cold war brics detente
TRANSCRIPT
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Presented By- Group 3
HOW
THE
END
OF
WORLD
WAR
IIGAVERISETOCOLDWAR.EXPLAINUNI-POLARITY, BI-
POLARITY, UNI-MULTIPOLARITY.EXPLAINTHEROLEOFBRICS.PHASESOFDTENTE.
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ORIGINSOFTHECOLD WAR
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ORIGINOFTHE COLD WAR
The Cold War (1945-91) was one of perception
where neither side fully understood the
intentions and ambitions of the other. This led tomistrust and military build-ups.
As early as 1925
Stalin stated that he viewed international politics
as a bipolar world in which the Soviet Union
would attract countries gravitating to socialism
and capitalist countries would attract states
gravitating toward capitalism.
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DEVELOPMENT
Various events before the Second World War demonstrated the mutual
distrust and suspicion between the Western powers and the Soviet Union
General philosophical challenge the Bolsheviks made towards capitalism.
Western support of the anti-Bolshevik White movement in the Russian
Civil War
1926 Soviet funding of a British general workers strike causing Britain to
break relations with the Soviet Union
Stalin's 1927 declaration of peaceful coexistence with capitalist countries
"receding into the past"
American refusal to recognize the Soviet Union until 1933
Stalinist Moscow Trials of the Great Purge
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INVASIONOF GERMANARMYIN USSR
When the German Army invaded the Soviet
Union in June 1941, the Allies decided to
help the Soviet Union.
Stalin remained highly suspicious.
He felt that the Western Allies had
deliberately delayed opening a second anti-
German front in order to step in at the lastmoment and shape the peace settlement.
Thus, Soviet perceptions of the West left a
strong undercurrent of tension and hostility
between the Allied powers.
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ENDOF WWII ANDPOSTWAR
The Allies disagreed about how the European map
should look, and how borders would be drawn,
following the war.
The western Allies desired a security system in whichdemocratic governments were established as widely
as possible.
Given the Russian historical experiences of frequent
invasions and the immense death toll and the
destruction the Soviet Union sustained during WorldWar II, the Soviet Union sought to increase security by
dominating the internal affairs of countries that
bordered it.
The Western Allies were themselves deeply divided in
their vision of the new post-war world.
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DEVELOPMENTOFTHE COLD WAR
United States
U.S. thought that Soviet expansion would continue and spreadthroughout the world.
They saw the Soviet Union as a threat to their way of life; especiallyafter the Soviet Union gained control of Eastern Europe.
Soviet Union
They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most(25 million vs. 300,000 total dead) and deserved the most.
They wanted to economically raid Eastern Europe to recoup theirexpenses during the war.
They saw the U.S. as a threat to their way of life; especially after the
U.S. development of atomic weapons.
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COLD WAR MOBILIZATIONBYTHE U.S.
Alarmed Americans viewed the Soviet occupationof eastern European countries as part of acommunist expansion, which threatened to
extend to the rest of the world.
In 1946, Winston Churchill gave a speech at FultonCollege in Missouri in which he proclaimed that an
IronCurtain had fallen across Europe. In March 1947, U.S. president Harry Truman
proclaimed the Truman Doctrine.
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THE TRUMANDOCTRINE (1947)
Reasoning
Threatened by Communist influence in Turkey and Greece
Two hostile camps speech
Financial aid to support free peoples who are resistingattempted subjugation
Sent $400 million worth of war supplies to Greece and helped
push out Communism
The Truman Doctrine marked a new level of Americancommitment to a Cold War.
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THE POLICYOF CONTAINMENT
Definition:
By applying firm diplomatic, economic, and military counterpressure,the United States could block Soviet aggression.
Formulated by George F. Kennan as a way to stop Soviet expansionwithout having to go to war.
NSC-68
The Containment Doctrine would later be expanded in 1949 in NSC-
68, which called for a dramatic increase in defense spending
From $13 billion to $50 billion a year, to be paid for with a large tax
increase.
NSC-68 served as the framework for American policy over the next20 years.
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THE MARSHALL PLAN(1947-48)
War damage and dislocation in Europe invited Communist influence
Economic aid to all European countries offered in the European RecoveryProgram
The goals of the United States were to rebuild a war-devastated region,remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again.
$13 billion to western Europe
Soviets refused The blame for dividing Europe fell on the Soviet union, not theUnited States. And the Marshall Plan proved crucial to Western Europes
economic recovery.
This boom helped push communist groups out of power and created aneconomic divide between the rich west and poor east as clear as the politicalone.
Soviets came up with Comecon an economic union of the communist
countries in the Eastern Europe.
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DIVIDINGGERMANY
U.S., Britain, and France merged their
zones in 1948 to create an independent
West German state.
The Soviets responded by blockading
land access to Berlin. The U.S. began a
massive airlift of supplies that lasted
almost a year. (7,000 tons a day) In May
1949 Stalin lifted the blockade,conceding that he could not prevent the
creation of West Germany.
Thus, the creation of East and West
Germany
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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATYORGANIZATION & THE WARSAW PACT
Stalins aggressive actionsaccelerated the American effort touse military means to containSoviet ambitions.
The U.S. joined with Canada,Britain, France, Belgium, theNetherlands, and Luxembourg toestablish NATO, a mutual defensepact in 1949.
Pledged signers to treat an attackagainst one as an attack against all.
When West Germany joined NATOin 1955, the Soviet Unioncountered by creating its own
alliance system in eastern Europethe Warsaw Pact (1955)
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THE COLD WAR HEATS UP:PROBLEMSOFTHE ATOMIC AGE
The most frightening aspect of the Cold War was the constant
threat of nuclear war.
Russia detonated its first atom bomb in 1949.
Truman ordered construction of the hydrogen bomb.
Call for buildup of conventional forces to provide alternative to
nuclear war.
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POLARITY
Polarity in international relations is a description
of the distribution of power within the
international system.
Unipolarity-Distribution of power in which thereis one state with most of the cultural, economic,
and military influence. Examples:
The British Empire from the end of Napoleonic
Wars - beginning of the 20th century
The United States with the fall of the Soviet
Union, the United States became the dominant
military, economic, cultural, and influential force
in the world.
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BIPOLARITYAND UNI-MULTIPOLARITY
Bipolarity -Distribution of power in which two states
have the majority of economic, military, and cultural
influence internationally or regionally. Often, spheres of
influence would develop.
For example, in the Cold War, most Western anddemocratic states would fall under the influence of the
USA, while most Communist states would fall under the
influence of the USSR.
Great Britain and France during the colonial era.
Uni-multipolar world, however, is one in which
resolution of key international issues requires action by
the single superpower plus some combination of other
major states, and in which the single superpower is able
to veto action by a combination of other states.
The global power structure has four principal levels:
Top level- United States is the only superpower with preeminence in every domain of
power: economic, military, diplomatic, ideological, technological, and cultural.
Second level-major regional powers, the dominant actors in important areas of theworld, but whose interests and capabilities do not extend as globally as those of the
United States. Examples include the German-French condominium in Europe, India &
China in South Asia, and Brazil in Latin America.
Third level - secondary regional powers, whose influence is less than that of the major
regional powers and whose interests often conflict with those of the major regionalpowers. Those include Britain in relation to the German-French combination, Pakistan
in relation to India, and Argentina in relation to Brazil.
Finally, the remaining countries, some of which are quite important, but which exist in
some sense apart from the power structure described.
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BRICS
It refers to countries of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South
Africa
Acronym coined by Jim ONeill in a 2001 paper entitled
Building better global economic BRICs
Full-scale diplomatic meeting - May 16, 2008 -Yekaterinburg,
Russia
First official summit - 16 June 2009 - Yekaterinburg, Russia South Africa - Officially admitted as a BRIC nation on
December 24, 2010
African credentials gave BRICS a four-continent breadth,
influence and trade opportunities
Increased political cooperation - A way of influencing the UnitedStates position on major trade accords and political concessions
Prediction by Goldman Sachs
China and India - suppliers of manufactured goods andservices
Brazil and Russia - suppliers of raw materials
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POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The BRICS countries are contributing to thetransformation of today's unipolar world orderinto a multipolar system
The rate of petroleum extraction will soon reachthe beginning of terminal decline
Probability of disastrous climate change in thenext few decades
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DISGRUNTLED WASHINGTON
America's antagonism toward Iran
America's wars in Central Asia and the Middle
Replacing the U.S. dollar as the world's reserve
currency with a basket of currencies
Considerable clout in the UN Security Council
BRICS - An active player safeguarding world peace and
combating hegemony and power politics
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ROLEIN GLOBAL ECONOMY
Barring Brazil, with very modest growth rates over the last years,
the three other Brics have been gaining weight and importance
globally and within sectors
The global economy is an arena for the exchange of ideas, in which
the intellectual domination of the so-called developed Western
world looks set to remain throughout the foreseeable future
Brazil, China, Russia and India have either cut borrowing costs or
lenders reserve requirements in recent weeks as the debt crisis in
Europe saps global expansion
Second meeting of the BRICS Trade Ministers
will be held in New Delhi in March to review
the Doha Development Agenda (DDA)
BRICS group is increasingly being recognizedas pivotal in furthering progress in the stalled
Doha Round
BRICS is uniquely positioned at the cusp of
the developing and the developed world
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SANYA SUMMIT 2011
Theme - "Broad Vision, Shared Prosperity
Vision - 'The 21st century should be marked by peace,
harmony, cooperation and scientific development Discussions
Economics - Reform of global monetary andfinancial institutions, greater co-operation
International law - Early conclusion to deadlockedtalks an anti-terror law under UN auspices
UNSC Reform
Trade Medium
BRICS covers 30% of the land on Earth, 40% of itspopulation,18% of global trade and 35% of global
foreign exchange reserves
Their joint contribution to the global economicgrowth exceeds almost 50%.
The dragging financial crisis drew BRICS evencloser to seek deeper cooperation
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DELHI SUMMIT 2012
March 29, 2012
Trade, the global economy, international security,
agriculture, health and innovation, internationalterrorism, climate change, food and energy security
and global governance reform
Reform of the Bretton Woods institutions, trade
protectionism and the Doha Development Round,achievement of the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), and support for a multi-polar, equitable and
democratic world order
reform of the global governance institutions and
ways to fix the festering recession will top theagenda
In the run-up to the summit, a host of events will
be held, including an academic forum of leading
think tanks of BRICS countries, the meeting of aneconomic research group that will explore issues
affecting economies of the developing world and
a Financial Forum of development banks of these
countries
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DTENTE
Dtente is a French term, meaning relaxation of the tension.
Dtente is a process by which two or more nations move away from a
continuous confrontation with each other in general direction of cooperation.
It is the relaxation of the international tensions which can take place onlywhen certain objective conditions exist: a realization by the protagonists that
there are political and economic limitations to the assertion of their power in
the world, a change in the respective national perceptions of the "enemy" and
a recognition of the necessity to seek improvement of nation' posture through
a partial accommodation with the adversary.
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DTENTEASAPPLIEDTOCOLDWAR
Dtente does not signify the end of the adversary
relationship between the U.S and the U.S.S.R.
It only meant rejection of war and threat of war.
Ultimate means of resolving their conflict and
achieving their particular objectives; and since the
two government also assumed that they could attain
these objectives through negotiations.
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FEATURES ANDELEMENTS OF DTENTE:
1. Deterrence:
To reduce the arms race and armament on the mutual consent.
But the concept of the balance of the power would not be upset by
this diplomacy of the dtente.
2. Peaceful co-existence:
Dtente did not seek to eliminate the ideological warfare
Kissenger has rightly observed: "the US and Soviet - Union are
ideological rivals.
3. Mutual trust Out of Mutual Fear:
Dtente was the result of the strategic
necessity of avoiding suicidal nuclear war.
To a great extent dtente was grown out ofmutual fear and not out of mutual trust.
4. Negative and Positive Elements:
Negative elements signify substantial
reduction of tension between the two
power blocs in general and between thetwo superpowers in particular.
A positive element indicates increase in
mutual trust and understanding between
them .
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MULTIPLELEVELSOFTHEDTENTE:
1. Dtente in arms race:
Reduction in the arms race by signing the agreements like "Camp David
Spirit", SALT-I, SALTII, PTBT, START-I, and START-II.NPT.and etc.
2. Dtente in Economic and Scientific level:
American technology for oil exploration and further development in some key
industrial agreements with France, Germany, and other Western countries.
USSR and US had cooperated with each other in undertaking some scientific
researches and space exploration
Cultural exchanges have also been taking place between these countries.
Dtente between different countries
US-Soviet Dtente.
Sino-USA Dtente.
Sino-Soviet Dtente:
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FACTORSLEADINGTODETENTE
Nuclear Nightmare:
Nuclear proliferation:
USA's Compulsion:
USSR's Compulsion:
Principle of the Peaceful Co-existence:
Role of the Non-alignment
Rise of Multipolarism:
Sino-Soviet Rift: Gorbachev Factor:
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EVOLUTION AND PHASESOF THE DTENTE:
Period of Thaw, 1959-1969:
Heydays of Dtente, 1970-76.
Problems in Dtente, 1977-1979.
Setback to Dtente, 1979-1985:
Re-emergence of Dtente, 1985-onwards:
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IMPACT OF DTENTE
End Of the Cold War:
Disarmament:
Proliferation of the Dtente.
Irrelevance of the military Alliances:
Resolving Regional Conflicts: Irrelevance of the NAM:
De-idealogisation of international Relations:
Unification of the Germany:
Economic prosperity:
Impact on UNO.
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THANK YOU