Cold War Era & Emergence of A

New EuropeAPEURO

Chapter 29

Immediate Postwar Issues European life shattered Industry, transportation, farms damaged Displaced persons Nuremberg Trials: (1945-46) Trial of Nazi

war criminals. Sentenced 12 to death

What Is The Cold War? Intense rivalry between the U.S. & Soviet

Union

Origins of The Cold War: 1. Ideological Differences: Communism vs.

Capitalism (economic, political, philosophical disputes) 2. Competition for global power & Influence 3. Mutual Distrust 4. Atomic Weapons – “Arms Race”

After WWII… Stalin established

“Soviet Satellite Nations” - 1946-1948

In Eastern Europe Violation of war

conference agreements

Berlin, Germany Post WWII: Divided

into 4 sectors West Berlin: U.S.,

France, Great Britain East Berlin : Soviet

Union

Germany Divided : East & West Soviet Union turned

EAST Germany into A Communist State

Tried to expel U.S., France, Great Britain from WEST

Winston Churchill “An iron curtain has

descended across Europe” – 1946

“Iron Curtain” = Soviet Communism

Cause for international alarm

Policy of Containment President Truman interested in “Containing

Communism “ from spreading Truman Doctrine, 1947 : U.S. has a duty

to give financial assistance to free nations under (Communist ) threat.

U.S. Assisted Greece & Turkey

The Marshall Plan, 1948 “Recovery Act” Truman administration

provided funding To re-build war torn

countries $12 billion to Western

Europe Soviet Union refused

aid

The Marshall Plan Economic miracle for

Western Europe George C. Marshall,

U.S. Secretary of State receives Noble Peace Prize 1953

Berlin Blockade: June, 1948 Stalin cut off Berlin

from Western contact All routes blocked by

Soviet troops Shipments of food,

fuel, supplies cut off

Berlin Airlift British & American

response: U.S. & British planes

“dropped” 2 million tons of food & supplies

For 10 months

“Candy Bombers” American Pilots Collected candy

rations from servicemen

And “dropped” candy to Berlin’s children

Stalin Lifted Blockade, 1949 two countries created: “West Germany” (democratic) “East Germany” (communist) were officially founded - 1949

The “Western Alliance” NATO : North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (1949) Western Europe, U.S., Iceland, Canada AKA “Atlantic Pact” Promise to defend each other General Dwight D. Eisenhower - Supreme

Commander of NATO forces 1951

Stalin Responded With the Warsaw Pact – 1955 Communist Eastern European military

alliance Once a member, nation can NEVER leave!

Economic “Alliances” 1. European Cold & Steel Community

(1950): free movement of coal & steel 2. European Economic Community

(1957): common market. Precursor of European Union.

Italy, W. Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Luxembourg (Great Britain joins 1969)

The Space Race Soviet Space Program

was a threat to the U.S.

Sputnik – Soviet satellite was launched in 1957

1st man in orbit 1961

China’s Communist Revolution,1949

Mao Tse –Tung Made a Pact with Joseph Stalin The “ Communist Bloc”

Korea 1945 Allies divided

Korea into 2 Border between North

& South 38th Parallel Soviets occupied

North, Americans South

Korean War, 1950 North Korean army invaded South Korea,

1950 President Truman Sent Troops to South

Korea. China sent troops to North Korea War Ended in stalemate (no one won)

Geneva Convention, 1954 France lost control of Indochina (Vietnam) Territory broken up into: Vietnam,

Cambodia, Laos Vietnam divided along 17th parallel: North Communist, South anti-communist SEATO – South East Asian Treaty

Organization. U.S. pledge to “assist” South

Tensions in Berlin, Germany 1958 Nikita Krushchev

(Stalin’s successor) Demanded removal of

westerners from Berlin Eisenhower ‘s

response : “wait! Lets talk!”

Two Weeks Prior to Meeting between Eisenhower

& Krushchev… Soviets shot down a

U.S. “U-2” Spy plane

John F. Kennedy, Elected 1960

Cuba, 1959 Fidel Castro Established

Communist dictatorship

Alliance with Soviet Union

Bay of Pigs, 1961 Plan to “overthrow”

Castro U.S. troops landed &

were quickly surrounded by Cuban forces

Failed invasion

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 U.S. spy planes

discovered Soviet Nuclear missile

sites in Cuba Kennedy ordered

immediate removal

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Krushchev agreed to remove missiles from

Cuba as long as U.S. agreed never to invade Cuba

“RED LINE” installed in D.C. & Moscow Allowed for Direct communication

Kennedy & Krushchev, 1961 Kennedy refused to

remove U.S. troops from Berlin

Krushchev’s Response Built the Berlin Wall

1961 East Berliners/

Germans trapped

Berlin Divided ! Border closed 302 Watchtowers

w/ armed guards 192 died trying to

cross “the wall” 1961-1989

Many injured

Symbolism: What does the

Berlin Wall represent to the people of Eastern Germany? Western Germany?

June 26th, 1963 “Ich bin ein Berliner”

“Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us”. - President Kennedy

Soviet Leader Krushchev was Replaced By:

Leonid Brezhnev 1968 Czechoslovakia

tried to create a “free state”

Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviets will intervene in satellite nations if communism is threatened

SALT I :(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

U.S. & U.S.S.R – (1972) both agreed to reduce anti-missile defense system

Helsinki Accords 1975 International conference in Finland 1.Peace 2. Economic & Cultural cooperation 3. Human Rights

SALT II

1979 – Long range nuclear weaponsU.S.S.R invades Afghanistan before agreement is ratifiedU.S. condemns invasion

Fall of The Soviet Union

Mikhail Gorbachev- 1985 Saw communism as

failing cited poor living conditions as example

Goals: 1. Better Relations with the West 2. Perestroika- “restructuring”

economy freer form govt. control 3. Glasnost- “openness”

encouraged Soviets to openly discuss social reform

Gorbachev Overturned the Brezhnev Doctrine

Allowed for Eastern European satellites to overthrow communist governments:

1. Poland 1989 Solidarity labor movement Pope John Paul II supported movement 2. Czechoslovakia 1989 3. Hungary 1990 4. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania declared independence

1990

Fall of Berlin Wall, 1989 Demonstrations in

East Germany East German govt.

asked Soviet Union for “backup”.

Gorbachev did not send back up

Fall of Berlin Wall November 9th , 1989 East German Govt.

ordered the opening of Berlin Wall

Celebrations ensued German unification The end of the Cold

War

1991 Military Coup Against Gorbachev

Communist Party tried to overthrow Gorbachev

Coup Failed People rebelled led by

Boris Yeltsin The country split up Gorbachev announced

his resignation December 1991

Jan 1st, 1992 USSR /Soviet Union

dissolved Loose union of 21

republics RUSSIAN

FEDERATION Vladimir Putin gained

office in 1999

Yugoslavian Civil War CountryCreated after WWI Cultural Divisions: 1. Croats/ Slovenes –

Catholic /Latin Alphabet 2. Serbs, Montenegrins,

Macedonians – Eastern orthodox/Cyrillic alphabet

3. Bosnians, Albanians - Muslim

Ethnic Tensions Resulted in civil war Croats & Serbs 1991-

2000 Bombardment of

Sarajevo NATO intervened

1999

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