college freshman english lesson
TRANSCRIPT
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LESSON I
ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. It usually answers one of these
questions: What kind of?, Which?, and ow many?!. A, anand the,the most common
adjectives, are also called articles.
What kind of day did you have yesterday? Was it good, bad, happy, sad, busy, quiet,
lively, successful, long, lonely, surprising or lucky? "o answer the question, you#ll needdescriptive words like those italici$ed. "hey are all adjectives.
I. Kinds of Adjectives
%. A descriptive adjectivedescri&es the noun or pronoun it modifies. It names
a quality or condition of the thin' it modifies.
e.'.a lonely soldier a bluedress a broken'lass
(. A proper adjectiveis a descriptive adjective that comes from proper names.
e.g.Chinesecheckers Australian&eef Frenchkiss
). A demonstrative adjectivespecifies or calls attention to the noun or pronoun
it modifies.
Thisand thatare sin'ular adjectives and descri&e sin'ular nouns. Theseand
thoseare plural adjectives and descri&e plural nouns.
This and these usually refer to somethin' near. That and those refer to
somethin' farther away.
e.'.This computer is a 'ift from my parents. *sin'ular+Thosedo's &ark durin' the ni'ht. *plural+
. A possessive adjectivedenotes ownership as it modifies a noun or pronoun.
e.'.theircar herhouse my mistake
hishands our school yourparents
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-. An indefinite adjectiveindicates &roadly the noun or pronoun it modifies
e.'.allpeople anyperson eachone
most people many&ooks nomoney
some companies severalothers
"he articlesaand anare indefinite adjectives. se a&efore words that start
with a consonant. se an&efore words that start with a vowel *a, e, i, o, u+ orwith words that sound as if they start with a vowel *e.'. hour+.
e.'.anen'ineer awoman anapple
anhour a fair student
/. An interrogative adjectiveasks a question as it modifies a noun of pronoun.
e.'.Whose&ook 'ot lost?Whattime is it?
Whichone will you take?
II.. Comparison of Adjectives
0ou use adjectives to compare two or more persons, places or thin's. "o do this,
you use different forms or de'rees, dependin' upon how many thin's you are
comparin'.
DE!EE
Positive (basic form) Comparative Superlative
1akes no comparison compares two compares three or more
!"les#
%. 2omparison. 1ost adjectives have three forms or de'rees: positive,comparative and superlative.
e.'. 3ositive: 4or passen'er transportation, intercity &uses are quitesafe.
2omparative: In some years railroad passen'er trains have &eensafer.
5uperlative: In other years re'ularly scheduled airlines have &een
the safest of all.
(
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(. 67, 65". 1ost adjectives of one sylla&le and some adjectives of twosylla&les are compared &y addin' er and estto the positive or &asic
form.
e.'. &rave, &raver, &ravest
). 1876, 185". If addin' er or est to a two9sylla&le adjective makes aclumsy word, the comparative and the superlative are formed &y puttin'
moreand most*or less and least+ &efore the positive or &asic form.
e.'. helpless more helpless most helplessloyal more loyal most loyal
. "766 or 1876 50A;65. Adjectives of three or more sylla&lesare compared &y puttin' more or most *or less and least+ &efore the
positive or &asic forms.
e.'. industrious more industrious most industrious
vi'orous more vi'orous most vi'orous
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e.'. Wron' B 5usanne is more lovelier than 2arla.
2orrect 9 5usanne is lovelier than 2arla.
C. "I5, "A", "656, "856. This and That are sin'ular and modify
sin'ular nouns. Theseand Those are plural and modify plural nouns.
e.'. "his pair of shoes is ideal for jo''in'.
"hat hammer has a split handle.
C. "I5 676, "A" "676. o not use this here and that there tomodify a noun.
%D. "61, "856. =ever use them as a su&ject of a ver&. =ever use those
to modify a noun.
%(. A, A=. se a&efore consonant sounds and an&efore vowel sounds.
e.'. a hospital, an academy
%). 26A7=655 or 613A5I5. 7epeat a, anor the&efore each item in aseries for clearness or emphasis.
e.'. 8n the &each I found a scallop shell and a horseshoe cra&.
%. I44676=" 8;E62"5. When two or more adjectives modify a noun,
repeat the article if different o&jects are meant.
e.'. Eudith has a &lue and a red shirt.
III. Comparing and Contrasting
When you descri&e somethin', you may compare it with somethin' else.5ometimes you eFplain how the two thin's are alike or you contrast the two
thin's or eFplain how they are different.
7emem&er these points when you write para'raphs or comparison and contrast.
%. 1ake each similarity or difference a separate point.
(. Add eFamples to make the point valid.
). se eFpressions likesimilarly, like, ho!ever, butand on the other handtomake your meanin' clear.
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IG. Se$"ence of Adjectives
Adjectives in a series follow a definite sequence accordin' to their meanin's.;elow are ta&les showin' this sequence.
%& 'ord Order of Adjectives (efore a No"n
Adjectives come &etween a determiner and the noun that they modify.
3redeterminers and determiners are not included in the ta&le &elow.
Althou'h a lon' strin' of modifiers is possi&le, you will rarely use morethan four or five &efore one noun. 0ou can put additional modifiers in a
prepositional phrase after a noun. 0ou can put very immediately &efore
adjectives that can &e compared *'rada&le adjectives+, and you can put
enoughimmediately after them.
Si)e*
S+ape*
Condition No"n
eneral Age& ,odifier
Description Temperat"re -see
Opinion Color Origin (elo./ T0pe No"n
fine small, maple writin'round
fresh new white paint
famous old 6n'lish country house
eFpensive new private schooltall, thin &asket&all player
'ood home cookin'
lar'e, juicy 1conald#s ham9&ur'er
ra''ed,
worn9out red 'olf shirt
hot, steamy summer dayinterestin' new 2anadian historical novel
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(. 'ord Order of No"n ,odifier. 0ou can use nouns to modify othernouns. A noun can chan'e the meanin' of the noun that follows it. If you
use more than one noun as a modifier, put the nouns that modify in the
order shown:
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
,aterial Operation 1o.er 1lace2
1"rpose No"n
steel typin' ta&leautomatic electric &lanket
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E6E!CISE %& ADJECTIVES 5core HHHHHHH
%. 5elect three o&jects in the classroom. 4or each, list one or more vivid, descriptive
adjectives. se the three nouns and their modifiers in sentences.HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. 8&serve a restaurant at meal time. What can you see? hear? taste? smell? Eot
down as many details as you can for each sense. "hen 'roup the details in two
lists.
A. etails a&out what you do not like in the restaurant.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
;. etails a&out what you like in the restaurant.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). "hink of somethin' you can descri&e in detail B a person, place, o&jective,anythin' that interests you. 2hoose a point of view or an attitude toward your
su&ject. escri&e what overall impressions you want to create in your
description. "hen list five or siF details that support your point of view andpurpose. 5hare it with your classmate.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. Write a topic at the center of this paper. 2ircle it and form other circles around it,write the difference parts of the thin' you are descri&in'. In each of these circles,
write words to descri&e each part.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. "ry writin' a sentence usin' the words listed &elow. 5elect a su&ject from2olumn A, a ver& from 2olumn ;, and one or more adjectives from 2olumn 2.
2reate a 'ood, sound sentence usin' the words you have chosen alon' with any
other needed to make a 'ood sentence. 1ake your sentence ima'inative.2ompare your sentences with those of your classmates.
A ; 2
&icycle crouched clever
camper flew ferocious
crow hiked happylawyer played industrious
sin'er phoned lively
pianist rested skinny
sin'er rolled skilledwinner shouted talented
youn'sters spoke waryfarmer toiled weary
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C
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E6E!CISE 7& CO,1A!ISON O8 ADJECTIVES 5core HHHHHHHH
As you read the followin' story, underline the correct word eFpression.
CO88EETI,E
"i'er is pro&a&ly the %*homeliest, most homeliest+ cat in ;a'uio 2ity. 8f course
he is just (*an, a+ ordinary, everyday alley cat. 1y Aunt 1iranda and my ncle 6dwin
found him in )*a, an+ alley &ehind their apartment house early last "hursday evenin'.
"i'er#s ri&s were almost comin' throu'h his skin and *&oth, the &oth+ of his ears have
&een torn in a fi'ht. It took my aunt less than -*a half, half+ a minute, however, to fall in
love with him.
/*"hat, "here+ cat needs a nourishin' meal and a 'ood home, 6dwin,! she told
my uncle.
ncle 6dwin shook his head and said *"hat, "hose+ kind of cat often cannot
adjust to life in the home.!
We#ll find out,! said my aunt, as soon as we 'et him home and put some
antiseptic in @*them, those+ cuts and scratches.!
C*A half, alf+ an hour later, clean and well fed, "i'er felt much %D*&etter,
more &etter+. e made friends with my little cousin ;rando, and soon %%*&oth, the &oth+
of them were lyin' in front of the fireplace. "i'er was so contented he &e'an to make the
%(*loudest, most loudest+ purrin' noises that ;rando had ever heard.
7i'ht away ;rando 'ra&&ed the cat and carried him over to %)*a, an+ armchair
on the other side of the room. Why, ;rando,! said my aunt, 0ou shouldn#t handle
%*a, an+ animal so rou'hly.!
%D
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I had to 'et "i'er away from the fire, mother,! ;rando eFplained. e was
&e'innin' to &oil like your tin kettle.!
E6E!CISE 3& CO,1A!IN AND CONT!ASTIN 5core HHHHHH
A. 7ead the followin' para'raph.
In =orse myths, twelve 'ods and twenty9four 'oddesses lived in Aspard. 8nly
five
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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. ist three of the differences.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
2. 1atch
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E6E!CISE 9& 1OSITION O8 ,ODI8IE!S 5core HHHHHHHHHH
In each pair of test sentences, encircle the letter of the sentence with the &etter word
order.
%. a. "he &atter who hit a home run was praised &y the coach.
&. "he &atter was praised &y the coach who hit a home run.
(. a.. 4or five days I ate almost nothin'.&. 4or five days I almost ate nothin'
). a. e 'ot hold of the 5enator and spoke to him privately in the study last ni'ht.
&. ast ni'ht he 'ot hold of the 5enator and spoke to him privately in the study.
. a. 1ost 4ilipino students eFtremely are lucky to &e in colle'e.&. 1ost 4ilipino students are eFtremely lucky to &e in colle'e.
-. a. 5ome parents complain that their children eat &adly at &reakfast time.&. 5ome parents complain that their children eat at &reakfast &adly.
/. a. "hree &eautiful youn' 'irls modeled the desi'ner#s summer collection.
&. ;eautiful three youn' 'irls modeled the desi'ner#s summer collection.
. a. "hey watched often the 5cottish 2ham&er 8rchestra at the 7oss "heatre.
&. "hey often watched the 5cottish 2ham&er 8rchestra at the 7oss "heatre.
@. a. Eane only has &een studyin' &allet for five years.
&. Eane has &een studyin' &allet for only five years.
C. a. 1el was so thirsty that he ordered a hu'e ice9cold man'o shake.
&. 1el was so thirsty that he ordered a hu'e man'o ice9cold shake.
%D. a. "he people can vote wisely knowin' what the candidates# plans are.
&. Knowin' what the candidates# plans are, wise votin' can &e done &y the people.
%%. a. All of us cooked in the kitchenette the food which we &ou'ht at a local 'rocer.
&. All of us cooked the food on the kitchenette which we &ou'ht at a local 'rocer.
%(. a. Eosephine, the hired help, comes to work after &reakfast on the laundry.
&. Eosephine, the hired help, comes after &reakfast to work on the laundry.
%)
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%). a. "he sudden eFplosion shocked the little 'irl so much that she didn#t know towhom to turn.
&. "he sudden eFplosion shocked the little 'irl so much that she didn#t know whom
to turn to.
%. a. "he students were attentively tryin' to listen.
&. "he students were tryin' to listen attentively.
%-. a. 7ock structures result from chemical weatherin' and spectacular erosion.
&. 5pectacular rock structures result from chemical weatherin' and erosion.
%/. a. "he children sat quietly in the shadow of the rock.
&. "he children sat in the shadow of the rock quietly.
%. a. "hank you for remindin' me a&out the trip. I had for'otten almost a&out it.&. "hank you for remindin' me a&out the trip. I had almost for'otten a&out it.
%@. a. It is quite difficult to write an essay.
&. It is difficult to quite write an essay.
%C. a. 1ar'aret married a darin', eFtremely 'ood9lookin', youn' Air 4orce pilot.
&. 1ar'aret married a darin', youn', eFtremely 'ood9lookin' Air 4orce pilot.
(D. a. esley read quietly in the 3eriodicals i&rary all mornin'.&. esley read quietly all mornin' in the 3eriodicals i&rary.
%
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LESSON III
8O!EIN 'O!DS AND 15!ASES
6n'lish is the lin'ua franca. owever, while the lan'ua'e has &ecome the universallan'ua'e or the world#s most popular ton'ue, it has not remained pure alon' its clim& to
world fame and acceptance. It has enriched its voca&ulary via adoption of forei'n words.
;elow is a list of some of the most common forei'n words used with 6n'lish meanin's.
%. fraulein 9 youn' lady, miss
(. au revoir 9 'ood&ye
). GoF 3opuli GoF ei 9 the voice of the people is the voice of
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E6E!CISE :& 8O!EIN 'O!DS AND 15!ASES 5core HHHHHH
3ractice readin' the followin' forei'n terms. ook up their meanin's in the dictionary."ell whether the followin' connote a positive, ne'ative or neutral meanin' and use them
in sentences.
%. 4la'rante delicto HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. confrere HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). enfant terri&le HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. persona 'rata HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. mena'e a trois HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. &eau HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. 'ratis et amore HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. modus operandi HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. femme fatale HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. dolce vita HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%%. elan HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%(. tour de force HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%). raison d#etre HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%. dilettante HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%-. incommunicado HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%/. pariah HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%. &ete noir HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%@. nirvana
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%C. nom de plume HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(D. aplom&
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%/
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E6E!CISE ;& SCIENTI8IC2TEC5NICAL TE!,S 5core HHHHHHHH
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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
DESC!I1TION2DESC!I
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E6E!CISE =& DESC!I6mi+
8K I want to talk a&out Ireland5pecifically I want to talk a&out the famine!A&out the fact that there never really was one
"here was no famine!
5ee Irish people were only allowed to eat potatoesAll of the other food
meat, fish, ve'eta&les
were shipped out of the country under armed 'uardto 6n'land while the Irish people starved
And then in the middle of all this
"hey 'ave us money not to teach our children Irish
And so we lost our historyAnd this is what I think is still hurtin' me.
5ee we#re like a child that#s &een &atteredas to drive itself out of its head &ecause
it#s fri'htened
still feels all the painful feelin's&ut they lose contact with the memory
%C
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And this leads to massive self9destruction
A288I51 7< AI2"I8=
All desperate attempts at runnin'and in the worst form
&ecomes actual killin'.
And if there ever is 'onna &e healin'
"here has to &e remem&erin'
and then 'rievin'so that there can &e for'ivin'
"here has to &e knowled'e and understandin'
An American army re'ulation5ays you mustn#t kill more than %DL of a nation
M2os to do so causes permanent psycholo'ical
dama'e!
It#s not permanent &ut they don#t know thatAnyway durin' the supposed famine!
We lost a lot more than %DL of our nationthrou'h deaths or>and or on step of emi'ratin'
&ut what finally &roke us was not starvation
&ut its use in the controllin' of our educationschools 'o on a&out ;lack !
on and on a&out the terri&le famine!
&ut what they don#t say is in truth
there really never was one.
5o let#s take a look shall we
the hi'hest statistics of child a&use in the ;;2and we say we#re a 2hristian country
&ut we#ve lost contact with our history
5ee we used to worship
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"here has to &e remem&erin'
and the 'rievin'
so that there can &e 'rievin'there has to &e knowled'e and understandin'.
irections: Answer the followin' questions. ;e ready to react on your classmates#answers. 5hare your reactions orally.
%. Why is the son' entitled 4amine!?(. Why did the son'writer say that there was never really a famine?
). "o whom is the son' addressed? Why?
. ow did the son'writer descri&e the Irish?
-. What are some of the harsh realities>social pro&lems mentioned in the son'?/. What feelin's are evoked &y the son'?
. What does the son'writer su''est to solve these pro&lems?
@. What does the refrain of the son' imply?
2. 5on's usually tell stories. "hese stories make the listener feel various emotions.
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LESSON III
VE!
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the 'roup is meant as unit, the ver& is sin'ularJ when individuals are
referred to, the ver& is plural.
e.'. "he crowd is unruly. *actin' collectively B sin'ular ver&+
"he crowd have different opinions. *actin' individually B plural
ver&+
-. A num&er of terms of amount and measure have collective a'reement.
"he sin'ular is the more common.
e.'. "wenty9five years is a lon' time to wait.
/. When the amount of money refers to separate units, the very is plural.
e.'. 4ifty %DD9peso &ills were &urned.
. In a sentence, a sin'ular su&ject always requires a sin'ular ver& despitelon' intervenin' phrases or clauses containin' plural nouns.
e.'. 5i'mund, accompanied &y his friends, is leavin' for 6urope.
@. "wo sin'ular su&jects joined &y either>or or neither>nor take a sin'ularver&.
e.'. 6ither anie or 5ally is cleanin' the la&oratory.
C. If two su&jects, one sin'ular and one plural, are connected &y either>or or
neither>nor, the very a'rees with the nearer su&ject.
e.'. =either the teacher nor the students are swimmin'.
%D. "he pronoun you always takes a plural ver&.
e.'. 0ou are included in the list.
%%. If a sentence &e'ins with here or there, the ver& a'rees with the su&jectwhich follows it.
e.'. "here are several e''s in the &oF.
%(. When any of the followin' indefinite pronouns is the su&ject, the ver& is
sin'ular: every&ody, each no none, one, no&ody, another any&ody, every,everythin', nothin', anyone either, neither everyone, some&ody, someone.
e.'. 6veryone is a suspect.
()
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%). "he indefinite pronouns several, few, &oth, many, others are always plural.
e.'. 5everal or'anisms are contained in the &ottle.
%. "he indefinite pronouns some, all, none are sin'ular or plural accordin' to
the meanin' of the sentence. When they refer to a mass taken as a whole,they are sin'ular . When they refer to more than one item, they are plural.
e.'. 5ome of the creamer is scattered on the ta&le. *mass 9 sin'ular+5ome are waitin' outside. *more than one B plural+
1ost of the vehicles are tinted. *plural+
"he most I can do is su&mit this paper ahead of time. *sin'ular+
%-. When the word num&er is preceded &y a!, it takes a plural ver&. When it
is preceded &y the!, it takes a sin'ular ver&.
e.'. A num&er of employees are workin' on the project."he num&er of eruptions is increasin'.
%/. "he followin' words are always plural: trousers, pliers, pants, scissors,
ton's, shears. When the word pair is used, however, the ver& is sin'ular.
e.'. A pair of pants is &urned.
3ants are for men and women.
%. 2ertain nouns, thou'h plural in form, are sin'ular in meanin' andtherefore take sin'ular ver&s: ethics, physics, news, mumps, measles,
economics, summons.
e.'. 3hysics is the hardest su&ject.
%@. When fractions are used, the ver& a'rees with the o&ject of the ofphrase!.
e.'. 8ne fourth of the population is starvin'.
8ne half of the 'irls are enrolled in music.
%C. "he name of the country is always re'arded as sin'ular while names of
mountain ran'es are plural.
e.'. "he ;ahamas is full of tourist spots.
"he 2ordilleras are reco'ni$ed now.
(
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(D. "itles of movies, &ooks, articles, plays, etc. are re'arded as sin'ular even
thou'h words in the title may &e plural.
e.'. A "ale of "wo 2ities! is my favorite novel.
(%. Adjectives used as nouns are considered plural.
e.'. "he rich have 'lamorous lives.
VE!< TENSES
In 'rammar, tense is a distinctive form of ver&, which indicates the time of its action or
assertion. "here are siF tense: "hree simple tense and three compound or perfect tenses.
"he three simple tenses are: present, past and future. "he perfect tenses are: present
perfect, past perfect and future perfect. In addition to the siF tenses, there are pro'ressivetenses. "hese are: present pro'ressive, past pro'ressive and future pro'ressive.
1E!IOD O8 TI,E
HHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHH 1AST 1!ESENT 8@T@!E
I. Simple Tense
a. 1resent Tense. It indicates an action occurrin' in the present timeJ iteFpresses ha&itual actionJ and, it eFpresses an idea that is 'enerallyaccepted as true.
e.'. "he ri'ht lun' is somewhat &i''er than the left. *a 'eneral idea+1edicines are &ou'ht in the dru'store. *ha&itual action+
1anny loves her. *an action occurrin' in the present time+
&. 1ast Tense. It indicates an action completed at some definite time in the
past.
e.'. "he doctor operated my 'randfather last year.
c. 8"t"re Tense. It indicates an action that will occur in the future.
e.'. r. ia$ will 'ive you a prescription.
(-
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II. 1erfect Tenses
a. 1resent 1erfect Tense. "his is formed &y addin' the ver&s has!*sin'ular+ or have! *plural+ to the past participle form of the ver&.
Indicates an action completed at some indefinite time in the past.
e.'. I have su&mitted my project.
Indicates an action &e'un in the past and continuin' into the present.
e.'. 1r. 7eyes has called his son once a week for years.
Distinction (et.een simple past tense and present perfect tense&
5imple 3ast "ense 3resent 3erfect "ense
I &ou'ht a &ook yesterday. I have &ou'ht a &ook for yn.*time is definitely stated+ *time is not stated+
We lived in avao two years a'o. We have lived in avao for tenyears.
*action is definitely in the past+ *action continues into the present+
&. 1ast 1erfect TenseB denotes an action that has occurred in the past prior
to some other action. "his is formed &y addin' the ver& had! to the past
participle form of the ver&.
e.'. "he nurse had injected the vial &efore the doctor arrived.
1AST 1E!8ECT TENSE
1oment8f
5peakin'
3ast
ActionHHHH>HHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHHHH
3ast Another 4uture 3ast Action
=ote: "he first action uses the past perfect tense *had! plus the pastparticiple+ while the second action uses the simple past tense.
(/
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c. 4uture 3erfect "ense B denotes an action that occurs in the future prior to
some other action. "his is formed &y addin' the ver& will have! to thepast participle form of the ver&.
e.'. "he a'riculturist is afraid the man'oes will have spoiled when theyarrive in 5in'apore.
=ote. "he prior action uses the simple present tense of the ver&.
III. 1rogressive TensesB indicates an on'oin' action.
a. 1resent 1rogressiveB denotes an action that is continued at the time thestatement is made.
e.'. An'er is 'rowin' inside her.
&. 1ast 1rogressiveB denotes an action 'oin' on in the past, e.'. two actions
simultaneously 'oin' on in the past, one action 'oin' on in the pastdurin' which another action takes placeJ and, repeated action in the past.
e.'. Insect &ites were always distur&in' my concentration.
c. 4uture 3ro'ressive. enotes a continuous action that may &e done at
some future time.
e.'. Eose will &e eFperiencin' partial hearin' disa&ility &ecause of the
nature of his work.
(
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E6E!CISE B& VE!< Score
Accurately supply the missin' words &y choosin' the correct words from the list
provided &elow.
ELLO' 8EVE!
0ellow fever, which sometimes *%+HHHHHHHHH symptoms similar to those of
malaria is *(+HHHHHHHHH &y a mosquito. ;ut yellow fever *)+HHHHHHHHH a virus disease
*+HHHHHHHHH &y the Aedes mosquito. It also can &e *-+HHHHHHHHHH &y the animals,
while the malaria or'anism that */+HHHHHHHHHH human is not transmitted &etween
humans and lower animals. ike malaria, yellow fever *+HHHHHHHHHH in past years
spread deeply into =orth America with cases reported alon' the
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E6E!CISE & S@
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E6E!CISE %F& SI,1LE TENSES Score
A. In each of the followin' sentences 'ive the correct form of the ver& inparentheses. 6Fplain why the form you used is correct.
%. A sense HHHHHH*&e+ a nerve pathway.
(. 8ne of which HHHHHHH*respond+ in a certain way to a certain condition affectin'
our &odies.
). Its other end HHHHHHH*reach+ to a part of our &rain that HHHHHHH*inform+ our
conscious mind of what has happened or is happenin'.
. =erve impulses to the &rain HHHHHHH*&e+ stimulated &y li'ht waves, from which
the &rain HHHHHHHH*form+ visual ima'es.
-. "he nose also HHHHHH*have+ never impulses to the &rain which HHHHH*&e+stimulated &y air&orne chemical su&stances.
/. In the %thcentury, em&ryolo'ical studies HHHHHH*&e+ conducted &y 5wammerdam
*on inverte&rates+ and 1alpi'hi *on chicks+.
. It HHHHHH*&e+ not until the %Cth century that his science 'ained considera&le
momentum.
@. 4. 1. ;alfour HHHHHHH*pu&lish+ a (9volume "reatise of 2omparative6m&royolo'y in %@@D.
C. Anatomical studies today HHHHHH*&e+ characteri$ed &y their interdisciplinarynature.
%D. omolo'y HHHHHHHHH*study+ the concept of anatomical structures in terms oftheir em&ryolo'y and evolutionary ori'in.
;. 2hoose a partner and then tell somethin' a&out him in ten sentences usin' thepresent tense of ver&s.
2. 5hare your most em&arrassin' moment with your partner usin' the simple past
tense of ver&s.
)D
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. An itinerary is a travel plan showin' the dates, time, fli'hts and hotel for an entire
trip. ;elow is an itinerary of r. Eude 5antos for his trip to the nited 5tates ofAmerica to attend an international convention. Interpret it &y writin' an essay
usin' the simple future tense of ver&s.
T!I1 ITINE!A! O8 D!& J@DE SANTOSAu'ust %D9(D, (DDH
ate eparture Arrival 4li'ht =o. etails>7emarks
Au'. %D C:DD a.m *1la+. %%:DD a.m. 37((C otel Interconon'Kon' "el. /)99CC
Au'. %D %:DD p.m *K+ %%:DD p.m. =W%% "he 7it$ otel=ew 0ork "el. *D@+ ()9//@
Au'. %%9%/
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Write a para'raph tellin' what you have &een doin' to improve>maintain 'ood
'rades. 0ou may eFpand the followin' sentence.
Knowin' that 'ood 'rades are essential to success, I have &een doin' my &est to
improve my study ha&its.
;. "he past perfect tense eFpresses an action that has occurred in the past prior to
some other action. Write a para'raph tellin' what thin's you had done &efore'oin' to &ed last ni'ht. 1ake your own topic sentence.
2. sin' the future perfect tense form of the su''ested ver&s, complete the sentences
&elow.
%. When I reach the a'e of twenty9one, *&ecome+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. "his day neFt year my &rother *complete+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). "omorrow mornin' the interns *do+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
)(
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. ;y ei'ht toni'ht, the 'uest *arrive+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. When she comes home this noon, she *see+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. At the end of the semester, the students *learn+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. ;efore I think of marryin', I *help+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. "omorrow mornin' at lunch &reak, we *write+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. When my youn'er sister comes home, I *eat+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. ;efore i$a returns the visit, she *sleep+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%%. ;y this time tomorrow, everyone *finish+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%(. "here days from now the &oat *reach+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%). After siF years the 3resident *accomplished+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%. ;y the time the rain stops the street *flood+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%-. ;y Wednesday neFt week the car *sold+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
E6E!CISE %7& 1!O!ESSIVE TENSES Score
nderline the pro'ressive ver& form and write what tense it is *present pro'ressive, pastpro'ressive, or future pro'ressive+.
%. As the doctor was eFplainin' the muscles disease, the
students shouted suddenly. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. e is evaluatin' the patients with motor weakness. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
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). 5ir 2harles ;ell was descri&in' the ;ell 3alsy as a
paralysis of the facial nerve when the president came. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. "he scientist will &e eFplainin' his research durin'
the convention. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. What are you doin' with the stethoscope? HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. In a minute or two all those firecrackers will &e
eFplodin'. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. ookworm9infected individuals are eFperiencin'
inflammatory itch in the area where the larvae enters. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. "he &a&y was continuin' to 'row, addin' fat cells
and fillin' out. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. 3ersons with rheumatoid arthritis will &e eFperiencin'
hi'h fever and intense inflammation of the joints. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. "he 'all&ladder sur'ical patient was eFpectin' a
modified diet. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
LESSON IV
DISTIN@IS5IN 8ACT 8!O, O1INION
4act 9 anythin' that actually happens in time or space9 statement certainly and strictly true
8pinion 9 &elief or jud'ment9 estimation or appraisal
6Fample:
)
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T5E ACADE, A'A!DS
4acts:
%. "he Academy Awards started in %C(C.
(. Katherine ep&urn has the most num&er of actin' awards. 5he won 8scars for
1ornin'
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6Famples of two9word adver&: somewhere, everywhere, downstairs
II. @ses
A. An adver& may occasionally modify a noun or a noun equivalent.
e.'. "he a&ove sentences are correct.
;. An adver& modifies a ver&.
e.'. "he earthquake came uneFpectedly.
2. An adver& modifies a ver&.
e.'. "he music sounds hauntin'ly sweet.
. An adver& modifies another adver&.
e.'. "he father of the champion was indeed very proud.
III. Kinds of Adver(s
A. Adver&s of time *When?+
today shortly yesterday soon
neFt year afterward fortni'ht presentlytomorrow already once &efore
;. Adver&s of 3lace *Where?+
here away there nowhere
everywhere around anywhere acrossin front &ack alon' &ehind
2. Adver&s of 1anner *ow?+
scholarly socially inadvertently anyhow
simultaneously late tactfully to'ether
. Adver&s of 4requency
daily &iennially weekly centennially
monthly never annually always
often seldom hardly ever sometimes
)/
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6. Adver&s of 7eason
in order to due to &ecause of
4. Adver&s of 2omparison
more &etter most &est
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e.'. "he construction of under'round cities is a very modern concept
of metropolitan eFpansion.
"he speaker was late due to unavoida&le circumstances.eni is more intelli'ent than 7ose *who is intelli'ent+.
5he is &etter heard than seen.
owever, in sentences showin' comparison in which transitive ver&s are used, the
two adver&s more and &etter, come after the direct o&ject.
e.'. 1other loves 2hin' more than she does Ein'le.
u$ handles people &etter than Gilma.
G. 1osition and Se$"ence of Adver(s
In the normal order, the adver&s come at the end of the sentence in the followin'
sequence: *%+ adver& of manner, *(+ adver& of place, *)+ adver& of time
e.'. e delivered the lecture this mornin' eFcellently at the conference.
*wron'+e delivered the lecture eFcellently at the conference this mornin'.
*correct+
"he adver& of frequency is placed &efore the ver&, eFcept the ver& &e.
e.'. ;ooks often seem authoritative, yet are sometimes erroneous.
"he adver& of time is often preposed, i.e., put at the &e'innin' of the sentence.
e.'. "his mornin', he delivered the lecture eFcellently at the conference.
"he initial position makes the adver& of time refer directly to the time of the main
ver&. A final position could make the reference of the adver& of time am&i'uous.
e.'. e Klerk initiated reconciliation moves with 1andela, when still the
prime minister of 5outh Africa. *wron'+
When still the prime minister of 5outh Africa, e Klerk initiated
reconciliation moves with 1andela. *correct+
When an adver& eFpressin' a ne'ation or near9ne'ation is preposed, the sentence
uses the interro'ative word order, i.e., the ver& or auFiliary ver& which takes tense
is preposed to the su&ject.
)@
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e.'. "he audience has never heard such harmonies &efore.
=ever has the audience heard such harmonies &efore."he paper offers no clear definition anywhere.
=owhere does the paper offer any clear definition.
E6E!CISE %3& DISTIN@IS5IN 8ACT AND O1INION Score
"eFt: "he 1oon *5ource: Astro Analysis+
"he 1oon is the 6arth#s satellite. It is ()@,DDD miles away and is the only planetin the solar system that revolves around the 6arth. "he 1oon is a&out a quarter of si$e of
the 6arth, havin' a diameter of just over (DDD miles. It or&its the 6arth in ( days,
hours and ) minutes. "his is also the time it takes to rotate on its aFis, so the same faceis always kept toward us.
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"he 1oon has no protective atmosphere. 4or eons of time, it has &een eFposed to
every kind of cosmic influence, includin' solar radiation. Its surface is pockmarked from
innumera&le collisions with solid particles of all si$es.
All moonli'ht is a reflection of sunli'ht. ;ut the 1oon is a poor reflector and
'ives &ack only percent of the li'ht it receives.
8n the 6arth we see the 1oon chan'es from crescent shape to full and &ack a'ain
in (C P days. 4rom out of space, we would see that a&out half the moon is always lit up&y the 5un and half is always in darkness, eFcept durin' an eclipse. When the 1oon is in
a direct line &etween us and the 5un, we see only the dark side. When the 1oon is on the
other side of its or&it so that the 6arth is in line &etween it and the 5un, we see the
1oon#s fully illuminated side and can watch it as a full 1oon from sunset to the neFtsunrise. All the other sta'es *called phases of the 1oon+ are in &etween. When the 1oon
is a quarter of the way around its or&it, we still see half of its surface, &ut half of this half
is dark and half is illuminated, 'ivin' us a quarter 1oon.
Althou'h the 1oon is 6arth#s satellite, the 5un#s pull on it is far 'reater. "he 5un
is the common center of 'ravity for &oth &odies. "he 6arth91oon system is, in effect, adou&le planet.
"he influence of the 1oon *with the sun+ causes the tides. As the 6arth rotatesand the moon revolves, most places receive alternatin' hi'h and low tides. When the 5un
and 1oon &oth pull in line at new and full moon, the tides are hi'her. When they pull at
ri'ht an'les and partly counteract one another, the tides are lower. "ide timeta&les can &e
prepared years ahead on the &asis of the 1oon#s predicted movement. "he tidal ran'e is) to %D feet, &ut in narrow &ays, tides may rise to -D feet.
A. ;ased on the selection, determine if the sentence states a fact or an opinion.
HHHHH %. "he moon has no protective atmosphere.
HHHHH (. "he moon is ()@,DDD miles away and it is the only planet in thesolar system that evolves around the 6arth.
HHHHH ). "he moon influences people#s moods and feelin's.
HHHHHH. 8n the 6arth we see the moon chan'es from the crescent shape to full and
&ack a'ain in (C P days.HHHH -. 3eople &orn with the moon prominent in their horoscopes will &e
emotionally unsettled.
HHHH /. 4rom out in space, we would see that a&out half of the moon is always letup &y the sun and half is always in darkness eFcept durin' an eclipse.
HHHH . "he moon si'nifies the past. It rules all life9'ivin' and life9sustainin'
liquids.HHHH @. As the earth rotates and the moon revolves, most places receive alternatin'
hi'h and low tides.
HHHH C. When the moon is a quarter of the way around its or&it, we still see half
of its surface &ut half of this is dark and half is illuminated 'ivin' us a
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quarter moon.
HHHH %D. 7epresentin' the wei'ht of the past, the moon acts like a &rake on the
pro'ressive sun and re'ulates our evolution toward cosmic consciousness.
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Q0ou can easily distin'uish a solid from a liquid or a 'as &ecause a solid has a
fiFed si$e and shape. If you place a lump of coal on a ta&le, it shows no tendency
to chan'e its si$e or shape, and for this reason you do not need to put a solid in acontainer to hold it in place.
A liquid on the other hand, has a fiFed si$e &ut not a fiFed shape. "he liquid,water, requires a container to hold it in place &ut it readily chan'es shape when it
is poured from one vessel of a particular shape to another vessel of a different
shape. "he si$e or volume of the water does not chan'e durin' this operation.6ven if water in a &owl is completely a&sor&ed in a spon'e, its volume remains
eFactly the same althou'h its shape &ecomes quite complicated.
A 'as, for eFample air, differs from &oth a solid and a liquid &ecause it easily
chan'es &oth in si$e and shape. 0ou can show this &y takin' the stopper off a
perfume &ottle. What happens? "he perfume vapor spreads to all parts of the
room as soon as the stopper is removed. It is clear that the shape of the 'aschan'es, and at the same time its volume increases enormously.
Write the adver&s found in the para'raph and opposite them write the word the
adver& modifies.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
;. iscuss the rousin' climaF of an action or science fiction movie. ;e sure to useappropriate adver&s.
LESSON V
SENTENCE
A sentence is a 'roup of related words that eFpresses a complete thou'ht. It alwayscontains a su&ject and a predicate. A su&ject is the part of a sentence that tells who or
(
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what is &ein' discussed. A simple su&ject is the main noun or pronoun in the complete
su&ject. A predicate is the part of a sentence that tells somethin' a&out the complete
su&ject. A simple predicate is the main ver& which eFpresses action or state of &ein'.
Kinds of Sentences According to 1"rpose
A& To state a fact& A sentence that states a fact is called a declarative sentence. A
declarative sentence is followed &y a period.
e.'. ydrochloric acid is a corrosive su&stance.
;. To as a $"estion. A sentence that asks a question is called an interro'ativesentence. An interro'ative sentence is followed &y a question mark.
e.'. What is the importance of water in our environment?
2. To iss"e a command or mae a co"rteo"s re$"est. "his kind of sentence is
called an imperative sentence. It is also followed &y a period. sually, you! isunderstood as the su&ject of an imperative sentence.
e.'. 3lease donate &lood to the 7ed 2ross.
. "o eFpress a stron' emotion. "his sentence is called an eFclamatory sentence and
is followed &y an eFclamation point.
e.'. ave a nice dayR
E6E!CISE %:& SENTENCES 5core HHHHHHHHH
A. 2lassify each of the followin' sentences as declarative *+, interro'ative*In+, imperative *Im+, or eFclamatory *6+. Write your answer on the
&lanks provided at the ri'ht. 3rovide correct punctuation at the end of
each sentence.
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%. 5tomach pain may also &e of psychosomatic ori'in HHHH
(. "o maintain the proper &alance &etween foods consumed
and ener'y used in work and play, a teena'er must
re'ulate his caloric intake HHHH
). ow 'reat
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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). A movie I saw HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. 2auses of malnutrition HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. "he skeleton and the muscles HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. "ooth decay HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
.
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4our pounds of hi'hly efficient chemical9processin' tissues, the
liver is the lar'est solid or'an in the &ody. 0ou can locate it &y placin'
your left hand over you ri'ht, lowermost ri&sJ your hand then just a&out
covers the area of the liver. 1ore than any other or'an, the liver ena&les
our &odies to &enefit from the food we eat. Without it, di'estion would &e
impossi&le, and the conversion of food into livin' cells and ener'y
practically noneFistent. Insofar as they affect our &ody#s handlin' of food
B all the many processes that 'o &y the collective name of nutrition B the
liver#s function can &e rou'hly divided into those that &reak down food
molecules and those that &uild up or reconstitute these nutrients into aform that the &ody can use or store efficiently.
%. 1ore than any other or'an HHHH
(. "he liver ena&les our &odies to &enefit from the food we eat HHHH
). Insofar as they affect our &ody#s handlin' of food HHHH
. "he liver#s function can &e rou'hly divided HHHH
-. "hat &reak down food molecules HHHH
/. Without it HHHH
. "he liver is the lar'est solid or'an in the &ody HHHH
@. i'estion would &e impossi&le HHHH
C. "he conversion of food into livin' cells HHHH
%D. and over your ri'ht, lowermost ri&s HHHH
5ource: 1edical and ealth 6ncyclopedia
LESSON VI
E88ECTIVE DICTION
"he word is the smallest unit of messa'es. 0ou should 'ive attention to each
word you choose to &e sure it is the most effective one. "his means choosin' the
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words that your receiver and reader will understand and that will 'et from the
reader the reaction you want. "here are siF +/+ principles to consider in word
selection, namely: *%+ choose understanda&le words, *(+ use concrete wordsJ *)+prefer stron' wordsJ *+ emphasi$e positive wordsJ *-+ avoid overused wordsJ and
*/+ avoid o&solete words.
E6E!CISE %=& CO!!ECT @SAE 5core HHHHHH
A. 5u&stitute &etter words for the less understanda&le words and for the
technical words *jar'on+ at left.
Less @nderstanda(le ,ore @nderstanda(le
%. a&dicate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH (. pro'nosticate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). eFonerate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . 'erminate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. altercation HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH /. de&ilitated HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. contempti&le HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. eFpectorate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH C. equity HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. de facto HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
;. Write a simple one9word su&stitute for each phrase and use it in a
sentence.
%. within the realm of possi&ility HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH(. make the acquaintance of HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). eFcept in very few instances HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. with reference to HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH -. in close proFimity to HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. come to an end HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. in the first place HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH @. durin' the time that HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. inasmuch as HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. in order to HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
2. Write a more effective su&stitute for the o&solete weak and a&stract wordsand phrases.
8&solete words and phrases 1ore effective
%. contents duly noted HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. perusal HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ). favor us with a reply HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
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. trustin' to hear from you HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. as stated a&ove HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. enclosed herewith HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . kindly advise HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. per HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. acknowled'in' yours of HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH %D. &e' to state HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
Weak 5tron'
%%. passed away HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%(. refrain HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%). unsuccessful HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH %. noisy HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%-. decline HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
A&stract 2oncrete
%/. often HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH %. loyal HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%@. jewelry
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH%C. afternoon HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(D. holiday
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
5ource: 2ommunication Arts %: 5"I>"83
E6E!CISE %B& @SAE 5core HHHHHHHH
I. We&ster#s =ew 5tudent ictionary la&els the words &elow as slan' words.
If they are so la&eled in the dictionary you are usin', write the slan'
definition and one of the other definitions of that word.
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%. chick a youn' woman
a new9hatched chicken
(. daffy HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). dame HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. di' HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. rod HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
II. 4irst write the meanin' or modern synonym for each word that youreco'ni$e without consultin' a dictionary. "hen, usin' a dictionary, write
the definition of the other words.
%. perchance HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. thee HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). ma$y HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. sire HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. fair HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
/. spoke HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. &emocked HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
@. sword HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
C. methou'h HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
%D. withal HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
E6E!CISE %& SNON,S2ANTON,S 5core HHHHHHHHH
I. 4orm a 'roup of three. 5tudy the differences in meanin' amon' the
'roups of synonyms &elow, then use in a sentence reflectin' the
difference.
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%. ancient venera&le old9fashioned
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
(. ar'ue discuss de&ate
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
). omit discard shed
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
. 'am&le venture ha$ard
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-. occurrence event episode
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
III. efine each of the words in the 'roups &elow. "hen after each 'roup,
write a sentence usin' each word.
ro"p %
man9a&out9town HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
man ape HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
man9eatin' HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
manfully HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
man9made HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
manhandle HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
mantrap HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
ro"p II
moon&eam HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
moon &lindness HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
moonli'ht HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
moonshine HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
moonstone HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
LESSON VIII
1!ONO@NS
1rono"ns are used in place of nouns. 3ronouns 'ive variety to your writin'&ecause you do not repeat the same noun over and over. "here are seven types of
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pronouns, namely: personal, relative, interro'ative, demonstrative, refleFive,
intensive, impersonal, distri&utive and reciprocal. 6ach type of pronoun performs
a different function in a sentence.
A. Kinds of 1rono"ns
%. 3ersonal 3ronouns are su&stitutes for nouns that refer to specific persons
or thin's. "he personal pronouns are: I, you, he, she, we, us, they, one, it.
e.'. 5he wants to come alon' with us.
(. !elative 1rono"ns connect a 'roup of words containin' a su&ject and a
ver& to a noun or pronoun. "he personal pronouns are: who, whom,whose, which, whoever and that.
e.'. 6mma, who is my &oss, can communicate well.
). Interrogative 1rono"nsare used in askin' questions. "he interro'ative
pronouns are: who, whose, whom, whoever, which, what and whatever.
e.'. Who stole the compact discs?
. Indefinite 1rono"ns do not specify a particular person or thin'. "hey are
used to make 'eneral statements a&out individuals or thin's. "he
indefinite pronouns are: all, another, any&ody, anyone, anythin', &oth,
each one, either every&ody, everyone, everythin', few, little, many, more,much, neither, no&ody, no one, nothin', oneself, other, others, several
some, some&ody, someone, somethin', and such.
e.'. I 'ave him nothin' for his hard work.
-. Demonstrative 1rono"nsare used to indicate specific persons, places orthin's. "he demonstrative pronouns are: this, that, these and those.
e.'. "his is an attractive desk.
/. !efleGive 1rono"ns reflect the action of the ver& &ack to a noun orpronoun in the sentence. "he refleFive pronouns are: myself, yourself,
themselves.
e.'. I cut myself while shavin'.
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=& Intensive 1rono"nsare used for emphasis to stren'then the su&ject. It is
placed usually after its antecedent. "he intensive pronouns are: himself,myself, yourself and itself.
e.'. e himself was as strai'ht as a saint.
;. Cases of 1rono"ns
3ronouns chan'e their form when they perform different functions and
appear in different parts of a sentence. "he different forms are called
cases. "he three types of cases are: nominative, possessive and o&jective.
%. Nominative caseis used when the pronoun functions as:
a. t+e s"(ject of a sentence
e.'. 5he went to see a movie.
We enjoyed our vacation.
&. t+e s"(ject of an implied ver( H after >t+an? and >as?
e.'. 1y landlady like cats &etter than she. *implied ver&
did+
c. t+e predicate complement
e.'. It was she who stole the instruments.
"he only one left is he.
3ronouns in the nominative case are: I, you, he, she, it, we, we and
they.
(. 1ossessive caseis used when the pronoun#s functions are:
a. to s+o. possession or o.ners+ip
e.'. 8ur profession is no&le.
Is this &ook mine?
&. to modif0 a ger"nd -ver( form .it+ >ing?/
e.'. is o&jectin' to the rules caused the discussion.
*modify the 'erund ob"ecting+
I will appreciate your takin' care of my son.*modify the 'erund taking+
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3ronouns in the possessive case are: my, mine, your, yours, his,hers, its our, ours, their, theirs.
). O(jective case is used when the pronoun functions as:
a. direct o(ject of t+e ver(
e.'. "ina carried him to the hospital. *o&ject of the ver&carried+
&. indirect o(ject
e.'. "he music 'ave her a headache. *indirect o&ject of
the ver&gave+
c. o(ject of an infinitive
e.'. 5onia wanted to show us her report. *o&ject ofinfinitive to sho!+
d& o(ject of a preposition
e.'. "he messen'er said the packa'e is for her. *o&ject
of the prepositionfor+
e& s"(ject of an infinitive
e.'. 2arol wants me to help or'ani$e the &a$aar.*su&ject of infinitive to help+
f. o&ject of an implied ver& B after than! and as!
e.'. 1y teacher always like =ora more than me. *o&jectof implied very like+
2. !"les of Agreement (et.een 1rono"ns and Antecedents
%. A pronoun should a'ree with its antecedent in person, num&er and'ender.
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e.'. 7ene is 'oin' to 2e&u, where he can surf as much as he
wants. *"he noun 7ene is in the third person, so the pronoun in the
third person.+
(. An indefinite pronoun used as an antecedent takes a pronoun in the
third person.
e.'. Anyone who wants a hi'h 'rade has to study his lessons
dili'ently. *"he antecedent, anyone, is an indefinite pronoun, so apronoun in the third person is used B his.+
). "he indefinite pronouns each, anyone, one, either, neither,
some&ody, someone, any&ody, everyone, every&ody, no&ody, kind,sort, are sin'ular, and a pronoun referrin' to any of these words
should &e sin'ular.
e.'. 5omeone left his pen on my ta&le.6ach of the 'uests has his ticket.
. se a sin'ular pronoun with two or more sin'ular antecedents
joined &y or, nor, either9or, neither9nor.
e.'. =either 5ally nor Amy wants to spend her money.
-. se a plural pronoun if any of a compound antecedent joined &y
or, nor, either9or, neither9nor is plural
e.'. 6ither 2hita or her friends &rin' their record player.
/. If the antecedent is a collective noun, the pronoun is either sin'ular
or plural, dependin' on its use.
e.'. "he committee is meetin' neFt week to reach its decision.
*committee is treated as a whole unit, so it s sin'ular.+
"he committee mem&ers are meetin' to reach theirdecision. *plural+
E6E!CISE 7F& 1!ONO@NS 5core HHHHHHH
5upply the correct pronoun on the num&ered &lank.
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!O
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%. 1yrna and *I>me+ play cards on weekends. HHHHHHHHH
(. 4ather and *he>him+ took a trip to the province. HHHHHHHHH
). Eohn and *the>them+ will &e here early. HHHHHHHHH
. oes *she>her+ know you are here? HHHHHHHHH
-. 0ou and *I>me+ will finish the eFperiment. HHHHHHHHH
/. "he winner was *he>him+. HHHHHHHHH
. It was *she>her+ at the door. HHHHHHHHH
@. "he &oys on the field were *they>them+. HHHHHHHHH
C. Was it *he>him+? =o, it was *I>me+. HHHHHHHHH
%D. "he man in the uniform is *he>him+. HHHHHHHHH
%%. *8ur>ours+ houses look alike. HHHHHHHHH
%(. "his &ook is not *my>mine+. HHHHHHHHH
%). I appreciate *you>your+ takin' care of my dau'hter. HHHHHHHHH
%. I just reali$ed how *my>mine+ re'ular eFercise
has kept me fit. HHHHHHHHH
%-. et us use up *your>yours+ medicine first. HHHHHHHHH
%/. ave invited *I>me+. HHHHHHHHH
%. "he 7omans conquered *they>them+. HHHHHHHHH
%@. If we offer *she>her+ money she will accept it. HHHHHHHHH
%C. Aunt aisy sat &eside *she>her+. HHHHHHHHH
(D. "he winner was *him>he+. HHHHHHHHH
;. With a partner, rewrite the followin' dialo'ue to correct the errors in the use of
pronouns.
Eohn : ave you#re finished writin' your term paper?
;riF : =o, me haven#t yet. 1ine notes aren#t or'ani$ed. ook their not
even complete.
Eohn : 1y aren#t either. 2ould you lend mine some of you#re reference
materials? Ana claims that yours references are more up9to9date
than her.
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;riF : 5he must &e kiddin'R 1e used teFt&ooks which are five years
&ehind. 4or this reason, 3rofessor "an advised I to read journals.
5he said that their more up9to9date.
Eohn : 0ours topic is a&outAidsisn#t he? I came across an article a&out
Aidsthe other day. Its in the =ewsweek.
;riF : oes the li&rarian allow me &rin' the =ewsweek out for FeroFin'?
Eohn : Why don#t they ask them? ;etter still, request the li&rarian to let
you &orrow them for overni'ht use.
;riF : I#ll do that. "hanks for you.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
LESSON I6
SE@ENCIN O8 EVENTS
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What do you think will happen if a film editor made a mistake in 'ettin' all the
scenes of a motion picture miFed up? 8r a pre9school teacher tellin' her class
that 5now White had first &een kissed &y the prince &efore she at the apple?"hese information will surely confuse the people watchin' the movie and the
children listenin' to their teacher.
Any material must not only &e full and interestin', it must also &e unified. "hat is
why arran'in' materials which have &een collected is very important. 6ven
eFcellent su&stance will lose much of its effectiveness if it is incorrectly andillo'ically arran'ed. Always remem&er to keep related parts to'ether and to keep
one phase of the thou'ht &efore &e'innin' another.
E6E!CISE 77& SE@ENCIN O8 EVENTS 5core HHHHH
A. 7esearch on how soap is made. With the aid of the dia'ram on the neFt
pa'e, num&er the events followin' the sequence &ased on to what you
have researched on.
ow 5oap Is 1ade
HHHH A 'iven portion of fat is in the tank a&out CD minutes and is at least CC
percent converted to fatty acid when it reaches the eFit at the top of the
tank.
HHHH eated fats are continuously fed in near the &ottom of the tank and hotwater enters near the top.
HHHH "his reaction takes place in a stainless steel tank, a&out /- feet in hei'ht.
HHHH A miFture of fat s and oils is first hydroly$ed &y super heated water in thepresence of $inc oFide catalyst to 'ive the or'anic acid and 'lycerol.
HHHH 5odium hydroFide solution, or a miFture of sodium and potassium
hydroFide, is then pumped into the purified fatty acids, neutrali$in' themand formin' soap.
HHHH "he fatty acids are purified &y distillation at very low pressure.
HHHH 3ure 'lycerol is then o&tained &y evaporation of this solution at low
pressure.HHHH "he fatty acid product flows out of the top of the tank and a concentrated
aqucous solution of 'lycerol is drawn at the &ottom.
;. iscuss how the process called titration! is performed.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
2.
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A MODULE
IN
PREPOSITIONS
/(
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/)
376385I"I8=5
KI=5 84 376385I"I8=5376385I"I8=A
II815
ACCO!DIN
TO
,EANIN
ACCO!DIN TO
8O!,
Location
Direction
Time
1rocess
1ossession
ApproGimation
Attri("tion
!elation
Simple
Compo"nd
CO,
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OVERVIEW
ear 5tudent,
o you have this common pro&lem of pausin' while writin' an essay
&ecause of your difficulty in usin' the word in or on when the o&ject of the
preposition is a date? 8r at or in when the o&ject of the preposition refers to
an address or location?
If your answers to these two questions are yes then this module is
especially desi'ned for you. 8f the ei'ht parts of speech, the preposition
is considered mysterious &ecause of its diversity in meanin's.
"he answer to the mystery lies in you, reader. 5tudy the words
carefully and understand their meanin's and uses. Answer the eFercises
honestly and patiently reread>redo them if necessary. o not proceed to the
neFt lesson if you have not mastered the previous one.
6njoy this module and eFperience the satisfaction of unlockin' the
mystery &y yourself.
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5o. To @se T+is ,od"le
"his module functions as a self9learnin' kit. It eFplains lessons the
same way a teacher or &ook does.
As you may notice in the unit map, the topic of this lesson,
prepositions, is found in esson II of your teFt&ook, 2olle'e 4reshman
6n'lish ;ook I. owever, this lesson is presented to you in a modular
form to 'ive you an opportunity to study more closely this topic and to 'ive
you opportunity to assess yourself as you answer the practice and self9 tests.
"he followin' are the thin's you must remem&er as you use this
module.
%. 6Fercise utmost care of this module &y openin' its pa'es carefully.
(. 5tart answerin' the preliminary test first &efore doin' anythin' else.
). o not fold the pa'e corners. Instead use a &ookmark.
. Keep the pa'es clean and do not write unnecessary marks on the
pa'es.
-. "ake ample time in answerin' the eFercises. 0our honest answers are
vital to your learnin'.
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Terminal O(jectives
After readin' this module, you are eFpected of the followin'
outcomes.
%. 2orrectly use common types of prepositions accordin' to their
meanin's.
(. 3roperly place prepositions in sentences.
). nderstand the chan'es in meanin's of prepositions when these
are com&ined with other words.
. se prepositional idioms in oral and written eFercises.
//
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Content O"tline
I. 2orrectly use common types of prepositions accordin' to their
meanin's.
%. 3repositions of location
(. 6Famples of prepositions of space and movements
). 3repositions of direction
. 6Famples of prepositions of direction
-. 3repositions of time
/. 6Famples of prepositions of time. 3repositions of process
@. 6Famples of prepositions of process
C. 3reposition of possession
%D. 6Famples of preposition of possession
%%. 3repositions of approFimation
%(. 6Fample of prepositions of approFimation
%). 3reposition of attri&ution
%. 6Famples of preposition of attri&ution
%-. 3reposition of relation
%/. 6Famples of preposition of relation
II. 3repositional Idioms. 2orrectly use phrases with com&ined
prepositions and other words.
%. 2om&ination of ver&s and prepositions
(. 6Famples of phrases with com&ined ver&s and prepositions
). 2om&ination of nouns and prepositions. 6Famples of phrases with com&ined nouns and prepositions
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PRELIMINARY TEST
irections: Identify the option that correctly fills in the &lank. 2ircle the letter of your
answer.
%. "he church &ells could &e seen HHH Thi'her thanU the trees.
a. a&ove &. over
(. "hey took shelter HHH T&eneathU the driveway#s canopy.
a. under &. &elow). All the students were ordered to remain HHH Tinside specific &ounds or limitsU the
premises of the school until after the convocation was over.
a. a&out &. within. When Een arrived at the party, she took the &oF of chocolates HHH Tfrom withinU
her &a' to 'ive to the &irthday 'irl.
a. out of &. off -. ;ernie had a &ruise just HHH Tlower in position thanU his left eye.
a. &elow &. around
/. I asked my friend a&out who was comin' HHH Talon' a street towards the speakerU
the road, &ecause I did not have my 'lasses on.a. near &. up
. 4or almost a kilometer, we had to crawl HHH Tat the &ack ofU a slow9movin' car.
a. &ehind &. after @. "he 'irl sat HHH Tseparated fromV the others.
a. off of &. apart from
C. It is difficult to swim HHH Tin the opposite directionU the current.
a. a'ainst &. across%D. When the policemen came, the suspect ran to the car which was standin' HHH Tat
the outer side ofU the house.a. out &. outside
%%. "he do' trotted HHH Tnear toU its master.
a. &y &. near&y
%(. I will meet you HHH TlocationU the &us station.a. on &. at
%). 6velyn declared that she would never 'o HHH TwithinU that shop a'ain &ecause of
the way she was treated.a. inside &. to
%. A tall, rather thin man stood HHH Tin front ofU the &uildin'.a. across &. &efore%-. "he cat knocked the flower pot HHH Tfrom its current locationU the stand.
a. apart from &. off
%/. 7enationali$ation of the 3hilippine Airlines is &asically swimmin' HHH the tide of
privati$ation.a. a'ainst &. for
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%. 4ares are not the main o&stacle HHH the rapid 'rowth of tourism in the country.
a. of &. to
%@. I hope this article never sees print &ecause of will &e overtaken HHH events.
a. &y &. on
%C. 6Fercise 'urus now say that for most people, &risk walkin' is prefera&le HHHjo''in'.
a. than &. to
(D. If you are always very conscious HHH what people think or say a&out you, youmi'ht &ecome a nervous wreck.
a. a&out &. of
(%. "he youn' officer was assi'ned HHH a 6uropean mission after only two years at
the home officea. to &. at
((. "he con'ressmen#s countryside development fund! does not seem to &e different
HHH the old pork &arrel.
a. from &. to(). 5ome imported products are actually inferior HHH similar ones locally produced.
a. from &. to(. "he new "hai restaurant was ele'antly furnished HHH reproductions of the art