N O A C H I S T E R R A
Dia-Cau
Wicklow
Huancayo
Kong
Lachute
AzusaTimbuktu
Batoka
Innsbruck
Bamba
Tarata
ChinjuRakke
Chimbote
Camiling
Mega
OglalaPinglo
Manti
Berseba
Tuskegee
BalboaBahn
Rypin
Windfall
Aromatum
Chaos
Ravi Vallis
Zulankav
H Y D R A O T E S C H A O S
A U R E U M
C H A O S
EO
S C
HA
SM
A
A r s i n o e s
C h a o s
P y r r h a e
C h a o s
I A N I
C H A O S
Airy
MA R G A R I T I F E R
C H A O S
X A N T H E
T E R R A
CA
PR I
C H A SM
A
Ga n g e s
C h a s ma
E o s
C h a o s
V i n o g r a d o v
Golden
Buta
Bigbee
SigliPolotsk
Nitro
GlazovLonga
Lorica
Shambe
Grójec Aspen
Kirsanov YegrosCircle
Falun
Murgoo
Seminole
Thule
Balta
AlgaInta
IrbitKasimov
ElyGlobe
BograBoru
Revda Chekalin
Loto
Chapais
Guir
SibuKarshi Cartago
Lebu
J o n e s
B e e r
Newcomb
Kansk
Kimry
SingaKita
P e t a
Dingo
Kantang
Dison
Ruby
NepaFastov
Kuba
Edam
NavanRana
TuraGardo
SangarTiwi
Lamas
Kanab
Noma
Olt
isV
alle
s
Him
era
Val
les
Kashira
Calbe
Bison
Nardo
Luki
Livny
Say
O s t r o v
Runa
Vallis
H o l d e n
M A R G A R I T I F E R
T E R R A
Loi r e
Va
l l es
Paraná
Valles
Gagra
Erythraea Fossa
.
. Novara
.
.
..
. ..
..
.Groves
Kaid_
.
.
.. .
.
.
. .
.
.
Sitka
SpryLocana
Stobs
. ..
..
.
VaalsConches
Manah
Byske
Quorn
.
. .
...
.
Wink
KholmDaet
PaksSfax
RinconGlide
.
.
.Butte
Creel
V A LL
ES
MA R I N E R I S
A U R O R A E C H A O S
Arda Val les .
.
.
.
..
.
.
..
..
....
Cluny
..
.
.
Campos
Manzi-
Bend
Gori
Ladon Va
lles
. .
.
.
..
.
Goba
Galu.
.
..
..
.. Deba..Cheb
. Kagul
Bentong .Honda
N
i r g
a l
V a l l i s
U
zboi
V
allis
SurindaValles
.Sandila
.. Lar.
.TakJal
. Cobalt
Harad,.
.Eads
.
.Omura_
. .
Pabo
.
.Timaru
.
C l ota
Val
lis
..Mila
.Blitta
..
Samara Va
lles
Sam
a ra Vall e s
.
..
.Airy-0
..Bar
Flat
.Crewe
..
..
Plum
Kirs
Nan
Voo
.
.Echt
.Kaj
.Romny
A R A B I A
T E R R A
.Gatico
O
suga Va l l e
s
M E R I D I A N I P L A N U M *
Eos
Men
sa*
315°E (45°W)
-5°
0°
320°E (40°W)
-10°
-15°
-20°
-25°
-30°
325°E (35°W) 330°E (30°W) 335°E (25°W) 340°E (20°W) 345°E (15°W) 350°E (10°W) 355°E (5°W) 360°E (0°W)0°
-5°
-10°
-15°
-20°
-25°
-30°
315°E (45°W) 320°E (40°W) 325°E (35°W) 330°E (30°W) 335°E (25°W) 340°E (20°W) 345°E (15°W) 350°E (10°W) 355°E (5°W) 360°E (0°W)
010
00
3000
-100
0
-300
0
-500
0
-700
0
-900
0
5000
7000
9000
1100
0
1300
0
1500
0
1700
0
1900
0
2100
0
-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters
found only on the larger volcanos.
Elevation in meters
Airy
N O A C H I S
T E R R A
T E R R A
S A B A E A
Mädler
Wislicenus
Bakhuysen
F l a u g e r g u e s
N e w c o m b
Denning
D a w e s
Teisserencde Bort
Lambert
Bouguer
Pollack
Brazos
Valles
Bra
zos
Va
lles
S c h i a p a r e l l i
Evros Vallis
M
osaVallis
Scy
lla
Sco
pulu
sC
hary
bdis
S
copu
lus
Airy-0.
0°E (360°W)
-5°
0°5°E (355°W)
-10°
-15°
-20°
-25°
-30°
10°E (350°W) 15°E (345°W) 20°E (340°W) 25°E (335°W) 30°E (330°W) 35°E (325°W) 40°E (320°W) 45°E (315°W)0°
-5°
-10°
-15°
-20°
-25°
-30°
0°E (360°W) 5°E (355°W) 10°E (350°W) 15°E (345°W) 20°E (340°W) 25°E (335°W) 30°E (330°W) 35°E (325°W) 40°E (320°W) 45°E (315°W)
010
00
3000
-100
0
-300
0
-500
0
-700
0
-900
0
5000
7000
9000
1100
0
1300
0
1500
0
1700
0
1900
0
2100
0
-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters
found only on the larger volcanos.
Elevation in meters
Schaeberle
Niesten
Oe
no
t ri a
S c o p u l u s
Fournier
T Y R R H E N A
T E R R A
IsilSuzhi
Kasabi
Millochau
Briault
Jarry-Desloges
Tisia
Valles
L i r i s
Va
l l es
H U Y G E N S
T e r b y
S c h r o e t e r
Teisserencde Bort
Verlaine
Nar
o
Val
lis
.
.
.
T E R R A
S A B A E A
.
010
00
3000
-100
0
-300
0
-500
0
-700
0
-900
0
5000
7000
9000
1100
0
1300
0
1500
0
1700
0
1900
0
2100
0
-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters
found only on the larger volcanos.
Elevation in meters
45°E (315°W)
-5°
0°50°E (310°W)
-10°
-15°
-20°
-25°
-30°
55°E (305°W) 60°E (300°W) 65°E (295°W) 70°E (290°W) 75°E (285°W) 80°E (280°W) 85°E (275°W) 90°E (270°W)0°
-5°
-10°
-15°
-20°
-25°
-30°
45°E (315°W) 50°E (310°W) 55°E (305°W) 60°E (300°W) 65°E (295°W) 70°E (290°W) 75°E (285°W) 80°E (280°W) 85°E (275°W) 90°E (270°W)
Briault
Suata
Rayadurg
Loon
Igol
Ulya
Tala
Espino
Kunes
Solano
Piyi
Faqu
Wajir
Kinkora
Bazas Torup
Baro
Knobel
H e r s c h e l
M ü l l e r
S a v i c h
H E S P E R I A
P L A N U M
T E R R A
C I M M E R I ATYRRHENA PATERA
TyrrhenaMons
Tyrrhena
Fos
sae
Ta
gu
s
Va
l l es
Peraea
Cavus
Aus
onia
M
onte
s
Bombala
Boulia
Sinop
Arica
Trinidad
Khurli
Escalante
Kamativi
Chefu
Hes
peria
Dors
a
Licus
Val l is
Cerberus Dorsa
Cerberus Dorsa
Tyrrhena Dorsa
H
espe
ria
D
orsa
Palos
Tinto V
allis
T Y R R H E N A
T E R R A
.
010
00
3000
-100
0
-300
0
-500
0
-700
0
-900
0
5000
7000
9000
1100
0
1300
0
1500
0
1700
0
1900
0
2100
0
-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters
found only on the larger volcanos.
Elevation in meters
90°E (270°W)
-5°
0°95°E (265°W)
-10°
-15°
-20°
-25°
-30°
100°E (260°W) 105°E (255°W) 110°E (250°W) 115°E (245°W) 120°E (240°W) 125°E (235°W) 130°E (230°W) 135°E (225°W)0°
-5°
-10°
-15°
-20°
-25°
-30°
90°E (270°W) 95°E (265°W) 100°E (260°W) 105°E (255°W) 110°E (250°W) 115°E (245°W) 120°E (240°W) 125°E (235°W) 130°E (230°W) 135°E (225°W)
A E OL I S
ME N S A E
G a l e
Lasswitz
Wien
Moleswor th
G r a f f
Hadley
Boeddicker
Reuyl
Kayne
ThiraG u s e v
de Vaucouleurs
E L Y S I U M P L A N I T I A
T E R R A C I M M E R I A
Val
l is
Al-Qahira
Avernus
Colles
Apollinaris
Patera
ApollinarisTholus
ZephyriaTholus
AvernusCavi
AvernusCavi
Ave
rnu
s R
upes
ApollinarisSulci
Tartarus
Rupes
LUCUS
PLANUM
Zephyria
Mensae
Ave
rnu
s D
ors
a
Ave
rnus
Dor
sa
Tarta rus Scopulus
Matrona
Vallis
Ma
'ad
im
V
al l
i s
Durius
Valles
.Zutphen*.
.
.
..
Galdakao*
Crivitz*
New Plymouth*Downe*
010
00
3000
-100
0
-300
0
-500
0
-700
0
-900
0
5000
7000
9000
1100
0
1300
0
1500
0
1700
0
1900
0
2100
0
-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters
found only on the larger volcanos.
Elevation in meters
135°E (225°W)
-5°
0°140°E (220°W)
-10°
-15°
-20°
-25°
-30°
145°E (215°W) 150°E (210°W) 155°E (205°W) 160°E (200°W) 165°E (195°W) 170°E (190°W) 175°E (185°W) 180°E (180°W)0°
-5°
-10°
-15°
-20°
-25°
-30°
135°E (225°W) 140°E (220°W) 145°E (215°W) 150°E (210°W) 155°E (205°W) 160°E (200°W) 165°E (195°W) 170°E (190°W) 175°E (185°W) 180°E (180°W)
180°E (180°W)
185°E (175°W)
190°E (170°W)
195°E (165°W)200°E (160°W)
205°E (155°W) 210°E (150°W) 215°E (145°W)220°E (140°W)
225°E (135°W)
230°E (130°W)
235°E (125°W)
240°E (120°W)-30°
-35°
-40°
-45°
-50°
-55°
-60°
-65°
-30°
-35°
-40°
-45°
-50°
-55°
-60°
-65°180°E
(180°W)
185°E
(175°W)
190°E
(170°W)
195°E
(165°W)
200°E (160°W)
205°E (155°W)
210°E (150°W)
215°E (145°W)
220°E (140°W) 225°E (135°W) 230°E (130°W) 235°E (125°W) 240°E (120°W)
Atlantis
Chaos
Gorgonum
Chaos
Magelhaens
M a r i n e r
N e w t o n
Ptolemaeus
C o p e r n i c u s
Very
Liu Hsin
Nordenskiöld
Millman
Tader Valles
Li Fan
Hipparchus
Eudoxus
Nansen
Sirenum
Fossae
Sirenum
Fossae K o v a l ' s k y
Pickering
Hussey
Dokuchaev
Clark
Wright
Keeler
Trumpler
Kuiper
I ca
r i a F
os
sa
e
T E R R A
S I R E N U M
010
00
3000
-100
0
-300
0
-500
0
-700
0
-900
0
5000
7000
9000
1100
0
1300
0
1500
0
1700
0
1900
0
2100
0
-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters
found only on the larger volcanos.
Elevation in meters
240°E (120°W)
245°E (115°W)
250°E (110°W)
255°E (105°W)260°E (100°W)
265°E (95°W) 270°E (90°W) 275°E (85°W)280°E (80°W)
285°E (75°W)
290°E (70°W)
295°E (65°W)
300°E (60°W)-30°
-35°
-40°
-45°
-50°
-55°
-60°
-65°
-30°
-35°
-40°
-45°
-50°
-55°
-60°
-65°240°E
(120°W)
245 E
(115°W)
250°E
(110°W)
255°E
(105°W)
260°E(100°W)
265°E(95°W)
270°E(90°W)
275°E(85°W)
280°E(80°W) 285°E(75°W) 290°E(70°W) 295°E(65°W) 300°E(60°W)
Fontana
R o s s
Lamont
Brashear
Porter
S l i p h e r
Coblentz
L o w e l l
Pulawy
Aniak
Vik
Voeykov
Babakin Kumak
Lampland
CL
AR
I TA
S
FO
SS
AE
CO
RA
CI S
FO
SS
AE
Dinorwic
Virrat
Wukari Tugaske
Sripur
Douglass
B O S P O R O S
P L A N U M
I C A R I A
P L A N U M
TH
AU
MA
SI
A
Wa r r ego
Va l l e s
F
OS
SA
E
Bianchini
Claritas R
upes
.S O L I S P L A N U M
.Aki
Gari.
Los
A r g y r e R
up
es
Pro
tvaV
alle
s
Melas
Fossae
A O N I A T E R R A
A O N I A P L A N U M *
010
00
3000
-100
0
-300
0
-500
0
-700
0
-900
0
5000
7000
9000
1100
0
1300
0
1500
0
1700
0
1900
0
2100
0
-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters
found only on the larger volcanos.
Elevation in meters
300°E (60°W)
305°E (55°W)
310°E (50°W)
315°E (45°W)320°E (40°W)
325°E (35°W) 330°E (30°W) 335°E (25°W)340°E (20°W)
345°E (15°W)
350°E (10°W)
355°E (5°W)
360°E (0°W)-30°
-35°
-40°
-45°
-50°
-55°
-60°
-65°
-30°
-35°
-40°
-45°
-50°
-55°
-60°
-65°300°E
(60°W)
305°E
(55°W)
310°E
(50°W)
315°E(45°W)
320°E(40°W)
325°E(35°W)
330°E(30°W)
335°E(25°W)
340°E(20°W) 345°E(15°W) 350°E(10°W) 355°E(5°W)
360°E(0°W)
BungeMagadi
Sumgin
Tabor
Ruza
B o n d
Alit
us
Zongo
Zilair
Foros
H a l e
Labria
Hartwig
Vogel
Mena
Shatskiy
Baltisk
Kartabo
Torsö
FloraSarno
Tara
Turbi AzulSokol
BozkirKushva
Gali
Valga
Ochakov
ArkhangelskyChoctawKakori
Tarakan
Luga
H o o k e
CamiriPodor
Rengo
Satka
TazaYungay
Halley
Cypress
N O A C H I S
T E R R A
Bo
sp
or o
s
Ru
pe
s
Mafra
L o h s e
H e l m h o l t z
Dese
Karpinsk
W i r t z
G a l l e
A R G Y R E
P L A N I T I A
Mari Milford
Oceanidum
MonsLodwar
Chalce Montes
Kamloops
Horarum
Mons
Frento
Vallis
Roddenberry
D a r w i n
M a r a l d i
Vo n
K á r m á n Wegener
Auxo Dorsu
m
Salaga
Eger
.
.
.
G r e e n
Protva Valles
O
gy
gis
Ru
pe
s
Uz
b
o i Vallis
.
.
.
.
.
..
.Maidstone
. Dessau
. Vätö
.Talsi
. Kampot
. Kribi . Porvoo
.
.
.
. Gandu
. Kifri_
.Delta
.Tabou
P
allacopas Vallis
Pallacop as
Vallis
Nia Val l i s
N ia Va
llis
Phaenna Dorsu
m Cle ia D
orsum
Heg
emon
e
D
orsu
m
Octantis
Cavi
P
asith
ea
D
orsu
m
Charis
Dor
sum
Doanus Vallis
Ocea
nidum
Fossa
C H A R I T U M MO
N
TE
S
NE
R
EI
DU
M M O N T E S
Argyre
Cavi
Jezzav
Chalce
Fossa
Oodnadatta.
.
Octantis
Mons
.Bentham
Albi.
.Lemgo
Dubki.
....Kem'
Gah
HamSauk
. Tombe
. Wau
S i s y p h i
P l a n u m *
.
..
.
Dz ig
ai Vallis
Sur
ius
V
alli
s
S
ur i
us
Va
llis
010
00
3000
-100
0
-300
0
-500
0
-700
0
-900
0
5000
7000
9000
1100
0
1300
0
1500
0
1700
0
1900
0
2100
0
-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters
found only on the larger volcanos.
Elevation in meters
0°E (360°W)
5°E (355°W)
10°E (350°W)
15°E (345°W)20°E (340°W)
25°E (335°W) 30°E (330°W) 35°E (325°W)40°E (320°W)
45°E (315°W)
50°E (310°W)
55°E (305°W)
60°E (300°W)-30°
-35°
-40°
-45°
-50°
-55°
-60°
-65°
-30°
-35°
-40°
-45°
-50°
-55°
-60°
-65°0°E
(360°W)
5°E
(355°W)
10°E
(350°W)
15°E(345°W)
20°E(340°W)
25°E(335°W)
30°E(330°W)
35°E(325°W)
40°E(320°W) 45°E(315°W) 50°E(310°W) 55°E(305°W) 60°E(300°W)
Le Verrier
Maunder
.
K a i s e r
Russell
Rabe
Peneus Patera
Barnard
Pityusa
Rupes
Ch
alc
op
oro
s
Rup
es
Hel
lesp
onte
s
Mon
tes
P r o c t o r
A l p h e u s
C o l l e s
H e l l a sC h a o s
H E L L A S
P L A N I T I A
M A L E AP L A N U M
N O A C H I S
T E R R A
MaleaPatera*
SISYPHI
PLANUM*
010
00
3000
-100
0
-300
0
-500
0
-700
0
-900
0
5000
7000
9000
1100
0
1300
0
1500
0
1700
0
1900
0
2100
0
-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters
found only on the larger volcanos.
Elevation in meters
60°E (300°W)
65°E (295°W)
70°E (290°W)
75°E (285°W)80°E (280°W)
85°E (275°W) 90°E (270°W) 95°E (265°W)100°E (260°W)
105°E (255°W)
110°E (250°W)
115°E (245°W)
120°E (240°W)-30°
-35°
-40°
-45°
-50°
-55°
-60°
-65°
-30°
-35°
-40°
-45°
-50°
-55°
-60°
-65°60°E
(300°W)
65°E
(295°W)
70°E
(290°W)
75°E(285°W)
80°E(280°W)
85°E(275°W)
90°E(270°W)
95°E(265°W)
100°E(260°W) 105°E(255°W) 110°E(250°W) 115°E(245°W) 120°E(240°W)
Coronae
Scopulus
Anseris Mons
CañasGander
Nazca
Tignish
HADRIACA PATERA
Peraea Mons
AusoniaMensa
AusoniaCavus
Hellas
Montes
Sebec
Tikhov
W a l l a c e
Gledhill
Krishtofovich
Huxley
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al l i s
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l li s
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Ayr
H E L L A S
P L A N I T I A
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T E R R A
H E L L A S C H A O S
M A L E A P L A N U M
Alpheus
Colles
..
N ige r
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a l l is
R e u l l V a l l i
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llis*
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010
00
3000
-100
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-300
0
-500
0
-700
0
-900
0
5000
7000
9000
1100
0
1300
0
1500
0
1700
0
1900
0
2100
0
-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters
found only on the larger volcanos.
Elevation in meters
120°E (240°W)
125°E (235°W)
130°E (230°W)
135°E (225°W)140°E (220°W)
145 E (215°W) 150°E (210°W) 155°E (205°W)160°E (200°W)
165°E (195°W)
170°E (190°W)
175°E (185°W)
180°E (180°W)-30°
-35°
-40°
-45°
-50°
-55°
-60°
-65°
-30°
-35°
-40°
-45°
-50°
-55°
-60°
-65°120 E
(240°W)
125°E
(235°W)
130°E
(230°W)
135°E
(225°W)
140°E(220°W)
145°E(215°W)
150°E(210°W)
155°E(205°W)
160°E(200°W) 165°E(195°W) 170°E(190°W) 175°E(185°W) 180°E(180°W)
Martz
K e p l e r
Tycho Brahe HugginsDrava
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Rossby
Campbell
Mendel
Haldane
Priestley
Vinogradsky
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NU
M C
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ON
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Alexey
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Bjerknes
Wells
Byrd
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C I M M E R I A
M or
p h e o s R u p e s
S i r e n u m
F o s s a e
Er i d
an
i a
S
c op
ul u
s
E
r id a n i a
S c o p u l us
010
00
3000
-100
0
-300
0
-500
0
-700
0
-900
0
5000
7000
9000
1100
0
1300
0
1500
0
1700
0
1900
0
2100
0
-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters
found only on the larger volcanos.
Elevation in meters
0°E (0°W)10°E (350°W)
20°E (340°W)
30°E (330°W)
40°E (320°W)
50°E (310°W)
60°E (300°W
)
70°E (290°W
)
80
°E (2
80
°W)
90°E (270°W)
10
0°E
(2
60
°W)
110°
(25
0°W
)
120°
E (
240°
W)
130°
E (230
°W)
140°E (2
20°W)
150°E (210°W
)
160°E (200°W)
170°E 190°W)
180°E (180°W)
190°E (170°W)
200°E (160°W)
210°E (150°W)
220°E (140°W)
230°E (130°W)
240°E (120°W
)
250°E (110°W
)
26
0°E
(10
0°W
)
270°E (90°W)
28
0°E
(8
0°W
)
290°
E (
70°W
)
300°
E (
60°W
)
310°
E (50°
W)
320°E (4
0°W)
330°E (30°W
)
340°E (20°W)
350°E (10°W)
-65°
-70°
-75°
-80°
-85°
-85°
-80°
-75°
-70°
-65°
P L A N U M
A U S T R A L E
C h a s m aA u s t r a l e
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L i a i s
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M i t c h e l
H o l m e s
M a i n
S o u t h
McMurdo
B y r d
Jeans
Richardson
Charlier
S t o n e y
Playfair
L a u
Chamberlin
Smith
Heaviside
A g a s s i z
Joly
Dana
Daly
L y e l l
Sarn
Du Toit
P h i l l i p s
M e l l i s h
S c h m i d t
S t e n o
Suess
T E R R A
C I M M E R I A
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T E R R A
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MONTES
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MONTES
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S I S Y P H I P L A N U M *
Ch i c o V a l l
e s
T E R R A
S I R E N U M
010
00
3000
-100
0
-300
0
-500
0
-700
0
-900
0
5000
7000
9000
1100
0
1300
0
1500
0
1700
0
1900
0
2100
0
-8200 Minimum 21229 MaximumElevations above 9000 meters
found only on the larger volcanos.
Elevation in meters
149
APPENDIX B – ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION MAPS OF THE MARTIAN SURFACE
Some of the maps of the elemental composition of the Mars surface layer are included
below (more are expected to become available in the future). They are created from data
acquired by the Gamma-ray Spectrometer (GRS) aboard the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter.
The GRS instrument is a collaboration between the University of Arizona‟s Lunar and
Planetary Laboratory, the Los Alamos National Laboratory and Russia‟s Space Research
Institute. The GRS consists of three instruments, a gamma-ray spectrometer, a neutron
spectrometer and a high energy neutron detector.
Each map represents the fully corrected, CO2 frost free elemental concentrations. Data
for all non-radioactive species have been masked to exclude polar regions where it is not
currently possible to adequately deal with dilution by the large amounts of water ice.
The letters on the maps indicate the landing sites of various landers (V1 and V2 – the
Viking landers; PF – Pathfinder; M – Opportunity, at Meridiani; and G – Spirit, at Gustev
Crater).
Water
150
Iron
Silicon
Chlorine
151
Thorium
Potassium
152
GLOSSARY
Albedo – The fraction of incident
solar radiation reflected back into
space without absorption.
Aphelion – The point of a planet‟s
orbit at which it is furthest from the
sun.
C3 – A grouping of plants that
produce a molecule containing three
carbon atoms as the first product of
photosynthesis.
C4 – A grouping of plants that
produce a molecule containing four
carbon atoms as the first product of
photosynthesis.
Diurnal Temperature Range – The
temperature range over an average
day.
Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) –
activities undertaken in the external
environment to the vehicle or habitat
(such as in space or on the Martian
surface).
ISRU – in-situ resource utilisation
– the use of local resources (typically
as opposed to importing resources
from elsewhere).
Opposition – when two planets
are on opposite sides of the sun.
Optical Depth – A measure of how
much light is absorbed in travelling
through a medium, such as the
atmosphere of a star, from the source of
light to a given point. A completely
transparent medium has an optical depth
of zero. >1 indicates opacity.
Rectenna – a rectifying antenna, a
special type of antenna used to convert
microwave energy into electricity.
rem – The measure of radiation used
in the United States of America (100 rem
equals one Sievert).
Rhizosphere – the region of soil in the
vicinity of plant roots.
Smectite – a type of clay characterised
by their one-directional swelling with
changes in moisture content.
Specific Impulse (Isp) – a measure of
the acceleration of a rocket or other
spacecraft engine.
Sievert (Sv) – The SI unit for the
measure of radiation dose (one Sievert
equals 100 rem).
Perihelion – The point of a planet‟s
orbit at which it is closest to the sun.
153
Descriptions of nomenclature used in describing Martian surface features, including
some examples and locations.
ALBEDO feature Geographic area distinguished by amount of reflected light
ARCUS Arc-shaped feature
ASTRUM Radial-patterned features on Venus
CATENA Crater chain. Mostly not secondary impact craters but rather
features which resemble collapsed lava tubes. Acheron Catena
(38ºN, 101ºW)
CAVUS Irregular, steep-sided depressions not of impact origin. Cavi
Augusti (4ºS, 187ºW)
CHAOS Distinctively broken or jumbled terrain. Aureum Chaos (4ºS,
27ºW)
CHASMA A steep-walled trough or a large canyon. Condor Chasma (6ºS,
71ºW)
COLLIS Hill or knob. Scandia Colles (65ºN, 153ºW)
CORONA Ovoid-shaped feature
CRATER A circular depression
DORSUM A ridge or other elongate, raised structure. Cerberus Dorsa (16ºS,
255ºW)
FACULA Bright spot
FARRUM Pancake-like structure, or a row of such structures
FLEXUS A very low curvilinear ridge with a scalloped pattern
FLUCTUS Terrain which resembles flows. Only Galaxias Fluctus (32ºN,
217ºW)
FOSSA Long, narrow, shallow depression or a narrow linear trench, ditch.
Tatalus Fossae (44ºN, 102ºW)
LABES Landslide. Coprates Labes, Melas Labes in the Vallis Marineris
complex
154
LABYRINTHUS Valley network, intersecting canyons. Noctis Labyrinthus (7ºS,
101ºW)
LINEA A dark or bright elongate marking, may be curved or straight
LINGULA Extension of plateau having rounded lobate or tongue-like
boundaries
MACULA Dark spot, may be irregular
MARE "Sea"; large circular plain
MENSA Flat-topped, steep-sided elevated feature. Aeolis Mensae (3ºS,
218ºW)
MONS Mountain. Highlands surrounding impact basin (Nereidum
Montes; 41ºS, 43ºW), ridges in Valles Marineris or large volcanoes
(Olympus Mons; 18ºN, 133ºW)
PALUS "Swamp"; small plain
PATERA Shallow crater with scalloped complex walls or edges. Either
craters which don‟t resemble impact craters (Orcus Patera; 14ºN,
181ºW) or those of volcanic origin (Tyrrhena Patera; 21ºS, 253ºW)
PLANITIA Low plain or large level lowlands without features. Elysium
Planitia (20ºN, 230ºW)
PLANUM Large high plateau. Sinai Planum (15ºS, 87ºW)
REGIO A large area marked by reflectivity or colour distinctions from
adjacent areas, or a broad geographic region
RIMA Fissure
RUPES Linear scarp or cliff face. Bosporos Rupes (42ºS, 58ºW)
SCOPULUS Irregular scarp or cliff. Coronae Scopulus (33ºS, 295ºW)
SINUS "Bay"; small plain
SULCUS Parallel furrows and ridges which make up wrinkled terrain, semi-
parallel ridges and troughs. Memnonia Sulci (5ºS, 176ºW)
TERRA Heavily cratered highlands. Noachis Terra (35ºS, 335ºW)
155
TESSERA Tile-like, polygonal terrain
THOLUS Isolated somical mountain or hill, usually of volcanic origin.
Tharsis Tholus (14ºN, 91ºW)
UNDA Undulatory features. Only Abalos Undae (81ºN, 83ºW) and
Hyperboreae Undae (77ºN, 46ºW)
VALLIS Basically a valley, but on Mars a variety of shapes. From gigantic
Valles Marineris to topographically ill-defined Simud Vallis. Large
ones named after names of Mars in other languages, smaller ones
named after terrestrial rivers.
VASTITAS Extensive plain, widespread lowlands. Only Vastitas Borealis.
VIRGA A streak or stripe of color
156
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