collaborative aspects of decision making and its impact on sustainability
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Collaborative aspects of Decision Making and its impact on Sustainability@SAGRA 2017
Henry Muccini DISIM Department
University of L’ Aquila, L’Aquila, [email protected] - @muccinihenry
Slides available at: http://www.slideshare.net/henry.muccini/
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
2Sustainability
• “capacity to endure” [1] and • “preserve the function of a system
over an extended period of time.” [2][1] Sustainability: Can our society endure?
http://www.sustainability.com/sustainability
[2] Hilty, L.M., Arnfalk, P., Erdmann, L., Goodman, J., Lehmann, M., and Wäger, P.A. The relevance of information and communication technologies for environmental sustainability: A prospective simulation study. Environmental Modelling & Software 21, 11 (Nov. 2006) 1618–1629.
Maintaining and preserving (certain properties/abilities) in the long-term…
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
3Sustainability – four dimensions
Patricia Lago, Sedef Akinli Koçak, Ivica Crnkovic, Birgit Penzenstadler: Framing sustainability as a property of software quality. Commun. ACM 58(10): 70-78 (2015)
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
4Focus of this talk
cost-effective longevity and endurance
maintained and evolved
collaborative and intercultural aspects
requirements traceability
economics
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
7Software Architecture perspectives
4 (main) perspectives: A set of components and connectorscommunicating through interfaces (since ‘90s) Written according to architectural styles(since mid ‘90s) Focus on set of views and viewpoints (since ‘00) A set of architecture design decisions (since ‘05)
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
9Architecture Design Decisions
Architecting is the process of creating software architecture knowledge and artifacts for engineering software systems
A Software Architecture consists of–A blueprint for the chosen solution (product)–A set of design decisions (co-product)
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
10Taking decisionsDesignproblem Problem
spacesub-problem(or issue)
sub-problem (or issue)
Designoption
Designoption
Designoption
Designoption
Solution space
Alternativesolutions
Alternativesolutions
Decision =best option
Decision =best option
Best, with respect to
some criteria
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
12ADD challenges
Dependencies among decisions
Granularity of design decisions
Collaborative ADD
Evolving ADD
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
13Note
A different set of ADD brings potentiallyvery different Architectures
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
18Three decades of research on group decision making in the business domain
Group DecisionMaking
GDM has been studied from multiple perspectives that includes Psychology, Organizational Behavior, Operations Research and Economics
Processes and Methods
Group Characteristics: size, diversity,
roles, cohesion
Information Exchange
Issues: Groupthink, Group Shift
Process Enhancement
ConflictResolution
GDM
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
20GDM methods• The participants freely propose a list of alternatives. Then,
brainstorm over them to arrive at a final decision. A leader moderates. (supports the generation of ideas)
Brainstorming
• Alternatives are provided by the participants, and thenvoted.Voting
• Experts answer questionnaires in a distributed and anonymous way. A facilitator provides an anonymous summary of the experts’ forecasts (after each round). (avoids influence between experts)
Delphi
Consensus: several alternatives are listed, an effort is made to achieve maximum level of consensus. Selection: once there is high level of agreement among participants selected and the decision is made the best alternative are selected.
Consensus-Selection
• The problem is modelled as goals, alternatives and criteria. Participants are normally experts who do a pairwise comparison of alternatives based on certain criteria. The results are then synthesized to make the final decision
AHP
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
24Example of a different GDM processList Alternatives: Given a list of design issues, each member writes down his or her choice of alternatives individually (without discussion)Once everyone has individually written down the choices, each one reads out his/her alternative solutions These alternative solutions are noted down in the shared excel QOC sheet and the names of person proposing the alternative is also written against each alternativeDiscuss and Evaluate: The group discussion on alternative starts. Each design issue is taken and each alternative for a specific design issue is evaluated against the criteria relevant to that issue. Make sure every member participates in this discussion regarding the alternatives. The evaluation details are noted in the QOC sheetConsensus: After discussing on the design issues, the group must now proceed closer to making final decisions. – During the discussion for each issue, there may one alternative solution that emerges as
winner. In that case, it is chosen– Else, top 2 alternatives are listed. One more round of discussion may happen on pros and
cons of each alternative and 1 may be chosen..If this too leads to tie, members may vote for one of these alternatives. The alternative with most votes is chosen
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
27Architecture GDM in practice 5-10 people
involved in decisionmaking 21 different
macro-rolesrepresented
80%-20% distributed-colocated
V. Smrithi Rekha, Henry Muccini: A Study on Group Decision-Making in Software Architecture. WICSA 2014: 185-194
how practitioners arrive at a consensus
Drivers: time, cost and quality Decision pattern: group
discussion -> if no agreement, a leader/small group decides (35%)
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
28GDM Factors
Design Issue 1: how many
gateways shall be used to collect
sensored data in a building?
Single Gateway
1 gateway per floor
1 Gateway per
apartment
Cost
Reliability
Availability
Design alternatives
CriteriaDesign issue
Stakeholders’ concernsStakeholders’ reputation
Stakeholders’ rolesConsensus Mechanisms
Social linksDecision Patterns
GDM
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
29RecapA different set of ADD brings
potentially very different Architectures
Collaboration adds social and organizational aspects into the group decision making process
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
32Let us go back to the initial illustrations...
What do they have in
common?
Provides methods to supportmulti-stakeholders, with different concerns and roles, to take design decisions collaboratively
Requires multi-stakeholders, with different sustainability-specific concerns, to take decisions
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
35
Techconcerns
Software Architecture Description
TechConcerns Economic
Concerns
Economic Concerns
Env concerns
Env concerns
Social concerns
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
36Consideration 1
Trade-offs between all the four dimensions of Sustainability
Competing forces E.g. Environmental vs Economics
Fundamental to capture direct vs indirect dependecies among solutions
Multi-objective function Different stakeholders and glossaries
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
37Examples
Env concerns
EconomicConcerns
EconomicConcerns
Social concerns
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
39Explicit handling of sustainability
1. Sustainability as a Quality Requirement
2. Sustainability as a tactic3. Sustainability as a new Architecture
Framework
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
40Sustainability as a new requirement category Efficiently incorporates environmentally friendly materials. Minimal consumption of water energy, resources in all stages of
production till end-of-life Causes minimal emissions in gas, liquid and solid form during
both manufacturing and it’s use Has a long life is repairable and is efficient in use for all energy,
consumables and emissions Unlike traditional products with minimal life, these products can
be upgraded to extend their life At the end of life these products can be reused and the
materials can be separated and recycled. These products are in harmony with people and nature, they
consider their well-being In the process of Design and manufacture both commercial and sustainability have to be considered.
https://www.slideshare.net/vasudhanair/sustainability-requirements-3
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
41Sustainability as a Quality Property
Patricia Lago, Sedef Akinli Koçak, Ivica Crnkovic, Birgit Penzenstadler: Framing sustainability as a property of software quality. Commun. ACM 58(10): 70-78 (2015)
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
42Sustainability as a new Architecture Framework
SoftwareVP
HardwareVP
Physical SpaceVP
HWML SPML
Software Architect
Developer System Integrators
System Engineer
Space coverage
Data exchangeNetworking and communication
Energy Consumption
Viewpoints System Concerns
Stakeholders
The Modeling Languages
DSLDSL DSLDSL
SAML
DSLDSL
Smart Building / Physical Space modelers
(Sensor network & IoT ) experts
MAPML DEPML
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
44Challenge Building traceability links among possibly
very different artifacts
Henry Muccini @ ICSA2017
45Need of an approach that
1) supports the creation of traceability links to arbitrary artifacts.
2) supports the definition of custom traceabilitylink types for projects.
3) supports the visualization of artifacts connected by traceability links through matrix or graph view.
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
48Social Sustainability
“Social sustainability aims at preserving the societal communities in their solidarity and services.”[Manifesto]
[Manifesto] The Karlskrona Manifesto for Sustainability Design. http://sustainabilitydesign.org/karlskrona-manifesto/
Henry Muccini – SAGRA 2017
49On the Social Dimensions of Architectural Decisions
Henry Muccini, Damian Andrew Tamburri, V. Smrithi Rekha:On the Social Dimensions of Architectural Decisions. ECSA 2015: 137-145
Architecture Design Decisions
Group DecisionMaking
Organizational Social
Structure
OSS= “the graph of interactions, patterned relations and arrangements emerging between individuals in the same endeavor”...
Collaborative aspects of Decision Making and its impact on Sustainability@SAGRA 2017
Henry Muccini DISIM Department
University of L’ Aquila, L’Aquila, [email protected] - @muccinihenry
Slides available at: http://www.slideshare.net/henry.muccini/