collaboration, competition and the global drivers of research collaborative research: trends and...
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Collaboration, Competition and the Global Drivers of Research
Collaborative Research: Trends and Future Directions
Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, MD
30 March 2011Dr Andrew Plume
Associate Director – Scientometrics & Market Analysis. ElsevierDaniel Calto
Director of Business Development, Elsevier
2
$1,159B (USD PPP—2010
est.)
$409B (USD--1990)
Sources: Global R&D Magazine, Battelle (2010 estimates) http://www.rdmag.com/tags/publications/global-r-and-d-funding-forecast/ ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics (1990 actuals) www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/S&T/BulletinNo1EN.pdf
3
$2.5B (USD PPP—1990)
$33.3B (USD PPP—2010
est.)
4
$12.4B (USD PPP—1990)
$141.4B (USD PPP—2010
est.)
5
$101.9B (USD PPP—
1990)
$268.5B (USD PPP—
2010)
6
$152.0B (USD PPP—
1990)
$401.9B (USD PPP—
2010)
Average Annual Growth of R&D Expenditure for US, EU-27, Asia-8
7
Source: National Science Foundation
R&D Expenditures for US, EU, and Asia 1996-2007
8Source: National Science Foundation
High-technology manufacturing share of total manufacturing, by region/country: 1985–2005
Source: National Science Foundation
10
Global competition has increased dramatically
Countries ranked by published output in 2007
“Today the dominant position of the United States in the international
research and education community is being challenged as never before.”
-American Academy of Arts and Sciences
“Today the dominant position of the United States in the international
research and education community is being challenged as never before.”
-American Academy of Arts and Sciences
New global leaders are emerging
Countries ranked by output growth 1997-2007
Drivers of collaboration and competition
Collaboration Competition
FundingPersonal allegiances
Ideological, social and political forcesPublish or perish
Low-cost communication and travelPersonal gain
FundingPersonal antipathies
Ideological, social and political forcesPublish or perish
Drive for individual recognitionPersonal gain
14
Sharing in science
15
Levels of Scientific Collaboration at Major US Research Institutions
Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map
16
Levels of Scientific Collaboration at Goddard Space Flight Center
Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map
17
Having access to other researchers’ data
benefits/would benefit my own research
I am willing to allow other researchers to access my
raw research data
Significant difference between subset and total
Significant difference between 2005 and 2010 data
Author Reader dichotomy more want access than are willing to share
Total
Chemistry
Computer Science
Earth & Env Sciences
Engineering
Life Sciences
Materials Science
Maths
Medicine & Allied Health
Physics & Astronomy
SocSci + Arts Hum + Economics
Why scientists don’t share
There is one character trait . . . which is an intrinsic part of a scientist’s culture, and which the public image doesn’t often include: his extreme egocentricity, expressed chiefly in his overmastering desire for recognition by his peers. No other recognition matters. And that recognition comes in only one way. It doesn’t really matter who you are or whom you know. You may not even know those other scientists personally, but they know you—through your publications.
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Scientists seek recognition for their work
Geneticists' Reasons for Withholding Post publication Information, Data, or Materials. Respondents who considered these motivating factors very important or important. 19
Why scientists don’t share
•3,222 authors•208 institutes•37 countries
20
Big Science and hypercollaboration
80%
21
International collaboration is rising globally
22
International collaboration is rising globally
23
International collaboration is rising globally
24
International collaboration increases citation impact
Numbers denote number of articles (thousands) in each subject area in 2008
25
International collaboration is field-dependent
US
UK
Japan
Germany
France
Italy
Netherlands
Canada
Switzerland
Belgium
2000: International collaboration is centered on a few hubs
Data Source: Scopus
US
UK
Japan
Germany
FranceItaly
Netherlands
Canada
Switzerland
Australia
Belgium
2008: International collaboration is centred on a few (more) hubs
Data Source: Scopus
28
Collaboration may reflect geopolitical networks
Data Source: Scopus
Collaboration may reflect shared history and language
Data Source: Scopus
30
Competition for research grants is increasing
What types of information tools can be used to increase collaboration and better understand patterns of both collaboration and competition?
31Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot
Johnson Space Center NASA Pilot – Project Detail
32Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot
Johnson Space Center NASA Pilot – Collaborator Network Detail
33Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot
Johnson Space Center NASA Pilot – Research Profile Detail
34Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot
Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities
35Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US and China national map
US National Map – Distinctive Competency # 548 -- Avian Wing Design in Aeronautic and Astronautic Engineering
36Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map
Distinctive Competency #548 – “Treemap” of components of interdisciplinary competency
37
Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map
Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities -- Top Institutions
38
Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map
Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities -- Top Authors
39
Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map
Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities -- Top Countries
40
Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map
Distinctive Competency #64 – Space Research and Geophysics – Top Institutions
41
Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map
42