7. Literature CitedAnderson JE (1991) A conceptual framework for evaluating and quantifying naturalness.

Conservation Biology 5:347-352. Angermeier PL & JR Karr (1994) Biological integrity versus biological diversity as policy directives.

BioScience 44:690-697. Askins RA, JF Lynch & R Greenberg (1990) Population declines in migratory birds in eastern North

America. Current Ornithology 7:1-57. Barinaga M (1990) Where have all the froggies gone? Science 247:1033-1034. Bayer M & WF Porter (1988) Evaluation of a guild approach to habitat assessment for forest-dwelling

birds. Environmental Management 12:797-801. Blaustein AR & DB Wake (1990) Declining amphibian populations: a new global phenomenon?

Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5:203-204. Block WM, LA Brennan & RJ Gutierrez (1987) Evaluation of guild-indicator species for use in

resource management. Environmental Management 11:265-269. Bureau of Land Management (1982) Integrated Habitat Inventory and Classification System. Manual

Section 6602. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D.C.DeGraaf RM, NG Tilghman & SH Anderson (1985) Foraging guilds of North American birds.

Environmental Management 9:493-536. Fish and Wildlife Service (1980) Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP). Ecological Services Manual

102. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Ecological Services,Washington, D.C.

Fish and Wildlife Service (1981) Standards for the development of Suitability Index models. Ecological Services Manual 103. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,Division of Ecological Services, Washington, D.C.

Franklin JF (1988) Structural and functional diversity in temperate forests. In Biodiversity. E. O.Wilson (ed.), pp. 166-175. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Franklin JF (1993) Preserving biodiversity: species, ecosystems, or landscapes? EcologicalApplications 3:202-205.

Franklin JF (1994) Response to Tracy and Brussard. Ecological Applications 4:208-209. Frissell CA (1993) Topology of extinction and endangerment of native fishes in the Pacific Northwest

and California (U.S.A.). Conservation Biology 7:342-354. Fry ME, RJ Risser, HA Stubbs & JP Leighton (1986) Species selection for habitat-evaluation

procedures. In Wildlife 2000: Modeling Habitat Relationships of Terrestrial Vertebrates. J Verner, ML Morrison & CJ Ralph (eds.), pp. 105-108. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison,WI.

Gates JE & LW Gysel (1978) Avian nest dispersion and fledging success in field-forest ecotones. Ecology 59:871-883.

Götmark F (1992) Naturalness as an evaluation criterion in nature conservation: a response toAnderson. Conservation Biology 6:455-458.

Graul WD & GC Miller (1984) Strenghtening ecosystem management aproaches. Wildlife SocietyBulletin 12:282-289.

Graul WD, J Torres & R Denney (1976) A species-ecosystem approach for nongame programs. Wildlife Society Bulletin 4:79-80.

Hurley JF, H Salwasser & K Shimamoto (1982) Fish and wildlife capability models and special habitatcriteria. Cal-Nevada Wildlife Transactions 1982:40-48.

Hutto RL (1995) The composition of bird communities following stand-replacement fires in northernRocky Mountain (U.S.A.) conifer forests. Conservation Biology 9:1041-1058.

Hutto RL (1997) Distribution and habitat relationships of landbirds in the USFS Northern Region. USFS Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-xxx, in press.

Hutto RL & J Hoffland (1996) USDA Forest Service Northern Region Landbird Monitoring Project:Field Methods. in-house report, Wildlife Biology, USDA Northern Region, Missoula, MT.

Hutto RL, S Reel & PB Landres (1987) A critical evaluation of the species approach to biologicalconservation. Endangered Species Update 4:1-4.

James FC, CA Hess & D Kufrin (1997) Species-centered environmental analysis - indirect effects offire history on Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. Ecological Applications 7:118-129.

Karr JR (1987) Biological monitoring and environmental assessment: a conceptual framework. Environmental Management 11:249-256.

Karr JR (1991) Biological integrity: a long-neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecological Applications 1:66-84.

Kremen C (1992) Assessing the indicator properties of species assemblages for natural areasmonitoring. Ecological Applications 2:203-217.

Kremen C, AM Merenlender & DD Murphy (1994). Ecological monitoring: a vital need for IntegratedConservation and Development Programs in the tropics. Conservation Biology 8:388-397.

Landres PB (1983) Use of the guild concept in environmental impact assessment. EnvironmentalManagement 7:393-398.

Landres PB, J Verner & JW Thomas (1988) Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: a critique. Conservation Biology 2:316-329.

Mannan RW, ML Morrison & EC Meslow (1984) Comment: the use of guilds in forest birdmanagement. Wildlife Society Bulletin 12:426-430.

Mills LS, ME Soulé & DF Doak (1993) The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation. BioScience 43:219-224.

Montana Bird Distribution Committee (1996) P.D. Skaar's Montana Bird Distribution, Fifth edition. Special Publication No. 3. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT.

Morrison ML & BG Marcot (1995) An evaluation of resource inventory and monitoring programs usedin national forest planning. Environmental Management 19:147-156.

Morrison ML, BG Marcot & RW Mannan (1992) Wildlife-habitat relationships: concepts andapplications. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI.

Mosconi SL & RL Hutto (1982) The effect of grazing on the land birds of a western Montana riparianhabitat. In Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. L Nelson &JM Peek (co-chairmen), pp. 221-233. Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station,University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Moyle PB & JE Williams (1990) Biodiversity loss in the temperate zone: decline of the native fish faunaof California. Conservation Biology 4:275-284.

Nelson RD & H Salwasser (1982) The Forest Service wildlife and fish habitat relationship program. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference47:174-183.

Noss RF (1990) Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. ConservationBiology 4:355-364.

Office of Technology Assessment (1987) Technologies to maintain biological diversity. U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

Orians GH (1993) Endangered at what level? Ecological Applications 3:206-208. Paige LC (1990) Population trends of songbirds in western North America. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of

Montana, Missoula, MT.Phillips K (1990) Where have all the frogs and toads gone? BioScience 40:422-424. Reader R (1988) Using the guild concept in the assessment of tree harvesting effects on understory

herbs: a cautionary note. Environmental Management 12:803-808. Robbins CS, JR Sauer & BG Peterjohn (1993) Population trends and management opportunities for

neotropical migrants. In Status and management of neotropical migratory birds. DMFinch & PW Stangel (eds), pp. 17-23. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-229, FortCollins, CO.

Roberts TH (1987) Construction of guilds for habitat assessment. Environmental Management11:473-477.

Roberts TH & LJ O'Neil (1985) Species selection for habitat assessments. Transactions of theNorth American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 50:352-362.

Rodenhouse NL & LB Best (1983) Breeding ecology of Vesper Sparrows in corn and soybean fields. American Midland Naturalist 110:265-275.

Rojas M (1992) The species problem and conservation: what are we protecting? ConservationBiology 6:170-178.

Sallabanks R (1996) Forest birds of the ecosystem diversity matrix for the Interior Columbia RiverBasin: Relationships with forest structural class for the grand fir (Abies grandis) habitat typeclass. Preliminary Data Summary, Sustainable Ecosystems Institute.

Schamberger M & A Farmer (1978) The habitat evaluations procedures: their application in projectplanning and impact evaluation. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and NaturalResources Conference 43:274-283.

Severinghaus WD (1981) Guild theory as a mechanism for assessing environmental impact. Environmental Management 5:187-190.

Sherry TW & RT Holmes (1995) Summer versus winter limitation of populations: what are the issuesand what is the evidence? In Ecology and management of neotropical migratory birds: asynthesis and review of critical issues. TE Martin & DM Finch (eds.), pp. 85-120. OxfordUniversity Press, New York, NY.

Sparrow HR, TD Sisk, PR Ehrlich & DD Murphy (1994) Techniques and guidelines for monitoringneotropical butterflies. Conservation Biology 8:800-809.

Szaro RC (1986) Guild management: an evaluation of avian guilds as a predictive tool. EnvironmentalManagement 10:681-688.

Terborgh J (1989) Where have all the birds gone? Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.Thibodeau FR (1983) Endangered species: deciding which species to save. Environmental

Management 7:101-107.Thomas JW (ed.) (1979) Wildlife habitats in managed forests: the Blue Mountains of Oregon and

Washington. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook Number

553, Washington, D.C.Tracy CR & PF Brussard (1994) Preserving biodiversity: species in landscapes. Ecological

Applications 4:205-207. Verner J (1984) The guild concept applied to management of bird populations. Environmental

Management 8:1-14. Williams GL, KR Russell & WK Seitz (1978) Pattern recognition as a tool in the ecological analysis of

habitat. In Classification, inventory, and analysis of fish and wildlife habitat. AMarmelstein (ed.), pp. 521-531. FWS/OBS-78/76. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish andWildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Washington, D.C.