cold weather recommendations for all caterpillar machines · pdf filecold weather...

SAFETY.CAT.COM™

COLD WEATHER RECOMMENDATIONS FORALL CATERPILLAR MACHINES

Excerpted from Operation & Maintenance Manual (SEBU5898-11-01)

®© 2007 CaterpillarAll Rights Reserved

®

i01658146

Important Safety InformationMost accidents that involve product operation, maintenance and repair are caused by failure to observebasic safety rules or precautions. An accident can often be avoided by recognizing potentially hazardoussituations before an accident occurs. A person must be alert to potential hazards. This person should alsohave the necessary training, skills and tools to perform these functions properly.

Improper operation, lubrication, maintenance or repair of this product can be dangerous andcould result in injury or death.Do not operate or perform any lubrication, maintenance or repair on this product, until you haveread and understood the operation, lubrication, maintenance and repair information.Safety precautions and warnings are provided in this manual and on the product. If these hazard warningsare not heeded, bodily injury or death could occur to you or to other persons.

The hazards are identified by the “Safety Alert Symbol” and followed by a “Signal Word” such as“DANGER”, “WARNING” or “CAUTION”. The Safety Alert “WARNING” label is shown below.

The meaning of this safety alert symbol is as follows:

Attention! Become Alert! Your Safety is Involved.The message that appears under the warning explains the hazard and can be either written or pictoriallypresented.

Operations that may cause product damage are identified by “NOTICE” labels on the product and inthis publication.

Caterpillar cannot anticipate every possible circumstance that might involve a potential hazard.The warnings in this publication and on the product are, therefore, not all inclusive. If a tool,procedure, work method or operating technique that is not specifically recommended by Caterpillaris used, you must satisfy yourself that it is safe for you and for others. You should also ensure thatthe product will not be damaged or be made unsafe by the operation, lubrication, maintenance orrepair procedures that you choose.The information, specifications, and illustrations in this publication are on the basis of information thatwas available at the time that the publication was written. The specifications, torques, pressures,measurements, adjustments, illustrations, and other items can change at any time. These changes canaffect the service that is given to the product. Obtain the complete and most current information before youstart any job. Caterpillar dealers have the most current information available.

When replacement parts are required for thisproduct Caterpillar recommends using Caterpil-lar replacement parts or parts with equivalentspecifications including, but not limited to, phys-ical dimensions, type, strength and material.

Failure to heed this warning can lead to prema-ture failures, product damage, personal injury ordeath.

SEBU5898-11 3Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Foreword ................................................................. 4

Information Section

Cold Weather Recommendations ........................... 6

Operation Section

Starting Recommendations .................................... 8

Parking Recommendations ................................... 16

Maintenance Section

Fluid Recommendations ....................................... 17

Battery Recommendations ................................... 22

Tire Inflation Recommendations ........................... 24

Reference Information Section

Reference Materials .............................................. 26

Index Section

Index ..................................................................... 28

4 SEBU5898-11Foreword

ForewordLiterature InformationThis manual should be stored in the operator’scompartment in the literature holder or seat backliterature storage area.

The information contained in this document is themost current information available for coolant, fuels,and lubricants. Special lubricants are required forsome machine compartments. Refer to the Operationand Maintenance Manual for your machine for anyspecial lubrication requirements.

Whenever a question arises regarding the machine,this publication, or the Operation and MaintenanceManual, please consult any Caterpillar dealer for thelatest available information.

SafetyRefer to the Operation and Maintenance Manual foryour machine for all safety information. Read andunderstand the basic safety precautions listed in theSafety Section. In addition to safety precautions, thissection identifies the text and locations of warningsigns used on the machine.

Read and understand the basic precautions listed inthe Safety Section before operating or performinglubrication, maintenance and repair on the machine.

MaintenanceRefer to the Operation and Maintenance Manualfor your machine to determine all maintenancerequirements.

Maintenance Interval Schedule

Use the Maintenance Interval Schedule in theOperation and Maintenance Manual for yourmachine to determine servicing intervals. Calendarintervals shown (daily, weekly, monthly, etc.) canbe used instead of service hour meter intervals ifthey provide more convenient servicing schedulesand approximate the indicated service hour meterreading. Recommended service should always beperformed at the interval that occurs first.

Under extremely severe, dusty or wet operatingconditions, more frequent lubrication than is specifiedin the Maintenance Interval Schedule might benecessary.

Extended Engine Oil Drains and Warranty

Failures that result from extended oil drain periodsare not Caterpillar factory defects and therefore arenot covered by Caterpillar’s warranty. In addition,failures that result from not using the recommendedoil type are not Caterpillar factory defects andtherefore are not covered by Caterpillar’s warranty.

Refer to the applicable Operation and MaintenanceManual for standard oil drain periods and to theMaintenance Section, “Lubricant Specifications” ofthis publication for engine oil type and viscosity graderecommendations.

To reduce the potential risk of failures associatedwith extended oil drain periods; it is recommendedthat oil drain intervals only be extended based on oilanalysis, and subsequent engine inspections. Oilanalysis alone does not provide an indication of therate of formation of lacquer, varnish and/or carbon onpistons and other engine surfaces. The only accurateway to evaluate specific oil performance in a specificengine and application that utilizes extended oildrain periods is to observe the effects on the enginecomponents. This involves tear-down inspectionsof engines that have run to their normal overhaulperiod with extended oil drain intervals. Followingthis recommendation will help ensure that excessivecomponent wear does not take place in a givenapplication.

NOTICELight loads, low hour accumulation, and excessiveidling time can contribute to excessive water in thecrankcase oil. Corrosive damage, piston deposits andincreased oil consumption can also result. If oil analy-sis is not done or the results are ignored, the potentialfor corrosive damage and piston deposits increases.Refer to the appropriate Operation and MaintenanceManual for guidance.

Note: Failures that result from extended oil drainperiods are not warrantable failures, regardless ofuse of this recommended procedure. Failures thatresult from extended engine oil drain periods areconsidered improper use under the warranty.

SEBU5898-11 5Foreword

Aftermarket Products and Warranty

NOTICEWhen auxiliary devices, accessories or consumables(filters, oil, additives, catalysts, fuel, etc.) made byother manufacturers are used on Caterpillar prod-ucts, the Caterpillar warranty is not affected simplybecause of such use. Failures that result from theinstallation or usage of other manufacturers auxiliarydevices, accessories or consumables, however, arenot Caterpillar factory defects and therefore are NOTcovered by Caterpillar’s warranty.

Caterpillar is not in a position to evaluate the manyauxiliary devices, accessories or consumables pro-moted by other manufacturers and their effect onCaterpillar products. Installation or use of such itemsis at the discretion of the customer who assumes ALLrisks for the effects that result from this usage.

Furthermore, Caterpillar does not authorize the use ofits trade name, trademark, or logo in a manner whichimplies our endorsement of these aftermarket prod-ucts.

6 SEBU5898-11Information SectionCold Weather Recommendations

Information Section

Cold WeatherRecommendations

i02662343

Cold Weather InformationSMCS Code: 1000; 7000

The information that is contained in this documentis an aid to the operation and maintenance of yourCaterpillar machine in cold weather. This informationwill cover operating your machine in temperaturesfrom 9 °C (48 °F) to −40 °C (−40 °F).

When you operate the machine in temperaturesabove 9 °C (48 °F), refer to the Operation andMaintenance Manual for your machine.

It is difficult to outline the operation and maintenanceof a machine that is used in freezing temperaturesfor a general publication. The difficulty in outliningthe requirements is caused by the followingconditions: the unlimited differences in weatherconditions, applications, and the supplies that areavailable in your area. In order to provide the bestpossible guidelines, use the information in thisdocument and the following criteria: varying factors,recommendations from your Caterpillar dealer, andpast proven practices.

Hints for Cold WeatherMake sure that you read the information for selectingthe lubricants to use in cold weather. Refer to SpecialPublication, SEBU6250, “Lubricant Viscosities” formore information.

Prepare the machine for the weather conditions. Usethe following options to keep the machine warm:heaters, enclosures for compartments, and storagefacilities.

• To assist in warm-up, block the radiator. Blockingthe radiator will restrict air from the fan.

• Before the beginning of cold weather, install thecorrect lubricant in each compartment.

• Keep all starting fluid at room temperature. Injectstarting fluid only while the engine is cranking.

• Provide cooling system protection for the lowestexpected outside temperature.

Premix the antifreeze solution for the cooling system.At the minimum, the freeze protection that is providedby the solution should be equal to the systemprotection requirements.

• Check all rubber parts weekly: hoses, tires, andfan drive belts.

• Check all electrical wiring and connections for anyfraying or for damaged insulation.

• Keep all batteries fully charged and warm.

• Fill the fuel tank at the end of each shift.

• Check the air cleaners and the air intake daily.If snow is present, check the air intake morefrequently.

Steering response on equipment with hydraulicsteering may become very slow at very lowtemperatures. This can happen even if the correctoils are used.

If the engine is started, run the engine until the enginereaches operating temperature. Achieving operatingtemperature will help prevent the intake valves andexhaust valves from sticking.

Personal injury or property damage can resultfrom alcohol or starting fluids.

Alcohol or startingfluids are highly flammable andtoxic and if improperly stored could result in injuryor property damage.

Do not store starting fluid or store alcohol in theoperator’s compartment.

Inject alcohol into air compressors in order to preventmoisture from freezing in the air system.

The cooling system and the lubrication system for theengine do not lose heat immediately upon shutdown.The transmission and the hydraulic system loseheat more rapidly because of more exposed areas.Gear cases cool rapidly, since the gear cases do notoperate as warm as other compartments.

This means that an engine can maintain the ability tostart readily after being shut down for a few hours.The other systems will lose heat more rapidly. Theequipment will require exercising upon starting. If theengine is shut down for at least sixteen hours, theengine will cool down to the outside temperature.

SEBU5898-11 7Information Section

Cold Weather Recommendations

Running the engine at idle will keep the enginecompartment warm. The compartment for thetransmission will also be kept warm. However,running the engine will not keep hydraulic systemswarm.

The outer wrapper on hydraulic hoses can crackwhen flexing occurs in cold temperatures. This doesnot mean that the hoses have failed. The hoses willstill carry oil under pressure.

Condition the hydraulic hoses on the equipmentbefore the temperatures decrease below −40°C(−40°F).

Perform the following steps in order to condition thehoses with the hoses on the machine: Operate at66°C (150°F) hydraulic oil temperature for at leastone hour. Use an oil that has a pour point of −54°C(−65°F).

Normal machine operation will condition the hoses ifarctic fluids have been put into the system. However,the arctic fluid must be put into the system beforecold weather begins.

Condition the hoses before installation if the ambienttemperature is lower than −40°C (−40°F).

Perform the following steps in order to condition ahose before installation:

• Fill the hose assembly with kerosene or with awinter blend of diesel fuel. Leave the couplingsattached.

• Keep the hoses filled for a minimum of eight hoursat a temperature of 22°C (72°F).

• Hose assemblies should be installed within thirtydays of conditioning.

Check the machine in order to be sure that thevoltage of the electric heaters matches the powersource.

Correct track tension is especially important duringcold weather operation in snow. For adjustmentprocedures, refer to the Operation and MaintenanceManual for the machine.

8 SEBU5898-11Operation SectionStarting Recommendations

Operation Section

Starting Recommendationsi01863730

Before Starting EngineSMCS Code: 1000; 7000

NOTICEDo not remove the air cleaner element when snowpacking occurs. This could cause severe engine dam-age. Instead, rework the air intake so air is taken inunder the hood.

Do not use a torch to heat a compartment. This causesfires, burns wiring, gaskets and seals, or melts thebattery case.

When using canvas covers, do not install them nearexhaust systems. This helps to prevent fires.

Check the air cleaner daily before starting themachine. If you operate the machine in heavy snow,attach a burlap sack loosely to the precleaner. Bymoving freely, the sack will prevent the snow fromaccumulating around the precleaner. Keep the burlapsack away from heated parts. The hot exhaust pipingmay ignite the burlap sack. Also, make sure that theburlap sack does not touch any moving parts.

In order to assist in warm-up, block the radiator.Blocking the radiator will restrict air from the fan.Additional items may be needed to assist in warm-up.The use of the following items may be required:coolant heaters, block heaters, tents, and additionalbatteries.

Before entering the operator’s station, inspect thecondition of the following parts: hydraulic hoses,tires, and fan drive belts. Carefully inspect thesecomponents for any of these conditions: cuts, cracks,and worn spots. Check all electrical wiring and checkelectrical connections for any fraying or for damagedinsulation.

If the machine is equipped with a gasoline startingengine, check the gasoline tank and check thesediment bowl. At every fifty service hours, check formoisture and check for dirt.

i02662373

Engine Starting InformationSMCS Code: 1000; 7000

CategoriesTable 1

Categories of Cold Weather

Category Temperature Range

Category 1 9 to −9.5 °C (48 to 15 °F)

Category 2 −9.5 to −18 °C (15 to 0 °F)

Category 3 −18 to −30 °C (0 to −22 °F)

Category 4 −30 to −40 °C (−22 to −40 °F)

The fluids in all compartments must have a pour pointbelow the outside starting temperature.

Category 1

9 to −9.5 °C (48 to 15 °F)

At operating altitudes of 460 m (1500 ft) or less, aCaterpillar diesel engine will not normally require anystarting aids for temperatures in “Category 1”.

At operating altitudes of 460 m (1500 ft) or higher,a Caterpillar diesel engine may require a startingaid. The use of starting aids depends on the enginemodel and the altitude.

Table 2

Category 1 Starting Aids

Altitude EngineModel Recommended Optional

0 to 460m (0 to1500 ft)

AllModels None None

3126B,C-9,C7,C9

ContinuousFlow Etherabove

460 m(1500 ft) All Other

Models NoneNone

Note: Continuous flow ether is controlled by theengine ECM. Manual operation during starting is notrequired.

Use only Caterpillar SAE 15W-40, 10W-30 oils orany commercial SAE multigrade oil that meets theECF-1 requirements. Refer to the machine Operationand Maintenance Manual and Special Publication,SEBU6251 for more information.

SEBU5898-11 9Operation Section

Starting Recommendations

Category 2

−9.5 to −18 °C (15 to 0 °F)

Table 3



CoolantHeater

AllAltitudes

AllModels

Continuous FlowEther

Heavy DutyBattery

and StarterPackage(1)

(1) Contact your Caterpillar dealer for availability for your machinemodel.

Use only Caterpillar 10W-30 oil, or a lower viscositymultigrade oil, that meets ECF-1 requirements.Do not use SAE 15W multigrade oil in category2 temperatures. Refer to the machine Operationand Maintenance Manual and Special Publication,SEBU6251 for more information.

Category 3

−18 to −30 °C (0 to −22 °F)

Table 4



Continuous FlowEther Oil Heater

Coolant Heater Fuel HeaterAllAltitudes

AllModels

Heavy DutyBattery andStarter(1)

BatteryWarmer


Only use SAE 5W-40 or a lower viscosity multigradeoil. Do not use any SAE 15W or 10W multigrade oilsin category 3 temperatures. Refer to the machineOperation and Maintenance Manual and SpecialPublication, SEBU6251 for more information.

Category 4

−30 to −40 °C (−22 to −40 °F)

Table 5



Continuous FlowEther Oil Heater

Coolant Heater Fuel HeaterAllAltitudes

AllModels

Heavy DutyBattery andStarter(1)

BatteryWarmer


Use only SAE 0W-40 or a lower viscosity multigradeoil. Do not use any SAE 15W, SAE 10W or 5Wmultigrade oils in category 3 temperatures. Refer tothe machine Operation and Maintenance Manual andSpecial Publication, SEBU6251 for more information.

i02662985

Engine Starting with StartingAidSMCS Code: 1000; 1090; 1456; 7000

Diesel Engines That Are EquippedWith Gasoline Starting Engines1. Place the lever that is used to release compressioninto the START position.

2. Move the engine governor control to theSHUTOFF position.

3. Shift the transmission for the gasoline startingengine into the LOW speed position. Start crankingthe diesel engine with the gasoline starting engine.

4. After the diesel engine cranks freely, disengagethe clutch for the gasoline starting engine. Shiftthe transmission for the gasoline starting engineto HIGH speed. Engage the clutch for the gasolinestarting engine. Crank the diesel engine forseveral minutes in order to warm the engine.As a result of cranking the diesel engine, the oilpressure should attain the NORMAL range on thegauge. Also, the pressure of the diesel fuel shouldregister NORMAL.

5. Place the lever that is used to release compressioninto the RUN position. Move the diesel engine’sgovernor control lever to the HIGH IDLE position.


NOTICEStart the diesel engine with the starting engine trans-mission in High only.

6. After the diesel engine starts, reduce the rpmof the diesel engine. Disengage the clutch forthe gasoline starting engine. Turn off the fuel tothe gasoline starting engine. Continue to run thegasoline starting engine until the gasoline startingengine’s carburetor bowl is dry.

Diesel Engines That Are EquippedWith Gasoline Starting Enginesand Glow Plugs1. Place the lever that is used to release compressioninto the START position.

2. Move the governor control lever to the SHUTOFFposition.

3. Start cranking the diesel engine with the gasolinestarting engine’s transmission in LOW speed.

4. After the diesel engine cranks freely, disengagethe clutch for the gasoline starting engine. Shiftthe transmission for the gasoline starting engineto HIGH speed. Engage the clutch for the gasolinestarting engine. Crank the diesel engine for severalminutes in order to warm the engine. Cranking thediesel engine will also bring the oil pressure to theNORMAL range on the gauges. Also, the pressurefor the diesel fuel should register NORMAL.

5. Disengage the clutch for the gasoline startingengine, but allow the gasoline starting engine torun.

6. Turn the heat switch for the glow plug to the HEATposition. Allow the glow plug to operate for two tofive minutes. Do not crank the diesel engine.

7. After warming the engine with the glow plug, movethe lever that is used to release compression intothe RUN position. Engage the clutch in order tocrank the diesel engine.

8. With the heat switch in the ON position, allowthe gasoline starting engine to crank the dieselengine. Continue cranking the diesel engine untilnormal cranking rpm is achieved.

NOTICEStart the diesel engine with the starting engine trans-mission in High only.

9. While you crank the engine with the heat switch inthe ON position, move the governor control leverto the HIGH IDLE position.

10.Keep the heat switch in the ON position until theengine starts and the engine runs smoothly. Afterthe engine starts, reduce the rpm of the engine.

NOTICEDo not turn the heat switch to the Heat position if theengine is warm and running. Engine damage couldresult.

11.Disengage the clutch for the gasoline startingengine. Turn off the fuel for the gasoline startingengine. Continue to run the gasoline startingengine until the engine’s carburetor bowl is dry.

Diesel Engines That Are EquippedWith Ether Starting Aid

Manual Metered Ether Injection System

Ether is poisonous and flammable.

Breathing ether vapors or repeated contact ofether with skin can cause personal injury.

Use ether only in well ventilated areas.

Do not smoke while changing ether cylinders.

Use ether with care to avoid fires.

Do not store replacement ether cylinders in livingareas or in the operator’s compartment.

Do not store ether cylinders in direct sunlight orat temperatures above 49 °C (120 °F).

Discard cylinders in a safe place. Do not punctureor burn cylinders.

Keep ether cylinders out of the reach of unautho-rized personnel.

To avoid possible injury, be sure the brakes are ap-plied and all controls are in Hold or Neutral whenstarting the engine.

At temperatures above 0°C (32°F), the use of etheris not normally necessary. At temperatures between0°C (32°F) and −18°C (0°F), one to six injections ofether may be required. The amount of ether that isrequired will depend on the type of engine and thecranking rpm.



When you start the engine below −18°C (0°F), usea new container of ether to make sure that there isadequate delivery pressure.

NOTICEInject starting aid (ether), only while cranking the en-gine.

At temperatures below −18°C (0°F), three to sixinjections of ether will be required to start the engine.After the engine starts, and cranking is stopped,continue to inject ether until the engine runs smoothlyand/or the white smoke stops. This may require asmany as ten to twelve injections of ether.

Continuous Flow Ether System

The continuous flow ether system that is used as astarting aid in cold weather is controlled by the engineECM and engine software. The continuous flow ethersystem is dependent on coolant temperature andaltitude. The starting procedure is not affected duringether injection.

Note: On machine engines that are equipped withan air inlet heater and continuous flow ether, theheater indicator light may not illuminate under certainconditions. The ECM and engine software insure thatether injection will not occur when the air inlet heateris in use.

Note: Check the ether bottle to insure that the bottlecontains an adequate supply of ether in order to aidengine starting. This can be done by removing thebottle and shaking the bottle. Replace with a newbottle if the bottle is empty.

Note: Insure the continuous flow ether is turnedon using electronic technician (ET). Consult yourCaterpillar dealer for more information.

Automatic Metered Ether InjectionSystem

Start the engine with the ether starting aid in theAUTOMATIC position.

After the engine starts, move the ether starting aidswitch to the MANUAL position. Hold the switch inthe MANUAL position until the engine runs smoothlyand/or the white exhaust smoke stops.

Note: Regardless of the switch position, if the jacketwater coolant temperature is at least 13°C (55°F),ether will not be injected.

Allow the engine to warm up at low idle for a minimumof five minutes before operating the machine.

Diesel Engines That Are Equipped WithGlow Plugs

1. Move the engine governor control to the FULLTHROTTLE position.

2. Turn the heat-start switch to the HEAT position.Maintain heat to the engine for the time that isindicated in table 6.

Table 6

Times For Glow Plug Starting Aid

Starting Temperature Glow Plug Heating Time

Above 16°C (60°F) Zero minutes

16 to 0°C (60 to 32°F) One minute

0 to −18°C (32 to 0°F) Two minutes

Lower Than −18°C (0°F) Three minutes

3. Turn the heat-start switch to the START position.Spray ether starting fluid into the air intake whileyou crank the engine.

Note: Ether starting fluid may not be required in allinstances.

NOTICENever operate the starter for more than twenty sec-onds at a time without allowing two minutes for theengine to cool before attempting to start again.

Do not turn the heat start switch to the Heat positionor the Start position with the engine warm or running.Engine damage could result.

Use ether sparingly. Spray ether into the air intakefor approximately one second.Wait approximately twoseconds before spraying again. Spray ether only whilecranking the engine. Follow instructions on the con-tainer.

4. When the engine starts, return the enginegovernor control to the LOW IDLE position. Runthe engine at the rpm that allows the engine torun smoothly. If necessary, return the heat-startswitch to the HEAT position until the engine runssmoothly.

5. When the engine is stopped, turn the disconnectswitch to the OFF position in order to preventbattery discharge.


Diesel Engines That Are EquippedWith An Air Inlet Heater

If your engine is equipped with an air inlet heater(AIH) for cold weather starting, only use an ap-proved continuous flow ether system that is in-stalled by Caterpillar or by a Caterpillar dealer. Theengine software must be activated in order to in-sure that ether injection and AIH operation will notoccure at the same time. Use of any other manual-ly or automatically operated ether started aid sys-tem could cause an explosion resulting in injuryor death.

Explosion hazard! This machine is equipped withan air inlet heater. Do not spray aerosol startingaids such as ether manually into the intake. Theuse of ether without an ether attachment could re-sult in an explosion or fires that could cause per-sonal injury or death.

1. Engage the parking brake.

2. Unlock the steering column and the steeringwheel. Adjust the steering column and the steeringwheel to the desired position. Lock the steeringcolumn and the steering wheel.

3. Move the control levers to the HOLD position.

4. Push in the starting aid switch for the air inletheater and release the starting aid switch.

5. The indicator light for the air inlet heater may comeon during engine start-up. When the indicator lightgoes off, turn the engine start switch to the STARTposition.

6. Depress the throttle pedal by 1/3 of the full pedaltravel during engine cranking.

7. When the engine starts, release the engine startswitch key and the throttle pedal. The throttlepedal will return to the low idle position.

After engine start-up, the air inlet heater can beactivated for an extended postheat cycle. The airinlet heater will operate for an additional 30 secondsin order to smooth a rough running engine.

When you are starting the engine at temperaturesbelow −9.5 °C (15 °F) or below 9 °C (48 °F) whenabove 460 m (1500 ft), the use of additional coldweather starting aids is recommended. A coolantheater, a fuel heater, an oil heater, or extra batterycapacity may be required.

i01837444

Engine Starting with JumpStart CablesSMCS Code: 1000; 7000

Batteries give off flammable fumes that can ex-plode resulting in personal injury.

Prevent sparks near the batteries. They couldcause vapors to explode. Do not allow the jumpstart cable ends to contact each other or themachine.

Do not smoke when checking battery electrolytelevels.

Electrolyte is an acid and can cause personal in-jury if it contacts skin or eyes.

Always wear eye protection when starting a ma-chine with jump start cables.

Improper jump start procedures can cause an ex-plosion resulting in personal injury.

Always connect the battery positive (+) to batterypositive (+) and the battery negative (−) to batterynegative (−).

Jump start only with an energy source with thesame voltage as the stalled machine.

Turn off all lights and accessories on the stalledmachine. Otherwise, they will operate when theenergy source is connected.



NOTICEWhen starting from another machine, make sure thatthe machines do not touch. This could prevent dam-age to engine bearings and electrical circuits.

Turn on (close) the battery disconnect switch prior tothe boost connection to prevent damage to electricalcomponents on the stalled machine.

Severely discharged maintenance free batteries donot fully recharge from the alternator after jump start-ing. The batteries must be charged to proper voltagewith a battery charger. Many batteries thought to beunusable are still rechargeable.

Use only equal voltage for starting. Check the batteryand starter voltage rating of your machine. Use onlythe same voltage for jump starting. Use of a welder orhigher voltage damages the electrical system.

Refer to Special Instruction, Battery Test Procedure,SEHS7633, available from your Caterpillar dealer, forcomplete testing and charging information.

Severely discharged maintenance free batteries willnot fully recharge from the alternator alone afteryou jump start the machine. The batteries must becharged to the proper voltage with a battery charger.Many batteries that are considered to be unusablecan still be recharged by this method.

Refer to Special Instruction, SEHS7633, “Battery TestProcedure” for complete information about testingand about charging. This document is available fromyour Caterpillar dealer.

When auxiliary starting receptacles are not available,use the following procedure.

1. Determine the reason that the engine will notcrank. See Special Instruction, SEHS7768for instructions about the use of a 6V-2150Starting/Charging Analyzer. This is still a validprocedure if the machine does not have adiagnostic connector.

2. Engage the parking brake on the stalled machine.Place the transmission into neutral. Lower theequipment to the ground. Move all controls to theHOLD position.

3. Turn the start switch on the stalled machine to theOFF position. Turn off all accessories.

4. Turn the battery disconnect switch on the stalledmachine to the ON position.

5. Move the machine that is being used as anelectrical source near the stalled machine so thatthe jump start cables reach the stalled machine.Do not allow the machines to contact eachother.

6. Stop the engine of the machine that is beingused as an electrical source. If you are usingan auxiliary power source, turn off the chargingsystem.

7. Ensure that battery caps on both machines aretight and correctly placed. Ensure that batteries inthe stalled machine are not frozen. Make sure thatthe batteries have enough electrolyte.

8. The positive ends of the jump start cable are red.Connect one positive end of the jump start cableto the positive cable terminal of the dischargedbattery. Some machines have battery sets.

Note: Batteries that are in series may be in separatecompartments. Use the terminal that is connectedto the starter solenoid. This battery or battery set isnormally on the same side of the machine as thestarter. The positive ends of the jump start cableare red. Connect one positive end of the jump startcable to the positive cable terminal of the dischargedbattery. Do not allow the positive cable clamps tocontact any metal except for the battery terminals.

9. Connect the other positive end of the jump startcable to the positive cable terminal of the electricalsource.

10.Connect one negative end of the jump start cableto the negative cable terminal of the electricalsource.

Note: In 24 volt battery systems, the negative cableterminal of the electrical source is connected to thebattery disconnect switch in the same battery set thatis used in Step 9.

11. Finally, connect the other negative end of the jumpstart cable to the frame of the stalled machine.Do not connect the jump start cable to the batterypost. Do not allow the jump start cables to contactthe battery cables, the fuel lines, the hydrauliclines, or any moving parts.

12.Start the engine of the machine that is being usedas an electrical source or energize the chargingsystem on the auxiliary power source.

13.Wait at least two minutes before you attemptto start the stalled machine. This will allow thebatteries in the stalled machine to partially charge.


14.Attempt to start the stalled engine. See yourmachine’s Operation and Maintenance Manual,“Starting Above 0°C (+32°F)” for the correctstarting procedure.

15. Immediately after you start the stalled engine,disconnect the jump start cables in reverse order.

16.Conclude the failure analysis on the startingsystem of the stalled machine and/or on thecharging system of the stalled machine.

i01837451

Engine Starting with AuxiliaryStart ReceptacleSMCS Code: 1000; 7000

Some Caterpillar products may be equipped withauxiliary starting receptacles as standard equipment.All other machines can be equipped with a receptaclefrom parts service. The installation of an auxiliarystarting receptacle will provide a permanentreceptacle for jump starting.

Two cable assemblies are also available in order tojump start the stalled machine from another machinethat is also equipped with this receptacle or with anauxiliary power pack. Your Caterpillar dealer canprovide the correct cables for your application.

1. Make the initial determination of the machine’sfailure to crank. Refer to Special Instruction,SEHS7768, “Use of 6V-2150 Starting ChargingAnalyzer Group”. The procedure is applicable,even if the machine does not have a diagnosticconnector.

2. Move the transmission control of the stalledmachine into the NEUTRAL position. Engagethe parking brake. Lower the attachment to theground. Move all controls to the HOLD position.

3. Turn the engine start switch of the stalled machineto the OFF position. Turn off all accessories.

4. Turn the battery disconnect switch of the stalledmachine to the ON position.

5. Move the machine that is being used as a powersource so that the jump start cables can reach thestalled machine. Do not allow the machines tocontact each other.

6. Stop the engine on the machine that is being usedas a power source. If you are using an auxiliarypower source, turn off the charging system.

7. On the stalled machine, connect the appropriatejump start cable to the auxiliary starting receptacle.

8. Connect the other end of the jump start cableto the auxiliary starting receptacle that is on thepower source.

9. Start the engine on the machine that is being usedas a power source. If you are using an auxiliarypower source, energize the charging system onthe auxiliary power source.

10.Wait for a minimum of two minutes while thebatteries in the stalled machine partially charge.

11.Attempt to start the stalled engine. Refer toOperation and Maintenance Manual, “StartingAbove 0°C”.

12. Immediately after you start the stalled engine,disconnect the jump start cable from the machinethat is being used as a power source.

13.Disconnect the other end of the jump start cablefrom the stalled machine.

14.When the engine is running and the chargingsystem is in operation, conclude the failureanalysis on the starting charging system of thestalled machine, as required.

i01837454

Engine and Machine Warm-UpSMCS Code: 1000; 7000

Whenever a machine has been parked for a longperiod of time, some of the systems will cool to belownormal operating temperatures. Always warm themachine systems before operating the machine atfull operation.

Damage to engine valve control components canresult from engine operation for short intervals duringoperation in very cold weather conditions. If theengine is not allowed to warm completely, the enginecan be damaged by repeated starting and stopping.

During engine operation below normal operatingtemperature, fuel and oil are not completely burnedin the combustion chambers. This fuel and oil causessoft carbon deposits on the valve stems. Generally,these deposits do not cause problems because thesedeposits are burned off during operation at normalengine temperatures.



Carbon deposits will interfere with valve operation.When the engine is started and stopped at shortintervals, carbon deposits will form. The shortoperating times do not allow the engine to reachnormal operating temperature. The carbon depositswill continue to build up. Valve operation is affectedby carbon deposits. Carbon deposits can cause thefollowing problems: burned valves, bent pushrods,and other damage to valve mechanism components.

To avoid valve damage, always run the engine untilthe coolant temperature is at least 82°C (180°F).This will keep carbon deposits on the valve stemsat a minimum.

Thoroughly warming the engine will keep the otherengine parts in better condition. This could alsoextend the service life of the engine. With less acidand less sludge in the oil, lubrication will be improved.This will give longer service life for engine bearings,piston rings, and other parts.

White smoke is generated when you start the enginein cold weather. In order to minimize white smoke,owners of 3208 Diesel Engines can install a 9N-3771Cetane Injection Group. See your Caterpillar dealerfor more information.

After the engine is warm, warm up the other systems.Start with the hydraulics. Run the engine at lessthan one-third throttle, and slowly move the controllever in order to lift the attachment. Initially, lift thecontrol lever for a few centimeters (inches). Lowerthe attachment slowly. Continue the sequence:raising, lowering, extending, and retracting. Extendthe travel during each cycle. Perform this operationfor all hydraulic circuits. Alternate between all of theattachments.

Exercise the transmission and the power train. If youcannot move the control for the transmission, performthe following steps:

• Engage the parking brake or apply the brake pedal.

• Run the engine slightly above LOW IDLE.

• Shift the transmission several times from FIRSTGEAR FORWARD to FIRST REVERSE.

Release the brake. Move the equipment forwardand backward for several meters (feet). Exercise themachine for several minutes.

In order to reduce the total warm up time, startexercising the entire machine before you completethe hydraulic warm up time.

Operate under light load until the systems reachnormal operating temperatures.

If the engine temperature is not high enough, enclosethe engine and block the radiator. A thermostat thatopens at a higher temperature will not increase theengine temperature if the engine is not under load.

In order to prevent seal damage and gasket damage,keep the engine crankcase breather pipe clear ofblockage.

In extreme conditions, use a canvas over the enginecompartment. Heat the engine area with a spaceheater. This will aid in starting the engine. Extendingthe canvas over the hydraulic components willprovide initial warming of the components.

Multigrade lubricants (10W30) may be usedsuccessfully at ambient temperatures below the pourpoint of the oil. However, in order to use this oil, youmust leave the engine running at low idle. This helpskeep lubricants and compartments warm for theengine and for the transmission. Running the engineat low idle will not keep the hydraulic systems warm.

Cold weather operations require more time forcompletion than other operations. The extra time thatis spent in properly caring for the equipment canprolong the life of the equipment. Longer equipmentlife will decrease overall cost. This is especially truein extreme conditions.

16 SEBU5898-11Operation SectionParking Recommendations

Parking Recommendationsi01837459

ParkingSMCS Code: 7000

Always park the machine in the proper area. Park themachine on wooden planks. The planks will keep themachine from freezing to the ground.

Before parking a track-type machine, operate themachine in forward and in reverse, on hard, drymaterial. Travel in second speed and in third speed.Move the machine 15 to 20 meters (40 to 60 feet) ineach direction. This procedure ensures that the trackparts are free.

Clean all debris from the roller frames and from thetrack. Support the attachments on wood blocks . Thewood blocks will keep the attachments from freezingto the ground.

Follow the recommendations for stopping and forparking that are in the Operation and MaintenanceManual for your machine.

SEBU5898-11 17Maintenance Section

Fluid Recommendations

Maintenance Section

Fluid Recommendationsi02663274

Fluid RecommendationsSMCS Code: 1000; 1250; 1280; 1350; 1395; 7000;7581

Reference: Refer to Special Publication, SEBU6250,“Caterpillar Machine Fluids Recommendations” formore information on fluids in your machine.

Antifreeze

NOTICEAdding coolant to an overheated engine could result indamage to the engine. Allow the engine to cool beforeadding coolant.

If the machine is to be stored in, or shipped to, an areawith freezing temperatures, the cooling system mustbe protected to the lowest outside (ambient) temper-ature.

The engine cooling system is normally protect-ed to a minimum of−29°C (−20°F) with CaterpillarAntifreeze, when shipped from the factory unlessspecial requirements are defined.

Frequently check the specific gravity of the antifreezein order to ensure proper protection.

Glycol in the antifreeze provides freeze protection.Glycol in the antifreeze prevents water pumpcavitation. Glycol in the antifreeze also reducescylinder liner pitting. For optimum performance,Caterpillar recommends a solution that contains a50/50 mixture of water and of glycol.

NOTICEAll Caterpillar diesel engines equipped with air-to-airaftercooling (ATAAC) require a minimum of 30 percentglycol to prevent water pump cavitation.

Most heavy-duty antifreezes use ethylene glycol.Propylene glycol may also be used. In a mixture thatis 50 percent water, ethylene glycol and propyleneglycol have similar properties that are relative tothe following elements: freeze protection, control ofcorrosion, and compatibility with the seal. Checkthe glycol level of the antifreeze with the 1U-7298Coolant/Battery Tester (Degrees Celsius) or withthe 1U-7297 Coolant/Battery Tester (DegreesFahrenheit). Tables 7 and 8 define the freezeprotection for ethylene glycol and for propyleneglycol.

Table 7

Ethylene Glycol

Concentration Freeze Protection

50 Percent −37°C (−34°F)

60 Percent −51°C (−60°F)

Table 8

Propylene Glycol

Concentration Freeze Protection

50 Percent −29°C (−20°F)

NOTICEDo not use propylene glycol in concentrations that ex-ceed 50 percent glycol because of propylene glycol’sreduced heat transfer capability. Use ethylene glycolin conditions that require additional freeze or anti-boilprotection.

Note: Propylene glycol antifreeze that is used inCaterpillar Diesel Engine cooling systems mustmeet “ASTM D6211-98 "Fully-Formulated PropyleneGlycol-Based Engine Coolant for Heavy-DutyEngines”. When Propylene glycol antifreeze is usedin heavy-duty diesel engines, regular treatments ofSupplemental Coolant Additive (SCA) is required forprotection of the liner. Consult your Caterpillar dealerfor more information.

Fuel Recommendations• Purchase fuel from a reputable supplier.

• Use fuel that at least meets the specificationsfor distillate fuel. These fuels have a minimumlubricity level of 3100 g. This result is obtainedby conducting the Scuffing Load Wear Test(SBOCLE). If a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig(HFRR) is used for testing, you may expect a wearscar of .45 mm (0.018 inch) maximum at 60°C(140°F) or a wear scar of .38 mm (0.015 inch) at25°C (77°F).

18 SEBU5898-11Maintenance SectionFluid Recommendations

• Keep the fuel storage tank clean of water, debrisand sediment.

• Drain water and sediment from the fuel storagetank weekly. Drain water and sediment before thetank is refilled.

• Keep the area around the fuel tank filler neck cleanof debris in order to prevent contamination of thefuel tank.

• As required, clean the inside of the vehicle’s fueltank.

• Drain water and sediment from the vehicle’s fueltank daily. Drain the tank at the start of a shift.After the fuel tank has been filled, allow the fuel tosettle for ten minutes. This will allow the water andsediment to separate from the fuel. Then, drain thewater and sediment from the tank.

• Install water separators.

• Drain the water from the water separator daily.

• For some applications, Caterpillar high efficiencyfuel filters are required in order to provide maximumlife to the fuel system.

• Change fuel filters at the scheduled interval. Neverfill the new fuel filter with fuel before installation.Use the fuel priming pump to remove air from thesystem.

• Install breather filters on the fuel tanks.

Fuel Information for Gasoline Engines

Use a regular grade of fuel or use an unleaded gradeof fuel. These fuels must have a minimum octanerating of 87.

Fuel Information for Engines That UseLP Gas

Use grade HD5 LPB. LP Gas is a highly volatile fuel.LP Gas has an octane rating of 100 to 140. Followlocal ordinances regarding the storage of tanks ofLP Gas. Follow local ordinances regarding the fillingof tanks for LP Gas.

Fuel Information for Diesel Engines Only

When diesel fuel is stored outdoors, the water willfreeze after the water separates from the diesel fuel.Any effect that is caused by storing the fuel outdoorsshould immediately appear in the fuel. Fuel that isstored in underground tanks or fuel that is storedin a heated area will be easier to pump. However,moisture in the fuel will not freeze until the fuel isin the machine. Any effect that is caused by coldweather will not appear until the fuel has cooled tothe outside temperature. It is preferable to determineany detrimental effects of temperature before the fuelis in the machine.

The two basic types of diesel fuel are No. 2 dieselfuel and No. 1 diesel fuel. No. 2 diesel fuel is aheavier diesel fuel than No. 1 diesel fuel. Heavierfuels can cause problems with fuel filters, fuel lines,fuel tanks, and fuel storage in cold weather. Heavierdiesel fuels such as No. 2 diesel fuel can be used indiesel engines that operate in cold temperatures witha minimum amount of pour point depressant additive.For more information on fuels which include blends ofNo. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuel, consult your fuel supplier.

When you use No. 2 diesel fuel or other heavierfuels, some of the fuel’s qualities may interfere withsuccessful cold weather operation.

Reference: Refer to Special Publication, SEBU6250,“Caterpillar Machine Fluids Recommendations”,“Characteristics of Diesel Fuel and Modification toCharacteristics of Diesel Fuel” for more information.

There are several possible methods that can be usedto compensate for the fuel qualities that may interferewith cold weather operation. These methods includethe use of starting aids, engine coolant heaters, fuelheaters, and de-icers.

Starting Aids

The use of a starting aid is a conventional methodof assistance for cold starts in low temperatureconditions. A variety of starting aids are available forCaterpillar engines. Follow the recommendations thatare provided by the manufacturer of the starting aid.Information about the use of starting aids is includedin the Operation and Maintenance Manual for yourmachine.



Engine Coolant Heaters

These heaters heat the engine coolant. The heatedcoolant flows through the cylinder block. The flowof heated coolant keeps the engine warm. A warmengine is easier to start in cold weather. Most coolantheaters use electrical power. A source of electricityis necessary for this type of heater. Other heatersthat burn fuel are available as a source of heat.These heaters may be used in place of the electricalheaters.

With either type of heater, starting aids and/or fuelswith higher cetane numbers are less importantbecause the engine is warm. Problems with fuelcloud point can cause the plugging of fuel filters.Problems with fuel cloud point cannot be correctedby engine coolant heaters. This is especially true formachines that allow the fuel filter to be cooled by airflow during operation.

Fuel Heaters

The fuel cloud point is related to problems with fuelfilters. The heater heats the fuel above the cloud pointbefore the fuel enters the fuel filter. This preventswax from blocking the filter. Fuel can flow throughpumps and lines at temperatures below the cloudpoint. The cloud point is often above the pour pointof a fuel. While the fuel can flow through these lines,the wax in the fuel can still plug the fuel filter.

In some engine installations, small modificationscan prevent problems that are caused by the cloudpoint. One of the following changes can preventproblems in many conditions: a change in the locationof fuel filters and/or supply lines and the additionof insulation. In extreme temperatures, heating ofthe fuel may be required to prevent the filters fromplugging. There are several types of fuel heatersthat are available. The heaters use either enginecoolant or exhaust gas as a heat source. Most ofthese systems will prevent problems with the filterswithout the use of de-icers. These systems may beineffective when the fuel contains a large amountof dirt or of water. Use of a fuel heater can helpeliminate some cold weather problems. A fuel heatershould be installed so that the fuel is heated beforeflowing into the fuel filter.

Note: Only use fuel heaters that are controlledby thermostats or use fuel heaters that areself-regulated. Do not use fuel heaters in warmtemperatures.

Select a fuel heater that is mechanically simple, yetadequate for the application. The fuel heater shouldalso prevent overheating of the fuel. Disconnect thefuel heater or deactivate the fuel heater in warmweather. An unacceptable loss of fuel viscosity andengine power will occur if the fuel supply temperatureis allowed to become too hot.

For additional information on fuel heaters, see yourCaterpillar dealer.

De-Icers

De-icers lower the freezing point of the moisture inthe fuel. De-icers are not generally needed whenfuel heaters are used. If you experience trouble,consult your fuel supplier for recommendations of acompatible commercial de-icer.

Lubricants for Cold Weather

Before attempting to start the engine, make sure thatthe oil in the engine, the oil in the transmission, andthe oil in the hydraulic system are fluid enough toflow. Check the oil by removing the dipsticks. If the oilwill drip from the dipstick, then the oil is fluid enoughto start the engine. Do not use oil that has beendiluted with kerosene. Kerosene will evaporate in theengine. This will cause the oil to thicken. Kerosenewill cause swelling and softening of the silicone seals.If your machine is equipped with a gasoline startingengine (earlier machine), make sure that the oil isfluid enough to flow.

If the viscosity of the oil is changed for colderweather, also change the filter element. If the filteris not changed, the filter element and the filterhousing can become a solid mass. Drain all hydrauliccylinders and lines. After you change the oil, operatethe equipment in order to circulate the thinner oil.

When you start an engine or when you operatean engine in ambient temperatures that arebelow−20°C (−4°F) use base oils that can flow inlow temperatures. These oils have lubricant viscositygrade of SAE 0W or of SAE 5W.

When you start a machine or when you operate amachine in ambient temperatures that are below−30°C (−22°F), use a synthetic base stock multigradeoil. The oil should have a lubricant viscosity grade ofSAE 0W or SAE 5W. Use an oil with a pour point thatis lower than −50°C (−58°F).

Because the number of acceptable lubricants islimited in arctic conditions, Caterpillar has specialrecommendations for arctic conditions. Refer toSpecial Publication, SEBU6250, “Caterpillar MachineFluids Recomendations”, “Lubricant Viscosities” formore information.

20 SEBU5898-11Maintenance SectionFluid Recommendations

• Engine Oils

NOTICEUsing oils that are not recommended as first choiceoils could result in shortened life of the engine.

First Choice – use a Cat DEO multigrade or acommercial diesel engine oil that meets the CatECF-1 specification with one of the following lubricantviscosity grades: SAE 0W-20, SAE 0W-30, SAE0W-40, SAE 5W-30, and SAE 5W-40.

Second Choice – use a commercial oil that isAPI CI-4 (API CI-4 PLUS), API CH-4, or API CG-4licensed. The oil must have one of the followinglubricant viscosity grades: SAE 0W-20, SAE 0W-30,SAE 0W-40, SAE 5W-30, and SAE 5W-40.

Note: Do not use API CF-4 oils in Caterpillar machinediesel engines.

• Transmission/Drive Train Oils

NOTICEUse of oils that are not recommended as first choiceoils could result in reduced performance and short-ened life to the transmission, differential, and finaldrive.

First Choice – use Cat Arctic TDTO or commercialoil that meets the following requirements: formulatedfrom a full synthetic base stock without theviscosity index improvers, meets the performancerequirements of the TO-4 specification, andrequirements for the SAE 30 lubricant viscositygrade. Typical lubricant viscosity grades are listedbelow: SAE 0W-30, SAE 5W-30, and SAE 0W-20.

Second Choice – use a commercial oil with a TO-4type additive package and use one of the followinglubricant viscosity grades: SAE 0W-30, SAE 5W-30,and SAE 0W-20. These oils have not been testedagainst the TO-4 specifications.

Note: For maximum service life, use an oil with thehighest lubricant viscosity grade that is allowed forthe ambient temperature. Refer to the “LubricantViscosities for Ambient Temperatures” tables andthe associated footnotes in order to determinethe recommended oil viscosity.

• Hydraulic Oils

Any of the oils that have a minimum zinc additiveof 0.09 percent (900 ppm) are acceptable. Theseoils are listed under the heading of “Engine Oils” or“Transmission/Drive Train Oils”.

• Final Drive and Axle Oil

First Choice – Cat FDAO (Final Drive and Axle Oil)of the recommended viscosity grade.

Second Choice – commercial oil of therecommended viscosity grade that meets theCaterpillar FD-1 specification.

NOTICECat FDAO or commercial oil meeting the CaterpillarFD-1 specification should not be used in compart-ments that contain friction material unless otherwisespecified, because they do not develop sufficientfriction coefficient to satisfy the requirements of mostclutches and brakes.

• Multipurpose Tractor Oil (MTO)

Cat MTO (Multipurpose Tractor Oil) is availablefor use in the following systems for the CaterpillarChallenger tractor: implement steering, hydraulicsystems, and steering control mechanisms. Cat MTOis also recommended for use in the rear drive axlesof the Caterpillar Backhoe Loader and certain 500Series Vibratory Soil Compactors. This oil has anambient temperature range of −25°C (−13°F ) to40°C (104°F) for these applications.

For ambient conditions that are below −25°C (−13°F),check with your supplier. The multipurpose tractortransmission fluids that are commercially availablemust meet the required ambient temperaturecapability for your area. These fluids must also meetthe Ford/New Holland specification of “M2C134-D”.

Note: For recommendations that are specific to yourmachine, refer to the Operation and MaintenanceManual for your machine.

NOTICECat MTO is not the same as Cat TDTO, and doesnot meet the Caterpillar TO-4 or TO-4M transmission/drive train oil specification. Cat MTO should not beused in compartments that specify TO-4 or TO-4M oil.

NOTICECat MTO is not the same as Cat FDAO, and does notmeet the Caterpillar FD-1 final drive and axle oil speci-fication. Cat MTO should not be used in compartmentsthat specify FD-1 oil.

Warm-Up Procedures for Machines that are usedin Cold Weather (Generic)

Note: For recommendations that are specific to yourmachine, refer to the Operation and MaintenanceManual for your machine.



After the engine is warm, warm up the other systems.Start with the hydraulic system. Run the engineat less than one-third throttle and slowly movethe control lever in order to lift the attachment.Initially, lift the control lever for a few centimeters(inches). Lower the attachment slowly. Continue thefollowing sequence: raising, lowering, extending,and retracting. Extend the travel during each cycle.Perform this operation for all hydraulic circuits.Alternate between all of the attachments.

Exercise the transmission and the power train. If youcannot move the control for the transmission, performthe following steps:

• Engage the parking brake or apply the parkingbrake.

• Run the engine slightly above LOW IDLE.

• Shift the transmission several times from FIRSTGEAR FORWARD to FIRST REVERSE.

Release the brake. Move the equipment forward andbackward for several meters (yards). Exercise themachine for several minutes.

In order to reduce the total warm up time, startexercising the entire machine before you completethe hydraulic warm up time.

Operate under a light load until the systems reachnormal operating temperatures.

If the engine temperature is not high enough, enclosethe engine and block the radiator. A thermostat thatopens at a higher temperature will not increase theengine temperature if the engine is not under load.

In order to prevent seal damage and gasket damage,keep the pipe for the engine crankcase breatherclear of blockage.

In extreme conditions, use a canvas over the enginecompartment. Heat the engine area with a spaceheater. This will aid in starting the engine. Extendingthe canvas over the hydraulic components willprovide initial warming of the components. Follow allapplicable safety guidelines.

Running the engine at low idle will not keep thehydraulic systems warm.

Cold weather operations require more time forcompletion than other operations. The extra time thatis spent in properly caring for the equipment canprolong the life of the equipment. This is especiallytrue in extreme conditions. Longer equipment life willdecrease overall cost.

22 SEBU5898-11Maintenance SectionBattery Recommendations

Battery Recommendationsi00793167

Battery InformationSMCS Code: 1401

Personal injury can result from battery fumes orexplosion.

Batteries give off flammable fumes that can ex-plode. Electrolyte is an acid and can cause per-sonal injury if it contacts the skin or eyes.

Prevent sparks near the batteries. Sparks couldcause vapors to explode. Do not allow jumper ca-ble ends to contact each other or the engine. Im-proper jumper cable connections can cause an ex-plosion.

Always wear protective glasses when workingwith batteries.

The 1U-7297 Coolant/Battery Tester (Fahrenheit) orthe 1U-7298 Coolant/Battery Tester (Celsius) areavailable for testing the condition of the battery fluidand for checking the freezing point of the coolant.These testers are optical refractometers. The opticalrefractometer will automatically compensate fortemperature. The readings are correct withoutadjustment for temperature.

The temperature of the battery affects the battery’scranking power. When the battery is too cold, thebattery will not crank the engine, even though theengine is warm. Keeping the battery warm willmaintain at least 70 percent of the battery’s crankingpower. When possible, keep the batteries warm.Batteries may be stored in a warm environment orthe battery compartment can be heated.

Whenever the engine operates below the normalrpm, the batteries may not be recharged. Wheneveran engine is not being operated in cold weather, usea battery charger to keep the battery charged. A fullcharge prevents the battery from freezing.

All batteries should be kept charged to a correctedspecific gravity of 1.250 or above.

If a hydrometer is used in place of the recommendedrefractometer, use the following table or follow theprocedure to correct the reading.

In order to achieve the corrected reading, use thefollowing procedure.

At the temperature of 27°C (81°F), the specific gravityshould be 1.220. Subtract .004 from the reading foreach increment of 6°C (10°F) below 27°C (81°F).The result should be 1.220.


Battery Recommendations

Table 9

Corrected Specific Gravity for the Battery at the Specified Temperatures

Temperature Actual Readings of the Hydrometer That Were Taken at Specific Temperatures(1)

27°C (80°F) 1.300 1.280 1.250 1.220 1.190 1.160

−18°C (0°F) 1.332 1.312 1.282 1.252 1.222 1.192

−23°C (−10°F) 1.336 1.316 1.286 1.256 1.226 1.196

−29°C (−20°F) 1.340 1.320 1.290 1.260 1.230 1.200

−34°C (−30°F) 1.344 1.324 1.294 1.264 1.234 1.204

−43°C (−45°F) 1.350 1.330 1.300 1.270 1.240 1.210

−54°C (−65°F) 1.358 1.338 1.308 1.278 1.248 1.218

ApproximateState ofCharge

Shown as apercent of Full

charge

100 90 75 50 25 0

(1) Scales of the hydrometer do not usually show decimal readings. A reading of 1280 is equivalent to a specific gravity of 1.280.

24 SEBU5898-11Maintenance SectionTire Inflation Recommendations

Tire InflationRecommendations

i00793367

Tire Inflation InformationSMCS Code: 4203

Tires that are inflated below the recommendedpressure will have shortened life. A tire that is inflatedto the correct pressure in a 18 to 21°C (64 to 70°F)warm shop area will have an incorrect tire pressurein freezing temperatures.

Use dry nitrogen gas to inflate the tires. Nitrogengas is N2. Dry nitrogen is recommended in order toeliminate ice crystals. Ice crystals could hold thevalve stem open in the tire.

The table shows the correct pressures for tiresthat are inflated in an area with a temperatureof 18 to 21°C (64 to 70°F). These pressures areadjusted for the environmental working temperatureof the machine.

Tire inflation should be done in a heated area. Thetire bead will seat better when the tire bead is warm.The initial tire pressure should be fifteen to twentypercent higher than the operating pressure in orderto seat the tire bead against the rim. Deflate the tiresto operating pressure before operating the machine.The contact surface of tires will become flat in coldweather when a machine is parked. To return the tireto a normal shape, move the machine gradually.

Some tractors and some wheel tractor-scrapers areequipped with wheel coolant in order to preventoverheating of the rims and overheating of the tiresduring the braking operation. This coolant consists ofa mixture of twenty percent ethylene glycol and eightypercent water. Even though freezing may begin at−12°C (10°F), these coolant solutions can be used intemperatures of approximately −51°C (−60°F).


Tire Inflation Recommendations

Table 10

Recommended Inflation Pressure that is Adjusted for a Specific Ambient TemperatureRecommendedInflation Pressure −1°C (30°F) −18°C (0°F) −29°C (−20°F) −40°C (−40°F)

205 kPa (30 psi) 230 kPa (33 psi) 250 kPa (36 psi) 270 kPa (39 psi) 285 kPa (41 psi)
















760 kPa ( 110 psi) 820 kPa (119 psi) 885 kPa (128 psi) 925 kPa (134 psi) 980 kPa (142 psi)



cold weather recommendations for all caterpillar machines · pdf filecold weather...

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