PREFACE" Navigation ", defined as the art of Safely conducting a ship from one port to another, is the main concept upon which the nautical profession has laid down its foundation.

While most, if not all, Ship Masters and Navigating officers agree that it is their professional duty to navigate competently at all times, not too many recognizes the value of learning and mastering the " Rules Of The Road " as pre-requisite to good watch keeping practices and as a form of insurance for a vessel to safely reach her point of destination.RMS Titanic

Statistics have shown that by far the most contributory cause of navigational accidents is human error, of which the common factor is either insufficient knowledge of "Collision Regulations "or just merely neglect or failure to comply with Rules Sad to say that in many of these cases, accident could hove been prevented had the person responsible for the navigation been properly trained and qualified enough to take a navigational watch.This presentation was compiled as an easy approach to learning the " Rules ". It was also designed to uplift the standard of our Deck watch keeping personnel by enhancing their level of competence as far as the subject of bridge watch keeping and Collision avoidance are concerned.

In this presentation, the main Rules are shown in Bold and italic letters. Following each section of the Rules are examples, vocabularies and discussions so that the reader will know the meaning of new words and phrases and to help understand the underlying meaning of each section of the Rule.Finally, the penultimate objective in making this presentation is to train all watch keeping officers to be proficient in such discipline as navigation, so that they may acquire the requisite skills and confidence to ovoid collision. It is only through making them expert navigators' can we hope to attain an ambitious goal of zero maritime accident. A noble endeavors that could make our oceans safe for shipping and protected of its marine environment.

Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs)

The Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 has been accepted by many States since it was adopted on 20 October 1972 and entered into force on 15 July 1977. It was amended in 1981, 1987, 1989, and 1993 and has more recently been amended by resolution A.910(22), which was adopted by the twenty-second session of the assembly on 29 November 2001 and entered into force on 29 November 2003. This presentation contains the consolidated text of the 1972 Convention as amended in 1981,1987,1989 & 2001.

Adoption: 20 October 1972 Entry into force: 15 July 1977

Introduction The 1972 Convention was designed to update and replace the Collision Regulations of 1960 which were adopted at the same time as the 1960 SOLAS Convention. One of the most important innovations in the 1972 COLREGs was the recognition given to traffic separation schemes - Rule 10 gives guidance in determining safe speed, the risk of collision and the conduct of vessels operating in or near traffic separation schemes. The first such traffic separation scheme was established in the Dover Strait in 1967. It was operated on a voluntary basis at first but in 1971 the IMO Assembly adopted a resolution stating that that observance of all traffic separation schemes be made mandatory - and the COLREGs make this obligation clear.

Amendment procedure Under the "tacit acceptance" procedure incorporated in the Convention, an amendment must first be adopted by twothirds of those present and voting in the Maritime Safety Committee. It is then communicated to Contracting Parties and considered by the IMO Assembly. If adopted by twothirds of the States present and voting in the Assembly, it automatically enters into force on a specified date unless more than one third of the Contracting Parties notify the Organization of their objection. In addition, a Conference for the purpose of revising the Convention or its regulations or both may be convened by IMO at the request of not less than one-third of Contracting Parties.

Highlights1899 First International Maritime Conference to consider regulations for preventing collisions at sea. 1960 International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea. 1972 International Conference in London to update and replace the Collision Regulations of 1960 which were adopted at the same time as the 1960 SOLAS Convention.

Part A - GENERAL Rule 1 - Application Rule 2 - Responsibility Rule 3 - General Definitions

Section - III Conduct of vessels in Restricted visibility Rule 19 - Conduct of Vsls in Restricted Visibility Part C- LIGHTS AND SHAPE Rule 20 - Application Part B - STEERING AND SAILING RULES Rule 2l - General Definitions Rule 22 - Visibility of lights Section - I Conduct of vessels in any Rule 23 - Power-Driven Vessels Underway condition of visibility Rule 24 - Towing and Pushing Rule 4 - Application Rule 25 Sail. Vsl Underway & Vsl Under Oars Rule 5 - Look-out Rule 26 - Fishing Vessels Rule 6 - Safe speed Rule 27 - Vessels N.U.C. or R.A.M Rule 7 - Risk of Collision Rule 28 Vsls. Constrained by their Draught Rule 8 - Action to Avoid Collision Rule 29 - Pilot Vessel Rule 9 - Narrow Channels Rule 30 - Anchored Vsls and Vsls Aground Rule 10 - Traffic Separation Rule 31 - Seaplanes Section - II Conduct of vessels in sight Part D - SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS of one another Rule 32 General Definitions Rule 11 - Application Rule 33 Equipment for Sound Signal Rule 12 - Sailing Vessels Rule 34 Maneuvering and Warning Signals Rule 13 - Overtaking Rule 35 - Sound Signals in Restricted Visblity Rule 14 - Head-on Situation Rule 36 - Signals to Attract Attention Rule 15 - Crossing Situation Rule 37 - Distress Signals Rule 16 - Action by Give-way Vessel Rule 17 - Action by Stand-on Vessel Part E EXEMPTIONS ( Rule 38 ) Rule 18 - Responsibilities Between vsls ANNEX I-IV

Summary

PART A GENERAL

Rule 1 Application (a) These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas & in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels. (b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closed as possible to these Rules. (c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a Fleet. These additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape or signal authorized elsewhere under these Rules

(d) Traffic Separation Schemes may be adopted by the *Organization for the purpose of these Rules.

(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the permissions of any of these Rules with respect to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition & characteristics of sound-signaling appliances, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signaling appliances, as her Government shall have determined to be closest possible compliance with the Rules in respect of that vessel. *Organization in Rule 1 (d) refers to the IMO, as stated in Article II of the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (1972).

Rule 2 Responsibility A. Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by special circumstances of the case. B. In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.1. Vocabulary: Exonerate - To hold blameless or to excuse Impairment - To damage or degrade Consequence- Result Literal - Exactly following the words Comply - Follow faithfully or carry out exactly of the original. Construing - To analyze or explain the meaning of Neglect - Failure to Inference From the word " infer ", meaning to derive by reasoning, guess, or draw conclusion

(Q) Explain Rule 2-Responsibilities?

(a) Everybody is responsible for any action taken aboard a vessel, and if involved in a collision then both parties are at fault, because the stand-on vessel did not use rule 7 risk of collision and rule 8 Action to avoid collision.

(Q) What is the responsibilities of a master on the vessel? (a) To make sure the vessel is a safe and healthy working environment

2. Discussion: This rule is extremely important. " Due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision" refers among other things to cases where vessels are unable to take their stipulated avoiding actions due to proximity of other vessels, the coast, reefs, obstructions, etc. *Proximity - Closeness ** Special Circumstances" is one in which immediate danger exist. These are situations where mere compliance with the rules might result into a more dangerous situations. It may also mean action(s) taken by vessel(s) to avoid a collision may not necessarily be covered b y the rules. ** In such cases the privileged vessel should assist matters by taking (and indicating) early and substantial action to avoid collision. The rule also says a "departure from these rule maybe necessary and thus the privileged vessel should assess whether or not there is a responsibility upon her to keep clear. ** "Limitations of Vessels" must surely draw attention to vessels mentioned in Rules 24 (towing and pushing), 26 (fishing vessels) and 27 ( vessels not under command or vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver). The inference in this rule (rule 2) is that literal observance is not intended when vessels encountered are hampered, disabled or encumbered in any way whatsoever.

Inference conclusion or opinion

3) Case Analysis : Consider the following 4 cases: 1. In a simple crossing situation, we should take into consideration that dust and accumulation of carbon on navigation lights can cause impairment and reduction of visibility. This and other natural causes that may result to a give way" vessel failing to Recognize a "stand-on" vessel on time. There may also be some instances wherein a give way" vessel fails to fulfill her obligation to keep clear owing to some difficulties or Presence of danger. In such cases, if the former fails to give way on time despite efforts to attract her attention, the latter should initiate to take proper and appropriate action to avoid a dangerous situation. Such action should also be in accordance with Rule 17-C, Action for Stand-on Vessel. 2.Own vessel proceeding at narrow channel along traffic lane, to the general direction of the flow of traffic. Other vessel navigating on a reciprocal course on the other side of the traffic lane suddenly cut across own vessel's path to avoid a danger, with the intention of prematurely leaving the traffic separation. Although the other vessel has the obligation to remain on the traffic route until the termination of the lane, own vessel must recognize her difficulties & keep clear of her in accordance with the circumstances. 3. In accordance with Rule 9(b), "sailing vessels shall not impede the passage of vessels which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway However, sailing vessels will most likely change course and speed by wind force and direction. Under this situation, notwithstanding the above the rule, sailing vessels should be avoided if a risk of collision exist. 4. A squadron of naval vessels proceeding in formation where risk of collision exist with own vessel. Although own vessel is the privileged vessel, the naval vessels should be avoided in ample time due they are not expected to divert frm their line of formation.

4) Actions for avoiding an impending collision : 1. To take the best action that conforms with the situation. 2. Engine stop, full astern and drop anchor. Alterations of courses alone may not be sufficient enough to avoid a collision. 5) Recommendation : Students and beginners studying the " Rules Of The Road " for the first time may find it difficult to understand Rule 2 considering that it pertains to "special circumstances" that has not been fully explained and departing from the various rules that has not been taken up. It is therefore recommended that this specific rule be reviewed after learning all the rules contained in this text.

Rule 3 General Definitions For the purpose of these rules, except where the context otherwise requires. A. The word " vessel" indicates every description of water crafts, including non-displacement craft, *WIG Craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.

Ex : All types of power- driven vessels, i .e. ore boats, passenger boats/vessels, cargo boats, naval vessels, container vessels, car ferries, pusher barges, sea planes, etc. All types of sailing vessels and the likes, non-displacement vessels such as : hovercrafts, Hydrofoils, and air-cushion vessels. *WIG Craft Wing-In-Ground. See Rule 3(m)

B. The term "power driven vessel means any vessel propelled by machinery.

Ex : diesel, turbine( steam or gas), engines. N on - displacement vessels and seaplanes are also considered power-driven although their machinery differs that of an ordinary vessel.

C. The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted is not being used.Note : Some sailing vessels are fitted with outboard motor engines. Once in use, they are automatically considered as power driven vessel.

D. The term "vessel engaged in fishing means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuverability.Note : Trawls - Dragging through the water with a bag or funnel shape dredge net or other fishing apparatus regardless of how long and deep the nets/apparatus is submerged. Vessels fitted with nets or other fishing equipment but not in use are not considered as "vessel engaged in fishing" but as power driven vessel.

E. the word "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to maneuver on the water.

Note : Non-displacement vessels (i.e. hovercrafts, air-cushion vessels, etc) navigating above the water are not classified as "seaplane" but included in the description for vessel.

F. The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to maneuver as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.Note: Any judgment made to decide whether or not own vessel is "not under command should be done objectively according to the situation. Take for instance a twin screw vessel which lost power for one engine. Unless she is incapable of giving way or taking actions to avoid collision. she can not be considered as vessel "not under command"

Therefore, Slight deterioration of maneuvering capabilities of the vessel may not always warrant displaying of lights and shapes prescribe by Rule 27 a for vessels not under command".

G. The term "vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver" means a vessel when from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to maneuver as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel The term "vessel restricted in their ability to maneuver" shall include but not be limited to : (i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine cable or pipeline; (ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations ; (iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway; (iv) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft ; (v) a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations; (vi) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course ;Note: To differentiate from other operation, Rule 27 specifically describes the prescribe lights and shapes for each vessel's situation or operation.

H. The term "vessel constrained by her draught" means a power-driven vessel which, because of her draught in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water, is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.

1. When judging whether a vessel is constrained by her draft or not, due consideration should be given not only to the depth of water but also to the wideness of berth (space) of the areas where the vessel intend to navigate. So that, even if the bottom clearance is small but there is enough sea room to maneuver, a vessel can not be regarded as "vessel constrained by her draught". 2. "vessel constrained by her draught" usually refers to large vessels (VLCCs, ULCCs) navigating in restricted and limited depth of waters. However, if we are to consider the various factors causing the constraint, a fully laden small vessel leaving port at low water can also be regarded as "constrained by her draught".

I. The word "under way" means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.Discussion: ** To be "at anchor" a vessel must completely be held by her anchor. ** The terms "underway" and "making way" should be carefully distinguished. ** To be considered as "underway" a vessel need not necessarily be in motion. ** The Following conditions can also be regarded as vessel "under way: 1. Drifting, for whatever reasons or purposes, regardless of any movement by current or wind. 2. hoisting sail but vessel stop due to no wind. 3. Vessels maneuvering to turn by use of anchor.

J. The word "Length and Breadth" of a vessel means her length overall and greatest breadth. K. Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.

Note : The word "sight" refers to the use of the naked eye. Detecting other vessels only by radar is not considered as "observed visually, but sighting by pairs of binoculars Correspond to this situation.

L. The term restricted visibility" means any condition in which visihility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.Note : "other similar causes" may include smog, mist, yellow sand, smoke, dust from a silo or blinding lights, among other visual conditions.

M. The term Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft means a multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode, flies in close proximity to the surface by utilizing surface-effect motion.

PART B STEERING AND SAILING RULES

Section I - Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibilityRule 4 Application Rules in this section apply in "any condition of visibilityRules covered are : Rule 5 - Lookout Rule 6 - Safe Speed Rule 7 - Risk of Collision Rule 8 - Action to Avoid Collision Rule 9 - Narrow Channel Rule 10 -Traffic Separation Schemes

Rule 5 Lookout Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and by hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and condition so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and the risk of collision.1. Vocabulary: Appraisal - Act of estimate or valuation Constitute - To compose or make upUtilizing - Using Of

Q) Describe the term "not under command"? (a) Means a vessel through some exceptional circumstances is unable to deviate from the course she is following.

(Q) Describe the term" vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre"? (a) Is a vessel through the nature of her work; she is unable to deviate from her course she is following.

2. Discussion: ** This rule is dedicated to the duty of the look-out. That whoever keep s a look- out must b e able to give proper attention to that task and should not be assigned or undertake duties that will interfere with this function. ** all available means" may mean utilizing of all bridge equipment and apparatus use for communication and navigation, as well as obtaining information from different sources other than the vessel. i. e. Radar, VHF, information from other vessels or shore stations, etc. ** proper look- out" is required not only during navigation but also when vessels at anchored. There is a wrong misconception upon watch keepers that "look-out" during anchor watch is different when "underway". Regardless of conditions, "look-out" can only be considered as "proper" when the three elements of sight, hearing and use of all available means are present ** When posting a lookout for vessel at anchored, one should also consider the possibility of contact with vessels "underway" specially during restricted visibility Attention should therefore be directed not only to vessels forepart but also around her vicinity and attract attention to incoming vessels when necessary ** Listening to music on the bridge while on watch during navigation as practice by some watch keepers does not constitute a "proper look out". Simply because the one element of "hearing" has been impaired.

Rule 6 Safe Speed

Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those into account:

A. By all vessels : (i) State of visibility; (ii) The traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels; (iii) the maneuverability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance & turning ability in the prevailing conditions (iv) At night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own light; (v) the state of wind, sea and current and the proximity of navigational hazards ; (vi) the draft in relation to the available depth of water.

(B) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar: (i) the characteristics, efficiency, limitations of the radar equipment; (ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use; (iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other source of interference (iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range; (v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar; (vi) the more exact assessment of visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.1.Vocabulary : Assessment of visibility - To determine from what distance an object can be seen. Prevailing - Existing Constraints - Restrictions Tantamount - Equivalent

2. Discussion: ** This rule alerts the navigator to set a safe speed in any condition of visibility. Obviously the same speed in good visibility will not apply in restricted visibility. Notes on various factors to determine safe speed (reference to above rule): A) By all vessels : (i) It is always important to navigate at safe speed specially during restricted visibility. This will give you time to decide on the most effective action to take when engage in a tight situation. (ii) Traffic density refers to the number of vessels or sea craft in the area at any given time. Reducing to proper speed when entering a traffic congested area is tantamount to safety navigation. (iii) Safe speed in relation to vessel's maneuvering characteristics is an important factor to consider specially when executing an emergency maneuver to avoid a collision. (iv) Back scatter is a reflection caused by the lights on your own vessel which if not properly controlled can affect your night vision. Lights from shore, background lights from other sources or from passenger vessels can impair visibility making it difficult to see other vessels and navigational aids. (v) In narrow channel the wind force, sea swell, direction of current, whether favorable to vessel or not, proximity of ship's position to shallow waters and navigational hazards, are factors that needs to be considered when determining " safe speed ".

(vi) When referring to draft in relation to the depth of water, one should also consider the wideness of berth (keeping enough safe bottom clearance), influence of vessel's maneuverability at shallow water and the factors that makes " vessel constrained by her draft ". In latter's case vessel to navigate with safe speed in accordance with Rule 18 d (ii). B) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar: (i) Characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment refers to frequency and wave length (3 cm. or 10 cm.), display style, shadow sector (caused by mast, or Funnel), false echo ( multiple false echo, radar interference, secondary echo), capacity to distinguish distance and bearing of adjoining objects, and maximum or minimum detecting range. (ii) With its long distance range, radars can detect far-away objects but not nearby targets. Hence; range scales should be used variably according to situation, or use 2 radars; one for short the other for long distance range detection. (iii) " other source of interference " may refer to noise of motor emanating from your other radar or from a wireless radio. Heavy rain, snow, rough seas and swell, can sometimes make it difficult to detect nearby targets even large vessels. In this case, careful adjustment of STC and FTC is necessary. (iv) Small boats, wooden crafts, and other small floating objects are usually poor radar reflectors and produces small echoes. Ice bergs, which due to its smooth surface produce a mirror effect to the radar, are likewise poor reflectors.

(v) The presence of large concentration of sea crafts as detected by radar where one needs to monitor their movements to determine their speed and directions in relation to owns vessels course and position. (vi) "exact assessment of range of visibility" may mean checking the distance by radar between vessels or objects from the time that it is seen or lost by visual sight.

Useful Information: For a vessel' proceeding at 12 knots, how many meters can be covered in 1 minute? By exact calculation : 12 x 1852m / 60 = 370.4 m By speed calculation : 12 x 30 = 360.0 m How about in 1 sec ? Exact calculation = 12 x 1852m / 60 / 60 = 6.20 m Speed calculation = 12 x 1 / 2 = 6.00 m

Rule 7 Risk of collision A. Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.1. Vocabulary: Appreciably - Significantly Appropriate - Suitable Assumption - Conclusion that could be false Be deemed to - To think, believe or judge. 2. Discussion : ** The Rule directs the navigator to use all available means" including use of eyes or stationing of look-outs and use of all bridge equipment and apparatus pertaining to navigation. i .e. compass, radar, VHF, etc. ** "appropriate to prevailing circumstance and condition" may refer to taking of compass bearings in fine weather conditions, and using of radars in poor visibility to determine if a risk of collision exist.

** The phrase "If there is any doubt such risk" means: 1. If compass bearings can not be taken due to existence of obstruction or if in doubt whether or not there is really an appreciation of change of bearing. 2. lf in a sudden deterioration of weather conditions, a vessel previously sighted visually heading towards own vessel can not be detected by radar due to interference caused by wave echo or any other reasons. In above cases, the mariner should always consider that risk of collision exist and take appropriate avoiding action in ample time. The later the judgment, the higher is the Percentage of risk of collision.

B. Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.Discussion : ** The above rule explains the proper operation of a radar by using long range scanning as an early warning to detect far-away targets on collision courses and switching to short range for radar plotting and collision avoidance maneuver. An ordinary Radar can determine the presence of another vessel but can not provide data on her course and speed. The observer must therefore be able to extract these information by learning the principle of Radar Plotting.

** The term "equivalent systematic observation" may mean constantly observing the Radar scope to determine if a risk of collision exist. In a more modern method, this may refer to the use of Arpa (automatic radar plotting aid), a technology improvement from the basic radar equipment that can analyze radar information and is fitted with reflection plotter

C. Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information.Discussion : ** Insufficient data, particularly inaccurate radar information, should not be used as a basis to assume that risk of collision does not exist. ** The Rule recognizes that radars can be deceiving and that a person observing the radarscope, especially untrained observer, can make mistakes. Every aid available should therefore be used to help assess the situation.

D. In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account; (i) such risk shall he deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change;

Discussion : ** when taking compass bearings to determine if a risk of collision exist, if circumstances of the case permits, such bearings should be taken at frequent interval and start at an early stage.

Discussion: ** When approaching a very large vessel or a tow at close range, risk of collision may sometimes exist even with appreciable change of bearing. In this case, to judge whether a risk of collision exist, take the bearing of the vessel's stern part (poop deck) or the stern part of the last tow. ** There is no danger if the bearing is constant but the range is increasing, as when other vessel is not approaching own vessel.

(ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.

Rule 8 Action to avoid collision A. Any action taken to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to the observance good seamanship.Discussion :1. Be positive: - when altering course and reducing speed, it must be large and distinguishable enough so as not to give any doubt to the other vessel as to your real intention. 2. "in ample time: - Any avoiding action made must be done with enough time and distance, again bearing in mind that the later is the action, the higher is the percentage of collision. 3. "Observance of good seamanship" : a. When taking action as a give-way vessel , series of small courses and speed changes should be avoided so as not to confuse the other vessel. Any action must be taken early and distinguishable enough to be effective. b. In an impending danger of collision, altering of courses alone may not be sufficient enough to change the outcome of the situation. In such case, any alteration of courses must be supported by the use of engine ( stop engine, full astern ) and anchor.

B. Any alternation of course and speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed should be avoided.Discussion : ** Large alteration of course and speed is most effective at night and during restricted visibility . This movement is easily noticeable for a vessel observing other vessels only by radar. ** " if the circumstances of the case admit" is when it is not possible to take specific action due to presence of other vessels, navigational hazards , etc. In this case, vessel should take the most appropriate action according to the "observance of good seamanship". ** Provided there is enough sea room, alteration of course of up to 60 degrees is most ideal to avoid a dangerous situation. However, in clear weather and normal condition, where such bold action is unnecessary, 30 degrees alteration of course may be sufficient.

C. When passing on the lee way side of a sailing vessel, to avoid crossing her path , it is wise to consider the influence of wind pressure which might press the sailing vessel to leeward. Always keep a wide berth when encountering a sailing vessel.

** Where alteration of course alone is insufficient to prevent a collision, speed should be adjusted substantially, without hesitation. In the absence of the Master on the bridge, the O.O.W. being responsible for the safe navigation of the vessel, must not hesitate to use engine in emergency situation. It is extremely rare for a Master to be issuing an order of Use engine if necessary. However, in a developing dangerous situation, a prudent navigator will not wait for the Master to come to bridge just to witness the impact of collision. This action is also supported by Rule 8 (e) ** The Rule also advises against making series of small courses and speed alternations that may not be detected soon enough by other vessel. This is sometimes the habit of the "give way" vessel that can caused tension and anxiety to the " stand-on vessel"

C. If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close-quarter; situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close-quarters situation.Discussion : ** The Rule advises that if given enough sea room, a large alteration of course is the most effective action to avoid a close- quarter situation provided that it is done ahead of time. It also recognize the fact that a substantial change of course is easily identifiable to a trained observer monitoring movements of vessels only by radar. ** For reference. "close-quarter situation " may be defined as 2-3 miles in restricted visibility and 1 - 1.5 miles in good visibility.

D. Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such us to result in passing at a safe distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past & clear.Discussion : ** Any action taken to avoid collision must result in passing at a safe distance. Therefore , when taking evasive action, don't over estimate your collision avoidance maneuver. Observe the other vessel and carefully check the effectiveness of your action until the other vessel is finally passed and cleared. ** For instance, do not make a course change of 30 - 60 degrees and assume that the other vessel read your action and took a similar maneuver to avoid a collision. Always check the result of your action in relation to the movement of other vessel.

E. If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.Discussion : ** The term "take all way off " means to stop dead in the water. ** The Rule requires that a vessel must, if necessary, use engine propulsion to slacken speed, stop or reverse her movement not only to avoid a collision but also to give more time to assess the situation.

** Consider two (2) vessels, 20 miles apart, on a "head-on situation" ( Rule 14 ), traveling with an identical speed of 20 knots. If none of them will take any action, both will collide within 30 minutes. However, if one will reduce speed to 10 knots, the time of collision will be extended to 40 minutes, giving each vessel extra l0 minutes to assess the situation. **This rule is not only applicable to power-driven vessels but also for sailing vessels. i.e. When navigating to weather side, take all way off and/or adjust sail to slacken speed.

F. (i)

Summary: ** Rule 8 emphasizes that when taking action to avoid collision the following factors must be considered: 1 . In ample time , 2. Due regard to the observance of good seamanship; 3. Be positive ( do not hesitate ) 4. Large alteration of course and/or speed 5. In sufficient room, alteration to avoid close-quarter situation is most effective provided that it will not result to another close quarter-situation. 6. To confirm your action is making a safe distance to other vessel. 7. If necessary, reduce speed ,stop or reverse engine.

A vessel which by any of these Rules is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vsl. (ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which may he required by the Rules of this part. (iii) A vessel whose passage is not to be impede remains fully obliged to comply with the Rules of this Part when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.

Rule 9 Narrow channels A. A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.Discussion : 1. The Rule recognizes the confines and limitations imposed by narrow channels and fairways. In a narrow channel there is insufficient sea room to regulate such rules as Rule 14 "Head-on Situation", owing to existence of coast and nearby navigational hazards. Therefore, it is necessary to practice a special navigational rule of : Keep to the right for safer passage. 2. Fairway channels usually have specified depth exclusively for safe passage of deep draft vessels. From the point of view these vessels, this condition is similar to a narrow channel. 3. Near to the outer limit of her starboard means keeping a wide passing distance with other vessel. A light draft vessel, if circumstances allow, must as safely and practicably navigate closer to the coast to give wide berth to deep draft vessels . 4. The following are instances where it is unsafe to navigate at outer limit: a. There are some obstructions on right side of the channel; b. There is draft limitation. therefore vessel can only navigate near the center of the channel

5. The following are situations where it is impractical to navigate at the right side of the channel: a. Your berth is located on the left side of the channel. Therefore, it is impractical and unsafe to navigate on the right side of the channel. b. Under the influence of wind and or current, when vessel is turned and have to protrude to the left side of the channel.

B. A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.Discussion : ** " impede" means to slow, hinder , or retard. ** Vessels which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway" are deep draft or large vessels whose sizes and bottom clearances are close to the limit of depth and berth of the channel or fairway. by Japanese rule : A powered-driven vessel ( except vessel engaged in fishing ) shall keep out of the way of a sailing vessel navigating at narrow channel or fairway. but sailing vessel shall not impede passage of other vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.

C. A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.by Japanese rule. (big difference) A powered-driven vessel shall keep out of the way of a vessel engaged in fishing at narrow channel or fairway. but fishing vessel shall not impede the passage of other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway. Explanation : lf there is sufficient sea room, a powered-driven vessel have tbe avoid a vessel engaged in fishing at narrow channel or fair way. But, when it is required by circumstances, as when there is not enough sea room to maneuver or when vessel's movement is hampered by the presence of other fishing vessels or by any other reasons, a vessel engaged in fishing shall take action to provide enough space for the safe passage of other vessel. if a risk of collision still exist despite taking action to avoid such dangerous situation, the fishing vessel is not relieved of her obligation to keep clear and must continuously take action to avoid collision.( related to Rule 8 - F )

D. A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impede the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34 (d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.

Discussion : ** The Rule provides certain privileges for large, deep draft vessels and other similarly constrained vessels which due to their conditions can only navigate safely within the channel or fairway. Other vessels are obliged to give wide berth for their safe passage. However, other than the above conditions, if a large vessel can manage to navigate safely outside the channel or fairway, then Rule 15-"Crossing Situation" is more applicable.

E. ( i ) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only if the vessel to be overtaken has to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c) (i). The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34 C (it and take steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt she may sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34dNote: Rule 34 (C) (i) Narrow Channel 1.) Overtake on stbd of other vessel ___ ___ _ (two prolonged blasts followed by one short blast) 2.) Overtake on port of other vessel ___ ___ _ _( two prolonged, two short blasts)

3.) Other vessel indicate agreement (one prolonged, one short, one prolonged and one short blast in that order ). ___ _ ___ _ 4.) If other vessel feel doubt , at least 5 short blast: _ _ _ _ _

(ii) This Rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.Note: Rule 13 (a): Not withstanding anything contained in this Rule of Pal B, Section I & II, any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. Section I - In any condition of visibility Section II - Conduct of vessel in sight of ute another,( specifically under Rule I8- Responsibility between vessel)

F. A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34 (e).Discussion : ** The Rule warns of unexpected dangers when passing a blind bend sector where meeting vessels may be obscured by intervening obstruction. ** It gives advice to vessels to pass with particular alertness, caution and to sound the appropriate signal prior to approaching the bend .

** Aside from navigating as close as possible to the outer limit of stbdside of the channel or fairway, precautionary measures such as: Maintaining a sharp look-out, standing by engine and anchor, speed adjustment and paying good attention to the influence of wind and current must be taken. Vocabulary : Obscured - Hidden from view Intervening obstruction - When an object or structure prevents you from seeing around a bend.

G. Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channelDiscussion : **Except in emergency cases, vessel should avoid anchoring in narrow channel or fairway. **This Rule is also covered by a particular port regulation which state that : " it is unlawful to tie up or anchor barge or other sea craft in navigable channel in such a manner as to prevent or obstruct the passage of other vessel or craft".

More on Rule 9 - Narrow Channel

1.) Navigating at entrance of a narrow channel or fairway.

** A vessel intending to enter a narrow channel or fairway shall, in ample time and while keeping enough distance, make a course in an angle which can observe the activity and traffic condition at the entrance of the channel or fairway, as shown in below Drawing (l). ** Avoid the dangerous practice of approaching entrance at a small angle (short cut )as illustrated in the below Drawing (ll). ** In both above illustrations, all 4 vessels involved are powered-driven vessels. Drawing ( I ) is a crossing situation. Therefore vessel " A " shall keep clear of vessel "B" as required by Rule 16 " Action by give-way vessel ". ** In above Drawing (ll) it is obvious that vessel D is not following the Rules prescribe in Rule 9 -(f) " Particular alertness and caution ". As a result, a risk of collision exist with Vessel C. ** Vessel " C " may therefore take action required by Rule 17- a (ii)- " Action by stand on vessel. However, vessel " D " is not relieved of her obligation to keep out of the way as a give-way vessel, as per Rule 17-d.

2. Crossing situation in a narrow channel and fairway

* Drawing (I)- In the illustrated example, interpretations as to who is the " stand-on " or who should give way sometimes vary between the two vessels. In this case, both vessel is deemed to be in a " Crossing situation ". Vessel " A ", being the give-way vessel must avoid vessel B .

** Drawing ( II )- The illustration is another " Crossing situation ". Vessel " C " to avoid vessel D. ** Drawing( III ) In this illustration, both vessels to navigate as close as possible to their stbd side of the channel to pass each other safely. Alterations of courses in the bend shall b e done in a manner where one can see only the red sidelight( portside at daytime) until passing clear of each other.

3. A vessel navigating against the current shall avoid other vessel

following the current. The vessel navigating against the current has a better maneuverability and steering capabilities than the one following the current. In the illustrated example, vessel " B " shall provide vessel "A" a wide room for the latter's safe passage. This is a case of " action taken with due regard to observance of good seamanship ".

Rule 10 Traffic separation schemes A. This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any other Rule.

1. Vocabulary : Scheme - A systematic program, an orderly plan. Adopt - To take up, accept as practice. Organization Refers to IMO 2. Discussion : ** The primary objective of a traffic separation scheme is to reduce the risk of collision in areas of dense or converging traffic or where restricted sea room limits the freedom of movement by shipping. ** While all vessels using the " traffic separation scheme." are obliged to follow the specific rules covering the-scheme, this does not relieve of their obligation to comply with any other rules"

Examples of Traffic Separations: .

1. A traffic separation line or separation zone. This is the most popular style of traffi separation. In this method streams of traffic proceeding in opposite or nearly opposite directions are separated by separation zone( 2) or lines (l). Meantime, Separation line is used instead of zone at more narrow channel so as to allow more navigable space in the traffic lanes.

2. Separation of traffic by natural obstructions and geographically dependent objects. Obstructions like island, rock, shallow water which are restricting free passage but provides a natural traffic division as traffic separation scheme. ln Dover strait and nearby areas similar Ridges are used as separation zone. 3. Establish inshore traffic zone between traffic separate domestic traffic. Examples are Strait of Hormuz and Strait of Gibraltar. 4. Sectorial division of adjacent traffic separations schemes at approaches to focal points. This is use for areas where converge at a focal point or a small area from various directions like port approaches, pilot stations, positions where landfall buoys or light vessels are located, entrances to channels, canals. Estuaries etc. Examples are areas of New York and San Francisco

5. Separation by Roundabout (rotary) Off Sommers Island. (Baltic sea ) Approaches to the Gulf of Nakhadka and East end of Juan De Fuca

B. A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall: ( i ) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane; ( ii ) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone; ( iii ) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining or leaving from either side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.

l. Vocabulary: Appropriate- Proper, suitable Practicable- Can b e put to practice feasible 2. Discussion: * A "Traffic Lane" is the navigable area of the separation zone/line where a one way traffic is established. The direction of the flow traffic is indicated on the charts by arrows. The rule advises against navigating at opposite direction of the traffic flow. "Separation Zone is an area between two opposing lanes of traffic which is normally kept free of traffic. Vessels are advised by the rule to keep clear of this area, as practicable. A vessel intending to join or leave the traffic lane shall do so at the "termination of the lane But if forced by circumstances to join or leave from either side of the lane (port or stbd), shall do so at an "angle to the general direction of traffic flow. When entering a traffic lane, a vessel shall, while keeping a good distance from the entrance, make a course at an angle where she can best observe the conditions of traffic at the point of entry

C. A vessel shall, so far as practicable, avoid crossing traffic lanes but if obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angle to the general direction of traffic flow.

** While the objective of the separation scheme is to regulate the flow of traffic to reduce the risk of collision, the Rule recognizes the fact that a vessel may sometimes be forced by circumstances to cross the lane from one side to the other. If obliged to do so, the vessel shall cross on a heading as nearly as possible at right angle to the general direction of traffic flow, to lessen the time of passage at the traffic lane and avoid disrupting the flow of traffic.

D. ( i ) A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone when she can safely use the Appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, Vessels of less than 20 meters in length, sailing vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic zone.Discussion : **" Inshore Traffic Zone " is the navigable area established between the shore side boundary of traffic separation zone and the coast. The Rule advises against navigating in this area designed for passage of domestic traffic and other smaller vessels.

(ii) Not withstanding sub paragraph (d) (i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated within the inshore traffic zone or to avoid immediate danger. ** As shown in the drawing, the Rule specifically describes thecircumstances wherein a vessel may use Inshore Traffic Zone.

E. A vessel other than a crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally enter a separation zone or cross a separation line except : ( i ) In case of emergency to avoid immediate danger. ( ii ) To engage in fishing within a separation zone.

F. A vessel navigating in areas near the termination's of traffic separation schemes shall do so with particular caution.* The Rule tells you to be more cautious and attentive when navigating at the entrance of traffic zone w here sea room is generally restricted due to concentration of traffic.

G. A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in areas near its terminations.

Discussion: Except in emergency cases, "avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in areas near its termination". The rationale to this Rule is that the anchored vessel becomes a hazard to i1nbound and out-bound traffic usually converging at this point.

H. A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme shall avoid it as wide a margin as is practicable.**If your point of destination does not require you to the traffic separation scheme, avoid it with a wide margin.

I. A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following the traffic lane.Discussion: ** This Rule is related to Rule 9-C (Narrow channel). Also refer to Rule 8-F. (Action to avoid collision) ** By Japanese Rule ( big difference ) Vessel have to avoid passage of vessels engaged in fishing in traffic lane but fishing vessels shall not impede passage of other vessels within a traffic lane. ** If there is enough sea room , power driven vessels shall avoid vessels engaged in fishing at the traffic lane. But, if it is required by circumstances, fishing vessels shall take action to provide enough space for the safe passage of other vessels . Navigating with in the traffic lane . If there is a risk of collision , although taking action to avoid collision, obligation of the fishing vessel is not relieved.

J. A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage of a power-driven vessel following a traffic lane.

Discussion: ** By Japanese rule ( big difference ) vessels have to avoid passage of sailing vessels in traffic lane but sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of other vessels within a traffic lane. **This Rule is related to Rule 9-b (Narrow channel). Also refer to Rule 8-f (Action to avoid collision)

K. A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver when engaged in an operation for the maintenance of safety of navigation in a traffic separation scheme is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.Discussion : ** The Rule granted certain exemptions for vessels "restricted in her ability to maneuver which, other than vessels engaged in the maintenance of the safety of navigation, may also include vessels engaged in rescue operation, fire fighting, preventing environmental protection, coast guard patrol and other vessel with similar condition provided that they carry the prescribe lights and shapes as required by the Rules. Under the same Rule (Rule I0) The above vessel is exempted from complying with the following: 1. B (i) "proceed in the appropriated traffic lane in the general direction of traffic Flow for that lane". 2. B (ii) "so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone". 3. B (iii) "join or leave a traffic lane at termination of the lane " 4. C. "crossing of traffic lane. 5. G. " anchoring in traffic separation scheme or in a area near its termination" .

L. A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver when engaged in an operation for laying servicing or picking up of a submarine cable, within a traffic separation scheme, is Exempted from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operationNote : The subject of this Rule are : Rule 3 G ( i ), ( ii ), ( v ), provided that they carry the prescribe lights, shapes and Signals as required by the rule.

Section II - conduct of vessels in sight of one AnotherRule 11 - Application Rule in this section apply to vessels in sight of one another.Discussion: ** This section refers to:

1 ) Rule 12 : Sailing vessels 2 ) Rule 13 : Overtaking 3 ) Rule 14 : Head-on Situation 4 ) Rule 15 : Crossing Situation 5 ) Rule 16 : Action by give way Vessel 6 ) Rule 17 : Action by Stand-on Vessel 7 ) Rule 18 : Responsibilities between Vessels

**Rule 11 to 18 apply only when vessels are in sight of one another which means that each vessel can be observed visually from the other. These Rules do not apply in restricted visibility. ** "Restricted visibility" does not refer to normal night time operation unless visibility is restricted by fog, mist, etc. In the event of a sudden visual clearing after long hours of "Restricted visibility, the Rule immediately applies.

Rule 12 - Sailing Vessels A. When two sailing are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows: (i) when each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the portside shall keep out of the way of the other;Discussion : " This Rule adopted the basic principle of "passing port to port and turn to the right. The vessel who has the wind on her starboard side is the, stand-on vessel.

Discussion : ** This can also be explained as: the vessel which can maneuver more easily than the other vessel should keep out of the way of the latter. And the leeward vessel is the stand-on vessel. Vocabulary : Wind on the portside - Wind blowing across to portside. Windward - Towards the wind; in the direction from where the wind blowing. Leeward - Opposite point which the wind is blowing. Main sail - Generally the largest sail carried.

( ii ) when both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward ;

The red sailing vessel is the Give way vessel as he has the wind on his port side

The green sailing vessel is the give way vessel as he is to windward of the other vessel

Discussion: ** At night the vessel with the wind on portside may not be able to see the sidelight of the windward vessel. In such doubtful situation, the former shall keep out of the way of the latter. However, the Rule also reminds that if the windward vessel has the wind on portside, such vessel to take action to avoid the way of the leeward vessel.

(iii) if a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine with certainly whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or on the starboard side, she shall keep out of the way of the other.

B. For the purpose of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite to that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest for-and-aft sail is carried.** As shown in the illustration below, without this specific Rule it is sometimes difficult to determine which side is the windward side. Notwithstanding all the Rules for sailing vessel ( Rule 12 ), yachtsmen have indicated that the most valid rule which is commonly practice is that : if you are in doubt as to whether you are the "stand-on" or "give-way" vessel, assume that you are the "give-way vessel and get out of the way. Windward - Towards the wind; in the direction from where the wind blowing. Leeward - Opposite point which the wind is blowing. Main sail - Generally the largest sail carried.

The red sailing vessel is the give way vessel as he is to windward of the other vessel

The red sailing vessel is the give way vessel, if he is unsure if the sailing vessel to windward has the wind on his port or starboard side

Rule 13 Overtaking A. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of Part B, Sections I and II, any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.

** This Rule recognizes that overtaking vessel, or the faster vessel, have less problems in keeping clear and avoiding collision than the vessel being overtaken. * * Although sailing vessels and vessels "engaged in fishing" are granted certain privileges elsewhere in the Rules, priority is still given to vessels being overtaken. Consider the following example: (a) sailing vessel / Rule 12 ( i ): Although vessel has wind on starboard side, if such vessel is overtaking the other vessel which has wind on port side, shall keep out of the way of other vessel (b) responsibilities between vessels / Rule 18 (a) (iii) and (iv): A power-driven vessel is required by this Rule to keep out of the way of a vessel "engaged in fishing and sailing vessel", except when both latter vessels are overtaking the power-driven vessel. In this case, both shall keep out of the way of the power-driven vessel. The vessel being over taken is always the "stand-on vsl.

B. A vessel shall be deemed to be over taking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degree abaft her beam, that is, in such position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.

C. When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.Discussion : **It is sometimes difficult to determine whether a vessel is coming up from a direction of 22.5 degrees abaft the beam of another vessel to accurately judge if overtaking or not specially during daytime when running lights can not be used as reference. In this case, if a doubt exist, the vessel shall assume that she is the overtaking vessel and keep out of the way.

D. Any subsequent alternation of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.Discussion : ** The obligation of an overtaking vessel will not change as time passes even if there is an alteration of bearing between two vessels. An overtaking situation will never change to a crossing situation. Hence, the overtaking vessel will not be relieved of her duty to keep clear until she has finally passed clear of other vessel.

Points to remember in an overtaking situation: (1) When overtaking, keep out the way of the vessel being overtaken until she is finally passed and cleared (2) Overtake with a safe distance. If too close , risk of collision might exist due to absorptive interaction between vessels. (3) Avoid crossing ahead of vessel being overtaken until she is finally past and clear. (4) If there is insufficient sea room for overtaking, give up overtaking. (5) Provided that there is enough sea room overtake the other vessel on her portside so as not to impede her movement in case she has to alter course to starboard to avoid another vessel in close-quarter situation (6) In narrow channel and fair way. a. Overtake other vessel on portside, in a wide and straight area of channel, and when clear of traffic heading the opposite direction. b. Do not overtake other vessel when nearing a bend or in an area of channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction. c. When overtaking other vessel on her port side, do not impede the passage of opposing traffic. d. In an overtaking situation, in a narrow channel or fairway, both overtaking vessel and vessel being overtaken must take action in accordance with Rule 9 (e) for safe passing. (7) A power- driven vessel overtaking a sailing vessel must decide to pass on the leeside or weather side according to the situation.

Rule 14 - Head-on Situation A- When two power-driven vessel are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal course so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.

1. Vocabulary : Reciprocal - Opposite direction; as in North and South. 2. Discussion : (i) Again, this Rule adopted the basic principle of "passing port to port and alter to starboard (ii) One important factor to consider is that at "head-on situation where two vessels are approaching each other at the rate equal to the sum of their speeds, a resulting collision will have a big damaging effect for both vessels. (iii) Since both vessels are approaching each other at a very fast rate, there is an urgency for both vessels to take action. Any action therefore should be positive, taken at ample time, and with a safe, passing distance. iv) Both vessels may sound the appropriate signals according to Rule 34 ( voluntary ). Notwithstanding the above, where a power-driven vessel is involved in a "Head-on Situation, under Japanese Rule the following still holds priority over Rule 14. 1. In narrow channel, fair way or traffic lane, a power-driven vessel have to keep out way of vessel engage in fishing. but fishing vessel shall not impede the safe passage of other vessel navigating along narrow channel, fair way or traffic lane. ( Japanese Rule 9-3, I0-7)

2. A power-driven vessel shall keep out of the way of : i) a vessel not under command; ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver; iii) a vessel engaged in fishing; iv) a sailing vessel.( Japanese Rule 18-1 ) Note : Under Japanese Rule, when a power-driven vessel and a vessel engaged in fishing comes into a "head-on situation', Rule 18-1 applies and not Rule 14. 3. A vessel engaged in fishing shall keep out of the way of : i) A vessel "not under command"; ii) A vessel " restricted in her ability to maneuver "

B. Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she could see the mast-head lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or both sidelights and by, day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.Click to see what is Assumed as Head On Situation:

The following may not be assumed as head on situation : 1. When both vessels see each other at opposite direction , can see each other's red sidelight (portside aspect at daytime ) but not each green light. 2. when both vessels see each other at opposite direction, can see each other's green sidelight ( starboard side aspect at daytime ) but not each red sidelight.

3. When vessel see the other vessel ahead or nearly ahead but can only see her red sidelight. 4. When vessel see the other vessel ahead or nearly ahead but can only see her green sidelight. 5. When vessel see both sidelights of other vessel but not ahead or nearly ahead.

C. When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly.Discussion: ** It is often difficult to precisely define a "head-on situation". Nevertheless, the Rule Tells you that in case of doubt assume that a risk of collision exist and act accordingly By executing a reflex action of "right rudder" Rule 14 (A). ** The emphasis of the Rule is that there is neither a "give-way nor a " stand on" vessel. Both vessels has an equal obligation to keep clear. ** As always, the correct action in a " head-on situation" shall be altering course to starboard in order to pass port to port. The illustration below shows the result of different judgments and actions by both vessels. ( a ) Fortunately, in spite of difference in judgement both vessel pass clear of each other as a result of starboard alteration- ( I ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( b ) Unfortunately, both vessels runs a risk of collision as a result of port alteration (4)(6). In cases (4) and (6), large alteration of course by both vessels is necessary to avoid an impending collision.

Rule 15 Crossing situation When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.

Discussion : ** Again, this Rule adopted the basic navigation principle of "passing port to port. It advises against crossing ahead of the "stand-on" vessel, but if forced by circumstances, shall do so with a safe distance from the said vessel. If safe distance is not possible, reducing speed will be a more appropriate action.(1) Altering to starboard is most effective when cross angle 0 is large. (2) Altering to starboard and reducing speed is most effective when cross angle 0 is about 90 degrees. (3) Rudder to port is done when cross angle 0 is small and when there's insufficient sea room for altering to starboard. (turn around vessel to pass astern of other vessel). Click to see illustration! ** vessel altering course and/or using the engine shall give the appropriate sound or light signal.

Case Presentation: Risk of collision while moving astern with engine under a stern propulsion.Not withstanding the foregoing Rules, Under Japanese Rule, where a power-driven vessel is involved in a " crossing situation ", the following still holds priority over Rule 15: 1. At narrow channel, fair way or traffic lane, vessel keep out of the way of vessel Engaged in fishing, but fishing vessels shall not impede the safe passage of other vessel Navigating along a narrow channel, fairway or traffic lane.( Japan Rule 9-3, 10-7) 2. Vessel shall keep out of the way of a) A vessel not under command; b) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver; c) A vessel engaged in fishing; d) A sailing vessel. ( Japan Rule 18-1) 3. Vessel engaged in fishing shall keep out of the way of a) A vessel not under command; b) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver; Note: When a power driven vessel and a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver come into a crossing situation Rule 18-2 applies and not Rule15.

Rule 16 Action by Give-way Vessel Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.

Discussion: ** As mentioned elsewhere in the Rules, the action of a "give-way" vessel shall be: 1. 8-(a) be positive 4. 8-(d) with safe distance 2. 8-(a) in ample time 5. 8-(e) to slacken speed or take all way off 3. 8-(b) large enough Vessels directed to keep out of the way : 1. Sailing vessel (Rule 12-(i)) 4. Over taking vessel (Rule 13) The vessel who has the wind on port sides 5. Crossing vessel( Rule 15) shall keep out of the way of vessel has the The vessel who see the other vessel on wind on starboard side. Her starboard side. 2. Sailing vessel (Rule 12-(ii)) 6. Responsibilities between vessels (Rule 18-(a)) When both vessels have the wind on same A power driven vessel shall keep out of the side, vessel on windward shall keep out of way of; vessel not under command restricted The way the other which is to leeward. ability of maneuver, engaged in fishing, 3. Sailing vessel (Rule 12-(iii)) sailing vessel. When a vessel with the wind on port side 7. Sailing vessel shall keep out the way of sees the other to windward but can not vessel not under command, restricted in her Determine whether the other vessel has ability to maneuver, and engaged in fishing. the wind on the port or starboard side. ( Rule 18(b)):

8. Vessel engaged in fishing shall keep out of the way of vessel not under command and Restricted in her ability to maneuver(. Rule 18 ( c )):

Rule 17 Acton by stand-on Vessel A- (i) Where one of two vessel is to keep out of the way the other shall keep her course and speed1. Discussion: ** In all cases of vessel encounters the "give-way" vessel is always obligated by the rule to keep out of the way. She can therefore maneuver anytime she want, more easily and effectively than the "stand-on" vessel. On the other hand, the 'stand-on, vessel is also required to keep her course and speed to assist the other vessel in fulfilling her obligation to keep clear. ** While both vessels are required by the Rule to take a different action, their responsibilities are equal and each one's obligation is no less important than the other. The following may also be interpreted as action by stand-on vessel : 1. Altering course to starboard to navigate near the starboard limit of a narrow channel or fairway. 2. Reducing speed for vessel approaching the entrance to harbor or narow channel. 3. Reducing speed or altering course to avoid an obstruction. 4. Unavoidable speed reduction and yawing due to strong wind and heavy swell.

2. Vocabulary: "stand-on vessel"-The privileged vessel that has the right of way according to the Rules. "give-way vessel"-The burdened vessel that should keep out of the way. Yawing - To deviate irratically from side to side of a course.

(ii) The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her maneuver alone, as soon as itl becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance with these Rules.

1. Discussion: ** The difficulty and anxiety is always borne by the "stand-on" vessel if the other vessel fails to do her duty to avoid a possible collision. ** The , stand-on" vessel may take whatever action which she believe is necessary to prevent collision in accordance with Rule 17 (b). However, before taking any action, she must first agree to "stand-on" ( keep her course and speed ). ** Initially, the "stand-on" vessel must first keep a close watch on the action of the "giveway vessel, and in case of doubt to immediately express such doubt by giving the appropriate sound or light signals as mentioned in Rule 34(d)(warning signals) or Rule 36 (signals to attract attention). ** Any action taken by the "stand-on" vessel will not relieve the "give-way" vessel of her obligation to keep clear. 2. Vocabulary : Latter - The second of the two vessels Borne - Carry, suffer or endure Anxiety - Uneasiness, distress arising from fear of what may happen

B. When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds her self so close that collision cannot be avoided by action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid collision.Discussion : ** The Rule warns of danger when the "give-way" vessel neglects her duty to keep clear. So that, in the event of an imminent danger, where the action of the "give-way" vessel alone will not be enough to avoid a collision, the Rule compels the 'stand-on' vessel to take whatever "action as will be best aid to avoid a collision. ** Any action taken by the "stand-on" vessel to avoid collision must be in accordance with the observance of good seamanship. i. e. alter course, stop engine, full astern and/or use anchor. A review of actions to be taken by "stand-on"' vessel: 1. keep course and speed; 2. Closely watch the action of "give-way" vessel; 3. Take action to avoid collision when it is clear that "give-way" vessel is not taking the appropriate action. ( If crossing situation, avoid altering course to port) 4. Take action as will best aid to avoid collision when it is judge that collision cannot be avoided by the action of "give way" vessel alone.

Risk of collision at Way point (point where course will be altered). In this illustration, it is clear that action should be taken by both vessels to avoid a collision. This shall be: vessel A : Alter course to starboard vessel B : Keep present course and speed. and after passing clear of each other, vessel A to resume course and vessel B alter course vessel B shall avoid to alter course at planned point to avoid risk of collision.

C. A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with sub-paragraph A-(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side.Discussion: **The Rule advises "stand-on" vessel not to alter course to port for vessel on her own portside when taking action to avoid a collision. The reason for this is that there is always possibility that the "give-way" vessel will alter course to starboard at the last moment.

D. This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.

Discussion : ** It is a fact that if the "give-way" vessel would be prompt enough to comply with Rule 16 (action by give-way vessel) there is no need for the "stand-on" vessel to take action to avoid collision. ** the main point of the Rule therefore is that the "give-way vessel remains obligated to keep clear even if the "stand-on" vessel took action to prevent a collision.

Rule 18 Responsibilities between vessels Except where Rules 9, 10, and 13 otherwise require : A. A power-driven vessel underway shal keep out of the way of: (i) a vessel not under command; (ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver; (iii) a vessel engaged in fishing; (iv) a sailing vessel

Discussion : 1. Rule 9 (narrow channel), Rule 10 (traffic separation schemes) & Rule 13 (overtaking) take precedence over the priorities listed in this Rule. 2. Under Japanese rule, the following are given priority over Rule 18 A , where Rules 9-2, 9-3, 10-6, 10-7, 13 of Japan Maritime Safety Laws and Regulations are involved: 9-2 A Power-driven vessel underway (except vessel engaged in fishing) shall keep out of the way of sailing vessel at narrow channel, etc. However, this does not mean that the sailing vessel may impede the passage of a power-driven vessel which can navigate only within the narrow channel- etc. 9-3. A vessel underway (Except a vessel engaged in fishing )shall keep out of the way of a vessel engaged in fishing in a narrow channel, etc. However, this does not mean that the vessel engaged in fishing may impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within the narrow channel, etc. 10-6 A Power-driven vessel shall keep out of the way of a sailing vessel in Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS). However, this does not mean that the sailing vessel may impede the safe passage of a power-driven vessel proceeding along the TSS. 10-7 A Power-driven vessel shall keep out of the way of a vessel engaged in fishing in Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS). However, this does not mean that the vessel engaged in fishing may impede the safe passage of the power-driven proceeding along the TSS. 13. Any vessel overtaking any other vessel shall keep out ofthe vessel being overtaken until she is finally past and clear.

3. Certain classes of vessels such as vessels "not-under-command" or vessels whose types of works restrict their ability to maneuver are granted certain privileges by the Rules. A list is established in relative degree of privilege from the highest to the lowest. In most cases vessels "not-under-command" may appear to have priority over vessels restricted in her ability to maneuver" because the situation usually involves some engine failure. However, nowhere in the Rule is a vessel "not-under-command" specifically addressed as t her rights and responsibilities with regard to a "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuve or vice-versa. These situations are not specifically covered by the Rules & not automaticall considered to be one of special circumstances".

B. A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of : (i) a vessel not under command (ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver (iii) a vessel engaged in fishing

C. A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of: (i) a vessel not under command (ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver

Discussion: **The words "so far as possible" may mean that vessel engaged in fishing, because of her fishing gears, may sometimes be restricted in her ability to maneuver. Under this Circumstances, it may be difficult for her to avoid the vessels mentioned in the Rule.

D. (i) Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impending the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her draught, exhibiting the signal in Rule 28. (ii) A vessel constrained by her draught shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition.

Discussion: 1. The rule recognizes th e difficulties and confinements of a vessel navigating with small bottom clearance( constrained by her draught). It gives advise to navigate with particular caution considering the limited sea room where she can safely maneuver. The Rule also grants certain privileges to vessel "constrained by her draught, so that, if circumstances of the case admits, other vessels (except " vessel not under command, and "restricted in her ability to maneuver" ) may take action to provide wide berth for her safe passage. 2. Rule 28 - Lights and shapes displayed by vessel "constrained by her draught": (1) 3 all-round red lights in a vertical line at place where is best be seen. (2) a black cylinder at place where is best seen 3. particular caution refers to standing by of engine, safe speed, posting proper look-out, carrying the prescribe lights and signals, etc.

4. Vessels "not under command" and "restricted in her ability to maneuver, may appear to have priority over vessel "constrained by her draft'. However, while the two former vessels are not obliged to keep out of the way of the latter vessel, there is nowhere in the Rules that says the latter vessel shall keep out of the way of the two former vessels. These situations are not specifically covered by the Rules. Perhaps, owing to the fact that all three vessels are granted special privileges by the rules and have their own specific difficulties. Hence, when vessels "constrained by her draft", "restricted in her ability to maneuver, and not-under command meets each other, each vessel shall take action to avoid collision according to Rule 8 ( action to avoid collision). And whoever has the most superior maneuvering capabilities shall keep out of the way. In this situation, there is neither a give-way" nor "stand-on" vessel.

E. A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels & avoid impeding their navigation. In circumstances, however, where risk of collision exists, she shall comply with the Rules of this part.

Discussion: ** Because of her advantage of being able to navigate in the air as well as on the water, a seaplane is required by the Rule to keep clear of all sea crafts and avoid impeding their passage. To " comply with the Rules of this part " means that she shall take action as vessel according to Section II ( Conduct of vessels in sight of one another ) of the Rule.

** F. (i) A WIG craft when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface, shall keep well clear of all other vessels and avoid impeding their navigation. (ii) A WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules of this part as a power driven vessel.

Section III- Conduct of vessels in Restricted Visibility Rule 19 Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility A. This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near on areas of restricted visibility.Discussion: 1. As a study guide, it maybe helpful to consider this Rule along with Rule 35 which deals with sound signals in restricted visibility. 2. "in or near on area of restricted visibility" means that the Rule apply not only when Vessel is actually within a fog bank (i.e. also in snow, smoke, rain etc) and cannot see "out" but also when a vessel is outside a fog bank, possibly running in clear weather, but is unable t o see a vessel obscured in the fog bank. 3. Although vessels are in restricted visibility but able to see each other at close range, the Rules in Section II applies and not Section III.

B. Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility, A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate maneuver.Discussion: 1. The three factors for considering "safe speed" are: 1) The existing visibility 2) The density of traffic and 3) The maneuverability of your own vessel. Should any of these Conditions be less satisfactory, our vessels speed must be adjusted. Safe speed" is also Defined in Rule6 .

2. Record shows that most of maritime accidents occurring in restricted visibility are caused by failure to control speed or excessive speed and too much reliance on electronic navigational aids (radar equipment). Thus, visual assessment should not be taken for granted as this can never be substituted by information derived from Radars 3. When navigating in restricted visibility, there is always possibility that small vessel or object will only be detected b y radar at close range. Vessels must therefore be ready to conduct an immediate maneuver and keep her engines on "standby.

Vocabulary: Adapted to - To make more suitable Prevailing circumstances and conditions - Conditions of visibility that exist at the time. Restricted visibility - Any condition in which visibility is limited by fog, mist, rain, snow, etc. or any other similar circumstances (describe in Colregs 3 (1)

C. Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility when complying with the Rules of Section I of this part.

Discussion : **The Rule is a reminder to consider existing visibility conditions when stationing lookouts, setting your "safe speed", evaluating the risk of collision, taking evasive action, and determining your conduct in narrow channels and in areas under Vessel Traffic Supervision( VTS). **When navigating in a narrow channel in restricted visibility, keep as near as possible to the outer limit which lies on your starboard side of the channel. However, also consider whether or not your vessel can safely navigate in such restricted visibility. If in doubt, it will be wise to wait until visibility clears.

D. A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-quarters situation is developing and/or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such action Consists of an alteration of course, so far as possible the following shall be avoided (i) an alteration of, course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken. (ii) an alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.

STARTHave you detected a ship with radar alone?

No

So, is the ship In sight?

Ye sClosequarter situation developing, or Risk of collision?

Ye sRule 19 does not apply. Follow the rules for COLREGS section II ships in sight

Ye s

Rule 19 apply, you need to take avoiding action! Check direction to the other ship!

Rule 19 apply, you need to take avoiding action! Check direction to the other ship!

OKIs the other ship forward of abeam? Yes Are you overtaking it? YesTake avoiding action! For a ship forward of abeam that you are overtaking, there are No turning restrictions from rule 19! Take avoiding action! For a ship forward of abeam, and you are not overtaking it

No

Take avoiding action, For a vessel abeam or abaft the beam

Avoid turning towards it!

No

Avoid turning to port!

STCW-95

Discussion : 1. Close Quarter Situation" may be describe as 2-3 miles in restricted visibility and 11.5 miles in good visibility. (See also Rule 8c) 2. The Rule demands a positive approach to the use of radar. Consequently, if you detect a vessel by radar, you must determine by long range scanning, by radar plotting or by "equivalent systematic observation" (According to Rule 7(b)) if a-closequarters situation or the risk of collision is developing. If a dangerous situation develops, you must take appropriate steps to avoid collision or a close-quarter situation. When taking action by alteration of course and speed it shall be in ample time (Rule 8-A) and be large enough to be readily apparent (Rule 8-B) 3. Rule 19 D (i) and D (ii) This Rule describe clearly how & what action to take when a close-quarters situation or a risk of collisio