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PRESENTATION

Herón Pérez Martínez

T he aim of Relaciones: Estudios de Historia y Sociedad in devoting the“Thematic Section” of this issue to the topic of smallpox inMexico in the 18th and 19th centuries is to contribute to payingoff a longstanding debt in historical research: a much more detailedstudy of this terrible disease, one of the many epidemics that so oftenravaged and devastated this country and decimated its population.Smallpox took the lives of literally millions of Mexicans from themoment of its introduction into New Spain in 1520, on the backs of theSpanish conquerors, until the official declaration of its eradication in1980. Among the images of smallpox that have endured in the guise ofphantasms and that research must eventually profile is one that sees thedisease as an ally of those 16th-century conquerors that, together withtheir weapons, annihilated so many of the inhabitants of these lands.The documented figures reveal the dimensions of this catastrophe andthe importance of this kind of research for both evaluating the blacklegends that have arisen around this plague and discovering newapproaches that will allow us to nuance boundaries and clarify thecausality counts, the scope and the tendencies of those devastatingevents.

This is the task that David Carbajal López takes up in his article “Lasepidemias de viruela en Bolaños, 1762-1840”, a study of the miningcenter of Bolaños that covers the epidemics of 1762, 1769, 1780, 1798,1815, 1830-1831 and 1840. After reviewing figures that reveal themillions of deaths that occurred during New Spain’s demographiccatastrophe of the 16th and 17th centuries, Carbajal López affirms thatsuch high mortality rates were not brought about by one sole cause but,rather, by various factors that included not only war, of course, but alsoas he demonstrates through references to other studies, several othercauses as well: “the confiscation of food stores, dietary change, alteredmodes of production, loss of culture, collective anxiety, abortion,infanticide, and ‘pestilential diseases’.” In terms of methodology, Car-bajal suggests examining the victims of the orthopox virus not only

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through quantitative visions, but also from a more human point of viewthat takes into account the families of the dead with their Christian andfamily names. The author ends by proposing, in effect, that a moreglobal study of the victims of the smallpox epidemics of the 16th and17th centuries, even if we do not have all of their names, provideselements for understanding and explaining the demographic behaviorof society in both New Spain and Mexico; thus suggesting that ourhistorical knowledge of those populations can be enriched and broad-ened by using the technique of family reconstruction.

In the second article, Raúl García Flores examines the smallpoxepidemic of 1797-1798 in the region of Nuevo Reino de León: the lastoutbreak before the introduction of the smallpox vaccine, and one thataffected vast areas of New Spain. From the perspective of the SocialTheory of Disasters, García Flores focuses on demonstrating thedifferential vulnerability of diverse sectors of the population caused bythe confluence of several factors, including climatic conditions, access tofoodstuffs, hospital care and inoculation practices. To this end he estab-lishes two premises: first, there exists a precise historical and socialconstruction behind disasters that prefigures the weaknesses they willexpose by inflicting the greatest amount of damage. Second, he holdsthat disasters such as epidemics are foreseeable events and, as such, canbe countered through preventive measures taken to reinforce the mostvulnerable points and so avert or at least attenuate the danger and thuspossibly reduce the scale of the catastrophe, though the inevitability ofsuch calamities must be assumed. García Flores demonstrates hispostulates through an examination of the epidemic that ravaged NuevoLeón in 1798, but that also presented the opportunity to organize aprogram of efficient preventive measures, the principal element of whichwas the vaccine. Among other steps, a Sanitary Board (junta de sanidad)was set up to institute preventive mechanisms that included quarantine,using white clothes, bonfires to purify the air, and censers to burn sulfur,with the vaccine as a last resort. He argues that combating the diseaseled to a re-territorialization of the urban space, the founding of ahospital for the poor, collecting donations to attend the sick, massinoculations and, finally, statistical control of information. The authoranalyzes each one of these measures and quantifies their relative effect

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on preventing the disease, concluding that although the damagewreaked was perhaps comparable to that of earlier disasters, the degreeof differential vulnerability increased markedly.

Lilia V. Oliver Sánchez’ article, “La epidemia de viruela de 1830 enGuadalajara”, takes us to a new place and time: from Nuevo León toJalisco, and from the 16th-to-18th centuries to the 19th, based on a studyof the smallpox epidemic that devastated Guadalajara in 1830. Alter abrief, but nonetheless dramatic and striking, description of the severedevastation that smallpox inflicted on Mexico’s population after the 16thcentury, the author takes us to Guadalajara in the autumn of 1830, whena smallpox epidemic caused mortality rates of such magnitude that–together with outbreaks in other areas of the country– it triggered ademographic crisis. This essay is part of a wider study of smallpox inGuadalajara that covers the mid-18th century to 1830 from a perspective–similar to the one outlined above by Carbajal– that focuses on thevictims and their families, who are seen as the most important actors inthis history, as indeed they were. To do so, she reviews data on theimpact of mortality rates, taking as representative examples twocontemporary families in Guadalajara. Also, she presents indicators ofthe deaths that this particular outbreak caused: mortality curves; distri-butions of deaths by parish jurisdiction, age and sex; the intensity of themortality crisis that the epidemic provoked in four of the parishes thatmade up the capital city of Jalisco and, finally; and a comparison ofsmallpox mortality rates in the parish of Analco between the epidemicsof 1798 and 1830 that highlights tendencies in mortality and demogra-phic change. The article sustains the hypothesis that the great advancesin life expectancy in the 20th century were preceded by modest butnonetheless significant improvements that took place in the 19th. LikeGarcía Flores in the previous article, Oliver Sánchez adopts the hypo-thesis that once the vaccine was introduced, no matter how limited itsapplication may have been, mortality due to smallpox presented aclearly social connotation that reflected access to the vaccine andhospital care.

This series of essays on smallpox closes with Chantal Cramaussel’sessay, “La lucha contra la viruela en Chihuahua durante el siglo XIX”,which takes a more demographic approach. After establishing the

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deadly potential of smallpox in colonial Mexico, the author focuses herresearch on 19th-century Chihuahua, asserting that the destructivepower of smallpox was due to such factors as relapses and duration: i.e.,though this disease does not kill swiftly, the duration of the epidemicsand their terrible consequences in the early 19th century awoke wide-spread terror in the population. Though focused primarily on the gene-ral epidemic of 1830, this study establishes that smallpox outbreaks werea recurring phenomenon in the state of Chihuahua throughout the 19thcentury, but that around mid-century the disease became endemic,attacking only the most susceptible sector of the population: infants.Though the vaccine was not applied regularly to this sector –the onemost susceptible to contagion– because, among other factors, physiciansdid not know the origin of the disease and were thus unable to institutethe measures required to prevent it, the efforts of authorities andpeople’s gradual acceptance of the vaccine began to raise, little-by-little,individuals’ biological resistance to infection. This is a factor that mustbe taken into account to explain the demographic growth in the 19thcentury. Cramaussel’s article shows the importance of this kind ofresearch for demography. In closing, the author affirms that suchstudies reveal the discipline’s unfinished tasks. Despite rejections bycertain demographers, the impact of epidemics –especially smallpox– onthe infant and adult populations must be taken into account as an indis-pensable first step in demographic research that should be intensified onboth the local and regional scales so as to better measure all the variablesthat determined population movements, especially in the 19th century.In her conclusions Cramaussel sustains that we should return to quanti-tative analyses of parish records and Civil Registry archives in order topropose more solid hypotheses. Before wrapping up this presentation ofthe “Thematic Section,” we would like to express our sincere apprecia-tion to Dr. Cramaussel for her work in coordinating it.

The “Documents Section” presents a moment from the history of theMexican workers’ movement. Assuming that understanding the historyof that movement requires familiarity with the antecedents of theConfederación Regional Obrera Mexicana (CROM, “Regional Confederationof Mexican Workers”), which was the first organization of Mexicanworkers’ unions, we present here the Act from the Session held on

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December 20, 1935 on the initiative of the chapter of the CROM inTehuacan (state of Puebla) in order to call attention to the deep rift with-in the Confederation that members there attributed to VicenteLombardo Toledano. This document reveals the conflictive relationshipamong the Unions in the CROM that resulted in a separation movementled by Lombardo Toledano himself; a schism that eventually derived inthe founding of the Confederación General de Obreros y Campesinos de Mé-xico (CGOCM, “General Confederation of Mexican Workers and Pea-sants”). The Act, with a “Presentation” by Ariadna García García, givestestimony to the national anti-CROM campaign that emerged between1932 and 1935 under Lombardo Toledano’s guiding hand.

In the “General Section,” Idalia García and José Antonio Armillas Vi-cente present an article entitled, “Los bienes de difuntos como fronterasde conocimiento de las bibliotecas novohispanas,” which explores ameans of reconstructing the history of the flow of books into New Spainthat is distinct from the usual method based on shipping lists, and whichthe authors call a bibliographic legacy. In effect, they explore the inven-tories and estate auction records found in lists of the belongings of thedeceased as a source of information on New Spain’s bibliographic hold-ings: what books were read?; what was the nature of commerce andtrade in books?; and, what was the cultural customs of people in NewSpain? Significantly, they formulate their interest in the history of booksand libraries in New Spain, especially private ones, by examining theestates of the dead and their history. García and Armillas explore thisarea and its labyrinths in a search for libraries in New Spain. Of course,they examine the problems related to the records of books in the estatesof the deceased and the perspectives that such records open up forresearch into the history of books and colonial libraries. The essayconcludes by expressing the author’s conviction that analyses of thistype of documentation will contribute to our historical knowledge of thebooks that circulated in a specific period and geographical place like thatof New Spain.

Turning to Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín’s contribution, “La reac-ción realista ante los preparativos insurgentes de Javier Mina en losEstados Unidos y Haití (1816-1817),” we find, on the one hand, anexamination of the dense interweaving of diplomatic, strategic,

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administrative and political maneuvering to which the Spanish Realistauthorities resorted in America and Spain in their attempts to impedeand destroy the insurgent expedition that Mina began to organize firstin the United States and then in Haiti between 1816 and 1817, as well assimilar expeditions later in time that were being plotted in other regions.On the other hand, in this article the author examines the cumulus ofproblems, especially of an economic nature, that their machinationsforced those authorities to confront on repeated occasions as they stroveto put an end to the series of insurgent expeditions; problems that laterled to a series of administrative, bureaucratic and material difficulties.As a result of the failure of this web of machinations –especially theeconomic ones– Mina soon realized that he would confront no seriousobstacles of any kind in attempting to sail once again from the UnitedStates to Haiti, an old French colony that did in fact function as anauthentic base for insurgency in Spanish America, as it was governed bya series of rulers who belonged to a clearly marked liberal and revolu-tionary tradition.

Finally, the article by Efrén Sandoval Hernández, “Memoria yconformación histórica de un espacio social para el consumo entre elnoreste de México y el sur de Texas,” describes and analyzes the process-es of the conformation of the transborder social space between north-eastern Mexico and southern Texas. Upon examining various features ofthose spaces, including the territories themselves, different places locat-ed there and flows of people and objects, the author argues thatconsumption has been a fundamental element in the formation of thissocial space, above all through the establishment of relations of economicexchange and indebtedness. On the basis of oral testimonies fromconsumers in different periods, this essay reconstructs and describes thehistorical process of the conformation of this space. The author’s analy-sis centers on the importance that consumption, the objects consumedand the social meanings that the latter acquire join together to givecohesion and continuity to the relations, places and territories that makeup this social space. Sandoval Hernández ends his contribution byelaborating four arguments to support his thesis: 1) that consumption ispart of wider social systems based on relations of indebtedness; 2) thattransborder consumption reflects the meaning that the actors give to the

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territories of lived space; 3) that social space both reproduces and isconstituted upon a base of social and territorial inequalities; and, 4) thatconsumption is not an act of submission to the market or to theinequalities between states but, rather, a way of creating and sustainingrelations.

Paul C. Kersey JohnsonTraductor

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ABSTRACTS

SMALLPOX EPIDEMICS IN BOLAÑOS, 1762-1840

David Carbajal LópezUniversidad de Guadalajara

This article pursues a dual objective: first, it presents an account of the devastationthat smallpox unleashed on the mining center of Bolaños during the epidemics of1762, 1769, 1780, 1798, 1815, 1830-1831 and 1840; second, it explores the possibilityof studying the victims of the orthopox virus not just from the perspective of overallvictim counts and anonymous deaths, but also by inquiring into the family relation-ships of the deceased inhabitants of Bolaños with their Christian and family names.

Keywords: Bolaños, epidemics, smallpox, mortality, family reconstruction

MORBIDITY AND VULNERABILITY IN A SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC:NUEVO REINO DE LEÓN, 1798

Raúl García FloresENAH-Chihuahua

The smallpox epidemic of 1797-1798 that affected widespread areas of New Spainwas the last one to occur prior to the introduction of the smallpox vaccine. Thisstudy centers on the northern province of Nuevo Reino de León, where markedcontrasts between the provincial capital and several rural jurisdictions, as well as inthe scale of devastation that the disease caused leads to the identification of adifferential vulnerability among population sectors generated by the confluence ofseveral factors, such as climatic conditions, access to foodstuffs, hospital care andinoculation practices.

Keywords: demographic history, epidemics, smallpox, Nuevo Reino de León

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THE 1830 SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC IN GUADALAJARA

Lilia V. Oliver SánchezUniversidad de Guadalajara

The objective of this essay is to present a study of the 1830 smallpox epidemic inGuadalajara that analyzes certain demographic indicators that it generated, such asthe levels of the mortality curves, the distribution of deaths by parish jurisdiction,age and sex, as well as the intensity of the crisis that the epidemic produced in thecity itself and in four of the parishes that constituted the urban area of Guadalajaraat the time: El Sagrario, Analco, Mexicaltzingo and Jesús. Finally, it develops acomparison of the mortality rates in the Analco parish between the smallpoxepidemics of 1798 and 1830, respectively. Though this is a very general indicator incomparative terms, it turns out to be of great utility for studying tendencies inmortality and demographic change.

Keywords: epidemic, smallpox, crisis of mortality, mortality rates

THE STRUGGLE AGAINST SMALLPOX IN CHIHUAHUA DURING THE 19TH CENTURY

Chantal CramausselEl Colegio de Michoacan

In New Spain, variolation was one practice used in attempts to reduce the highmortality that smallpox epidemics caused until 1804, when Dr. Balmis launched hisgrand campaign to propagate the liquid vaccine. During the 19th century in what isnow the state of Chihuahua, however, the vaccine was not applied regularly to thepopulation that was most susceptible to contracting the disease, but only duringcrisis periods. While smallpox epidemics had been a recurring phenomenon, theybecame endemic in the second half of the century, when they wrought their scourgemainly on the infant population. To make matters worse, physicians had not yetdiscovered the origin of the disease and were thus unable to take the measuresrequired to prevent contagion.

Keywords: smallpox, Chihuahua, vaccine, medicine

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THE PROPERTIES OF THE DEAD AS FRONTIERS OF KNOWLEDGE ON LIBRARIES IN NEW SPAIN

Idalia GarcíaUNAM

José Antonio Armillas VicenteUniversidad de Zaragoza

Historical knowledge of the bibliographic legacy left by numerous libraries in NewSpain is still scarce and has not always been documented. The records that historyhas bequeathed to us present numerous sources of such knowledge, including in-ventories and records of public auctions that can be found among the estate papersof the deceased. This study analyzes the problematics these documents present andthe types of data they may contribute to our understanding of printed culture inNew Spain.

Keywords: libraries in New Spain, properties of the deceased, written culture, old books

THE REALIST REACTION TO JAVIER MINA’S INSURGENT PREPARATIONS IN THE UNITEDSTATES AND HAITI (1816-1817)

Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas

The originality of this study resides primarily in its analysis of the series of diplo-matic, strategic, administrative and political maneuvers that the Spanish Realist au-thorities implemented, in America and Spain, in their efforts to impede and destroynot only the insurgent expedition that Mina was organizing first in the UnitedStates and then in Haiti in 1816 and part of 1817, but also several other expeditionsof a similar kind that shared Mina’s intentions. In addition, the article presents a de-tailed analysis of the severe problems that those same authorities had to confront,time and again, in their attempts to put an end to those insurgent expeditions.Primarily of an economic nature, those problems generated administrative, bureau-cratic and material difficulties as well.

Keywords: Realists, Luis de Onís, Javier Mina, insurgent expeditions, United States, Haiti

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MEMORY AND THE HISTORICAL CONFORMATION OF A SOCIAL SPACE FOR CONSUMPTION BE-TWEEN NORTHEASTERN MEXICO AND SOUTHERN TEXAS

Efrén Sandoval HernándezUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

This work describes the process of the conformation of a transborder social spacebetween northeastern Mexico and southern Texas, one made up of territories, placesand flows of people and objects. Consumption was a fundamental element inconstituting this social space as it supported a network of relations based onexchange and indebtedness. On the basis of the oral testimonies of consumers fromdifferent periods, this essay describes the historical process of the constitution ofspace. The central discussion focuses on the importance of consumption, objects ofconsumption and those objects’ social meanings that give cohesion and continuityto the relations, places and territories that form this social space.

Keywords: frontier consumption, social space, Monterrey, southern

Paul C. Kersey JohnsonTraductor

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LOS AUTORES

DAVID CARBAJAL LÓPEZ, licenciado en Historia por la Universidad deGuadalajara, maestro en Historia de México y doctor en Ciencias So-ciales por El Colegio de Michoacán. Profesor investigador en el Depar-tamento de Historia de la Universidad de Guadalajara. Autor de loslibros El comercio y los comerciantes del real de Bolaños, 1766-1810 y de Laminería en Bolaños, 1748-1810. Ciclos productivos y actores económicos. Esprofesor del Seminario de Investigación I de la Maestría en Historia deMéxico, así como de los cursos: Seminario de Proyecto de Investigacióny Demografía Histórica en la Licenciatura en Historia. En la actualidadsus investigaciones giran en torno a la demografía del obispado deGuadalajara durante los siglos XVIII y XIX.

RAÚL GARCÍA FLORES (Monterrey, 1965). Licenciado en Historia por laUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León y maestro en Antropología So-cial por el Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antro-pología Social. Profesor investigador del Instituto Nacional de An-tropología e Historia, adscrito a la ENAH unidad Chihuahua desde 1998,centra sus investigaciones en la etnomusicología y la historia regionaldel noreste de México. Entre sus trabajos destacan Tesoro de la músicanorestense, México, INAH, 1991; ¡Puro mitote! La música, el canto y la danzaentre los chichimecas del Noreste, Monterrey, Fondo Editorial Nuevo León,1993; Formación de la sociedad mestiza y la estructura de castas en el Noreste:el caso de Linares, Monterrey, Archivo General del Estado de NuevoLeón, 1996; Ser ranchero, católico, fronterizo y mexicano. La construcción deidentidades en el sur de Nuevo León durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX(en prensa).

LILIA V. OLIVER SÁNCHEZ. Doctora en Ciencias Sociales. Especialidad enHistoria por la Universidad de Guadalajara-CIESAS. Profesora en el De-partamento de Historia de la Universidad de Guadalajara. Miembro deSNI nivel 1. Es autora de 21 capítulos de libros, 27 artículos en revistas yseis libros entre ellos: La antigua Autlán de la Grana. Guadalajara, UNED,1983, 95 p.; Un verano mortal. Análisis demográfico y social de una epidemiade cólera en Guadalajara, Guadalajara, UNED, 1986, 223 p.; y El Hospital

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Real de San Miguel de Belén 1581-1802, Guadalajara, Universidad de Gua-dalajara, 1992, 326 p.

CHANTAL CRAMAUSSEL. Historiadora, profesora e investigadora del Co-legio de Michoacán, autora de Poblar la frontera. La provincia de SantaBárbara durante los siglos XVI y XVII, Zamora, El Colegio de Michoacán,2006 y editora de Rutas de la Nueva España, Zamora, El Colegio de Mi-choacán, 2006. Su trabajo de investigación se centra en la historia demo-gráfica y el proceso de poblamiento del septentrión novohispano ymexicano. Fue organizadora del coloquio “Demografía y poblamiento”(Mérida, 2006) cuyas actas están en curso de edición, y está promovien-do actualmente el estudio de las epidemias en México. “El impactodemográfico de la viruela del siglo XVI al XX” será objeto de un congre-so nacional que se llevará a cabo en septiembre de 2008 en la ciudad deDurango con el patrocinio de la Universidad Juárez del Estado de Du-rango y el Colegio de Michoacán.

MARÍA IDALIA GARCÍA AGUILAR (pulga@cuib.unam.mx). Doctora en Do-cumentación Científica por la Universidad de Granada (1999). Pos-grado en Interpretación Ambiental y del Patrimonio de la UniversitatOberta de Catalunya (2002). Especialidad en Políticas culturales y Ges-tión de la cultura por la UAM-Iztapalapa y la OEA (2004). InvestigadoraTitular del Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Bibliotecológicas dela Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Miembro del SistemaNacional de Investigadores del CONACYT, Nivel I. Coordinadora del Se-minario del Libro Antiguo. Autora de los libros Miradas aisladas, visionesconjuntas: defensa del patrimonio documental mexicano, México, CUIB, 2001y Legislación sobre bienes culturales muebles: protección del libro antiguo,México, UNAM, CUIB, BUAP, 2002.

JOSÉ A. ARMILAS, nacido en Zaragoza (España), de 66 años de edad, esCatedrático de Historia de América en su Universidad y ha dedicado suquehacer investigador al estudio de las relaciones diplomáticas entrelos Estados Unidos y España en el siglo XVIII, a la Luisiana española y alos “Bienes de Difuntos” de aragoneses en Indias. Ha escrito trece librosde titularidad individual o colectiva, ciento treinta y tres artículos de

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investigación en las materias reseñadas y otras, además de ochenta dedivulgación histórica.

JUAN RAMÓN DE ANDRÉS MARTÍN es doctor en Historia Contemporáneapor la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia de España (UNED).Posee el Diploma Superior de Estudios Franceses Modernos. AlianzaFrancesa. Escuela Internacional de Lengua y Civilización Francesas. Mi-nisterio de Educación. Paris (Francia). Es Miembro del Sistema Nacio-nal de Investigadores (SNI) de México. Nivel I. Profesor de Historio-grafía General I y II, y de Expansión de Occidente en los siglos XVI alXVIII, en la Licenciatura de Historia, Unidad Académica Multidisci-plinaria de Ciencias, Educación y Humanidades (UAMCEH). UniversidadAutónoma de Tamaulipas (UAT-México). Ha publicado como autor úni-co tres libros: El cisma mellista: historia de una ambición política”, Madrid,ACTAS, Colección Luis Hernando de Larramendi, 2000, 269 p., premiadoen 1999 con el Accésit del VII Premio Internacional de Historia delCarlismo “Luis Hernando de Larramendi”; José María Otero de Navas-cués, Marqués de Hermosilla: la baza nuclear y científica del mundo hispánicodurante la Guerra Fría, México, Editorial Plaza y Valdés, UniversidadAutónoma de Tamaulipas, 2005, 167 p.; y La hegemonía benevolente. Unestudio sobre la política exterior de Estados Unidos y la prensa tamaulipeca,México, Editorial Miguel Angel Porrúa, Consejo Tamaulipeco de Cien-cia y Tecnología, 2005, 180 p. Ha publicado variados capítulos científi-cos en el Diccionario Biográfico Español, Madrid, Real Academia de laHistoria, “Gerontología Social” (Ciudad Victoria, 2005), “Mar adentro:Espacios y relaciones en la frontera México-Caribe” (México, 2005), y en“La política exterior de España en el siglo XX” (Madrid, 1997); y distin-tos artículos científicos en las revistas especializadas: Boletín de la RealAcademia de la Historia, Historia 16, Príncipe de Viana, Aportes (Revista deHistoria Contemporánea), y en Espacio, Tiempo y Forma.

EFRÉN SANDOVAL HERNÁNDEZ es doctor en antropologia social e investi-gador del Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de la UANL. Ha desarro-llado investigaciones sobre migración internacional y flujos transna-cionales de personas y objetos. Actualmente investiga sobre comerciotransfronterizo de mercancias y sobre compañías de transporte para

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migrantes. Sus últimas dos publicaciones son: “El espacio económicoMonterrey, Nuevo León y San Antonio, Texas. Coyuntura histórica yactuales políticas de integración regional”, Frontera Norte, núm. 39, ene-ro-junio 2008; “Un acercamiento a la conformación del espacio socialMonterrey-San Antonio a través de trayectorias migratorias”, en So-corro Arzaluz (coord.) La migración a Estados Unidos y la frontera norestede México, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Miguel Ángel Porrúa, 2007,pp. 169-207.

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ILUSTRACIONES DE ESTE NÚMERO

PÁGINA 3: Vacunación, detalle, grabado.PÁGINAS 6 Y 7: Recuadros, detalles del Códice Florentino.PÁGINA 8: La expedición con la vacuna, detalle.PÁGINA 9: Busto de Francisco Xavier Balmis en Alicante España, tomadode Wikipedia Commons.PÁGINA 19: Edward Jenner, el descubrimiento de la vacunación.PÁGINA 130: Lombardo Toledano, grabado.PÁGINA 161: Mapa de arcanos, portada. Cortesía de Idalia García.PÁGINA 275: Tocada en Zapopan, foto de Rogelio Marcial.

Relaciones es una publicación editada trimestralmente porEl Colegio de Michoacán, con el fin de difundir trabajosde investigación de alta calidad académica y originalidaden su análisis, acordes al perfil indicado en la página le-gal de la revista. En todos los casos, deben ajustarse a lassiguientes normas de presentación de originales.

1. Los documentos deberán ser inéditos. El envío o entre-ga de un trabajo a esta revista compromete a su autora no someterlo simultáneamente a la consideración deotras publicaciones. Los trabajos entregados serán ver-siones definitivas.

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Artículos

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3. Las notas deben ir a pie de página con la referenciacompleta del material citado.

4. Los cuadros, mapas, imágenes y fotos se aceptarán enoriginales o copias digitales de alta resolución, y se con-centrarán en archivo aparte. Se incluirán los títulos, piede foto, créditos y permisos correspondientes (si fuera elcaso). En el texto principal se mencionará su ubicación.

5. Los artículos iniciarán con un resumen de 70 a 75 pa-labras e incluirán 4 o 5 palabras clave.

6. La bibliografía irá al final del artículo en este orden:autor (apellidos, nombre), obra (en cursiva), lugar deedición, editorial, año. Ejemplos: a) Taussig, Michael,Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man. A Study inTerror and Healing, Chicago, The University of ChicagoPress, 1987. b) Alarcón, Rafael, “La formación de unadiáspora: migrantes de Chavinda en California” enGustavo López C., coord., Diáspora michoacana, Za-mora, El Colegio de Michoacán, Gobierno del Estadode Michoacán, Unidos Michoacán, 2003, pp. 289-306.

7. Una vez emitidas las evaluaciones de los árbitros con-sultados, será del conocimiento de los autores el actade dictamen, y tendrán un plazo no mayor de dos me-ses para entregar la versión final del artículo con lascorrecciones pertinentes. La dirección de la revista veri-ficara la versión final con base en los dictámenes y co-municará a los autores la información del número de larevista en el que será publicado su trabajo.

Documentos

Las colaboraciones para la sección de Documentos se-rán trabajos de transcripción, paleografía, traduccióny restauración de fuentes primarias o secundarias, rele-vantes para el estudio de procesos de historia y socie-dad relacionados con Hispanoamérica. Los trabajostendrán una introducción con aparato crítico del presen-tador del documento, e incluido éste no excederá de12 cuartillas. Los trabajos serán seleccionadas por la di-rección y el Comité de Redacción de la revista en fun-ción de su calidad, contribución y pertinencia temática.

Reseñas

Las reseñas serán revisiones críticas de libros recientes(últimos cinco años), relacionados con investigacionesde las ciencias sociales y humanas. Deberán señalarlas aportaciones y limitaciones de la obra reseñada,así como su vinculación con la literatura previamentepublicada sobre el tema que se aborda. La extensiónmáxima es de cinco cuartillas.

NORMAS DE PRESENTACIÓN DE COLABORACIONES

R E L A C I O N E SESTUD IOS DE H ISTOR IA Y SOCIEDAD

Epidemias de viruela en Nueva España y México, siglos XVIII y XIX

N Ú M E R O 1 1 4 . P R I M V E R A 2 0 0 8 .S E T E R M I N Ó D E I M P R I M I R E N E L

M E S D E J U L I O D E 2 0 0 8 E N L O S

T A L L E R E S D E I M P R E S I Ó N Y D I S E Ñ O .LA ED IC IÓN CONSTA DE 750 E JEMPLARES.