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RUPANJALI ROY

031903

BHM(1St Yr)

B.P.PODDHARINSTITUTION 

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Space Discovery

The world of mystery

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Space Introduction

What is space? 

For millions of years, space was out of reach for humans strandedhere on planet Earth. Like any inaccessible object, it was muchdreamed about and inspired many different interpretations. Indeed,

for centuries the heavens were believed to be the realm of the godsbathing in everlasting happiness.

Humans had to find out the truth, and the only way was to see thingsfor themselves. When they got there, they found no divine presencebut a strange place without air, noise or smells. Space proved to bea paradox of nature, at once so empty and yet so hostile, both a

world of silence and a source of incredibly high-energy phenomena.

Such energy in a sea of emptiness has taxed the minds of scientistsand changed our view of the world forever.

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Famous Astronomers

Nicholas Copernicus (1473 -1543) 

Nicholas Copernicus is a famous polish astronomer who is well known for hisCopernican theory, which states that the sun is the center of the universe and theearth revolves around and completes one revolution in a year. Although havingstudied subjects in areas as varied as liberal arts, law and medicine it was hisinteraction with a mathematician Domenico Maria de Novara that that sparked hisinterest in astronomy. He was fascinated after experiencing eclipse by the moon of

the star Aldebaran in the year 1497.

 Tycho Brahe(1546-1601) 

Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer who is supposed to have made the mostaccurate astronomical observations about measurements of the solar system andover 700 other stars. He was the first one to make these observations and to

catalogue the planets and stars with adequate accuracy so as to determine whetherthe Ptolemaic or Copernican system was more valid in describing the universe or theplanetary systems. In 1572 he found a supernova near the Cassiopeia constellation.In 1576, he built the astronomy observatory, which is now known as the Castle ofUranienborg. As an astronomer, Tycho worked to combine the geometrical benefits ofthe Copernican system with the philosophical benefits of the Ptolemaic system only tocreate his own model of the universe, the Tychonic system. From 1600 until his deathin 1601, Johannes Kepler assisted him. Kepler later used Tycho's astronomical

information to develop his own theories of astronomy.

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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) 

 

Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist and an astronomer. His achievements includeimprovements to the telescope, noteworthy astronomical observations, and supportfor Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observationalastronomy." In 1589 he became a professor of mathematics at Pisa and supposedlytaught theories that contradicted Aristotle's theories, and in 1592 his contract was notrenewed. The same year he was appointed as the chair of mathematics at theUniversity of Padua, where he invented a 'calculating compass' for solvingmathematics problems. In December 1609 he had built a telescope twenty timesstronger than the first, which he was able to use to view craters on the moon with,stars in the Milky Way, and the four largest satellites of Jupiter and the phases ofVenus. In 1613 he published a book about sunspots. In the year 1624 he wrote

Dialogue on the Tides which he discussed the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories.Galileo’s championing of Copernicanism was controversial within his lifetime sincethe view had been dominant since the time of Aristotle, and the controversy thatemerged due to Galileo's opposition to this view resulted in the Catholic Church'sprohibition of heliocentrism. Galileo was forced to recant his theory and had to spendthe last years of his life under house arrest on orders of the Inquisition.

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Recent Astronomers from IndiaKalpana Chawla was born in a Punjabi family at Karnal,

Haryana, India. Chawla joined the NASA in March1995 and selected for her first flight in 1998.Her first

space mission began on November 19, 1997 as part

of Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87. Chawla

was the first Indian-born woman and the second

person of Indian origin to fly in space, following

cosmonaut Rakesh Sharma . Kalpana died in the

Space Shuttle Columbia disaster  which occurred on

February 1, 2003,

Sunita Williams (born September 19, 1965) is aUnited States Naval officer and a NASA astronaut.

Selected by NASA in June 1998, Williams began her

training in August 1998.Her Astronaut Candidate

training included orientation briefings and tours,

numerous scientific and technical briefings, intensive

instruction in Shuttle and International Space Station

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Space Instrument

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Instrumentation of space weather

Instrumentation plays a major part in space weatheranalysis and data collecting. In fact there are numerousspace weather stations found worldwide to be able tocollect and forecast from a variety of tools andinstruments.

Sky Imager Magnetometer  data acquired from all-sky

imagers is an important component of auroral research.The imager provides a complete view of the sky aroundthe imager. Any auroral activity visible from theinstrument site will be captured, digitized, and sent to scientists for data analysis

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Incoherent Scatter Radar  is the most powerful ground basedtechnique for the study of the Earth's ionosphere and its interactions withthe upper atmosphere, the magnetosphere and the interplanetary medium.The 'incoherent' scatter echo is the result of the scattering ofelectromagnetic energy, radiated from the radar, by electrons in theionosphere plasma, which are controlled by the much slower, massive

positive ions. Most of the power is due to scattering from electron densityfluctuations caused by the presence of these ions and the frequencyspectrum of the received signal provides information about theirtemperature, composition and velocity.

Instrumentation plays a major part in space weather analysis

and data collecting. In fact there are numerous space weatherstations found worldwide to be able to collect and forecast from avariety of tools and instruments.

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Space Exploration

Since space exploration first began on October 4, 1957, spacecrafts

have explored every type of object in the Solar System and in outerspace. On that day, the USSR launched Sputnik 1, the first artificialsatellite to orbit the Earth. The first space flight with humans aboardwas made on April 12, 1961 when a Soviet cosmonaut circled theEarth in a spacecraft. We always dreamed of travelling in space,and wanted to explore the unknown to answer many questionsabout the Universe, such as, how the stars, the Sun, and the planets

were made, and whether life exists elsewhere. Scientists thought itwas impossible to reach the Moon until the Apollo 8 spacecraftorbited the Moon 10 times in 1968. During the fifty years since thefirst space expeditions were made, spaceships have travelledaround the Solar System visiting all kinds of different planets.

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Solar System

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Sun,the energy source

The Sun is the Solar System'sstar, and by far its chiefcomponent. Its large mass(332,900 Earth masses) producestemperatures and densities in its

core great enough to sustainnuclear fusion, which releasesenormous amounts of energy,mostly radiated into space aselectromagnetic radiation, peakingin the 400 –to –700 nm band wecall visible light.

 Along with light, the Sun radiatesa continuous stream of chargedparticles (a plasma) known as thesolar wind. This stream ofparticles spreads outwards atroughly 1.5 million kilometres perhour,[20] creating a tenuousatmosphere ,the heliosphere .Cosmic rays originate outside theSolar System .

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Let’s introduce the planets  Mercury

Mercury  is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planetin the Solar System. Its relatively large iron core and thin mantlehave not yet been adequately explained.

 Venus

Venus is close in size to Earth, and like Earth, has a thicksilicate mantle around an iron core. It is the hottest planet,with surface temperatures over 400 °C.

Earth

Earth is the largest and densest of the inner planets. Itsliquid hydrosphere is unique among the terrestrialplanets, and it is also the only planet where plate

tectonics has been observed. It contain 21% free oxygen .

Mars

Mars  is smaller than Earth and Venus.It possessesan atmosphere of mostly carbon dioxide. Its red

colour comes from iron oxide (rust) in its soil .

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Jupiter

Jupiter , at 318 Earth masses, is 2.5 times the mass of all

the other planets put together. It is composed largely of

hydrogen and helium. Jupiter's strong internal heat

creates a number of semi-permanent features in its

atmosphere, such as cloud bands and the Great Red

Spot.

Saturn

Saturn,distinguished by its extensive ring system,

has several similarities to Jupiter, such as its

atmospheric composition and magnetosphere.

Uranus

Uranus , at 14 Earth masses, is the lightest of the

outer planets.It has a much colder core than theother gas giants.

Neptune

Neptune ,though slightly smaller than Uranus, is

more massive and therefore more dense. It radiates

more internal heat.

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Most important objects of space

Galaxies are systems or clusters of gas, dust, and

stars which are held together by gravitational force; a

galaxy contains anywhere from 100,000,000 to

3,000,000,000 stars. It is among the oldest large

scale objects in the Universe. The Milky Way is a

spiral galaxy.

 A supernova is a stellar explosion that creates an

extremely luminous object that is initially made of plasma -

an ionized form of matter. A supernova may briefly out-

shine its entire host galaxy before fading from view overseveral weeks or months.

 Quasars, the most distant objects discovered by

astronomers in the Universe, are very bright, large point-

like objects just like stars; most are larger than our SolarSystem, and they radiate enormous amounts of energy.

A t id

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 Asteroids are mostly small Solar System bodies[e] 

composed mainly of refractory rocky and metallic

minerals.The main asteroid belt occupies the orbit between

Mars and Jupiter,It is thought to be remnants from the

Solar System's formation that failed to coalesce because of

the gravitational interference of Jupiter.

Comets are small Solar System bodies,typically only

a few kilometres across, composed largely of volatile

ices. When a comet enters the inner Solar System,its proximity to the Sun causes its icy surface to

sublimate and ionise, creating a coma: a long tail of

gas and dust often visible to the naked eye.

Meteor  is used to describe the streak of light producedas matter in the solar system falls into Earth's

atmosphere creating temporary incandescence

resulting from atmospheric friction. A meteoroid is

matter revolving around the sun or any object in

interplanetary space that is too small to be called anasteroid or a comet.

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The nebula consists of a cloud of ionized gas, which is lit

from within, by a number of newly formed stars. It is also

observed that a dark cloud containing interstellar dust lies

right in front of it. The dust absorbs light from these ionized

clouds and small red spots seen at the base of the

Horsehead tend to betray the presence of the hidden

protostars. The black hole is still a mystery. They can gulp many

stars more than the size of a sun and still keep on

eating a lot. Imagine a vacuum cleaner in your house

which pulls all the dust and other littered things

inside it. To become a black hole, the star should be15 times bigger than the sun. Here, death of a star

means the end of the nuclear fuel as, in the life cycle

of a star  there is a continuous nuclear fusion 

reaction.

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Recent discovered facts Scientists discovered water in Mars. They had always believed water formed more

than a billion years ago but the latest discovery is the first sign of liquid forming in

the past few hundred thousands years. Nasa’s latest study, reported in the Journal ofGeophysical Research, concluded the liquid likely formed from melting snow, whichthen trickled into the subsurface and dissolved. 

Thursday, October 28, 2010 - Nearly one in four stars similar to the sun may host planetsas small as Earth, according to a new study funded by NASA and the University of

California.

TWO NEW PLANETS---Those who hope to find life elsewhere in the universe have acouple of new places to look: two larger-than-Jupiter planets just discovered orbitingfaraway stars. Astronomers detected variations in the light coming from each star, whichcould be caused by a large planet in orbit. The stars, very similar to the Sun, are about 35

light-years away.

BILLIONS OF NEW GALAXIES: New photos from the Hubble Space Telescope revealthat the universe may be a lot more crowded than scientists once thought. The photos, likethis one, reveal some 1,500 galaxies (groups of stars like our Milky Way) in a tiny speck ofspace. Based on their view of that speck, scientists now estimate there may be 50 billion

galaxies in the universe - 5 times their previous estimate.

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Conclusion

So,this was almost what we know

about the space till today.Hope

in near future scientists would be

able to find a new world,whichwould become a resident for the

living world.May we will gather

more and more informationsabout space and the mystery

world will be open us. 

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Refference

www.astronomy for kids.com

www.space.com 

www.google.com  Encyclopedia

 Acknowledgement

special thanks to Apana Bose…..