ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 1945-1959B117 MONDAY

THE COLD WAR

battle of diplomacy, propaganda and nerves not a direct confrontation

world divided into three sides after WW II…

Soviet Union (USSR) • Leader of the communist world

• vowed to spread communism

United States• leader of the free world• vowed to contain communism

THIRD WORLD (DEVELOPING NATIONS) COLD WAR BATTLEGROUND

Asia Africa and the Middle East

Latin America

SELF DETERMINATION

All countries would have the right of self determination

Democracy or Communism in nations that had been under Nazi rule

Stalin had agreed to allow free elections in Eastern Europe

Soviets refused free elections in Eastern Europe after WW II installed

communist governments

became known as “satellite nations” countries dominated by USSR

Churchill says an “Iron Curtain” has descended across the continent referring to Soviet control of Eastern Europe no news allowed in or out of Soviet controlled territory

TRUMAN DOCTRINE-1947

main goal was to help free nations resist the spread of communism initially helped

Greece and Turkey

U.S. ADOPT S A “CONTAINMENT POLICY”

keep communism from spreading foundation of U.S. foreign policy for next

50 years The Marshall Plan - 1948

economic aid to Europe to rebuild Europe over 3 years $13 billion sent offered to Russia, but refused

HAMBURG IN 1947

HAMBURG IN1952

EFFECTS OF THE MARSHALL

PLAN

BERLIN AIRLIFT-1948

Germany divided into 4 sectors after WW II – each allied nation occupies a sector Berlin in East

Germany Allies wanted to

reunite Germany Stalin did not

Wanted Berlin to himself

Soviets tried to isolate Berlin by setting up a blockade

U.S., Britain flew in tons of goods everyday for a year

Soviets end blockade in 1949

AUGUST 1949

Soviet Union develops the Atomic Bomb

1949 – CHINESE REVOLUTION communists win control of China seen as proof that communists wanted to

dominate the world

CHAIRMAN MAO

1949 - U.S. CREATES NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

U.S. and 15 European countries pledge to defend each other

SOVIETS CREATE THE WARSAW PACT, 1955

USSR plus 7 Eastern European countries form military alliance

KOREAN WAR, 1950-1953

Korea was divided after WW II At the 38th parallel North - communist South - free, democratic

June, 1950 North Korea invades South Korea

1ST WEEKS WERE GRIM

U.S. almost pushed out of Korea South Korean and US

Army forces were pushed back to city of Pusan

Marines land at Inchon behind North Korean

lines North Koreans begin

withdrawal U.N. forces push into

North Korea Nov. 27, 1950 Chinese

troops attack drove U.N. troops back

to 38th parallel

MACARTHUR AND TRUMAN DISAGREED HOW TO WAGE THE WAR

eventually MacArthur is fired

returned home as a hero 1st time back in

States since WW II ended

War continued back and forth until 1953 Stalemate

Armistice signed in 1953 maintaining the status quo

Korean War Memorial

TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE

H-Bomb tested on Pacific Island Nov. 1952 (because USSR now had the atomic bomb

150 times more powerful than A-Bomb tested on Pacific island, island disappeared

within one year USSR had one arms race begins

PRESIDENT RELIED HEAVILY ON CIA FOR INFORMATION SPY ORGANIZATION, INTELLIGENCE GATHERING

NEW LEADERSHIP IN USSR

Stalin dies in 1953 Replaced by Nikita Khrushchev

Continue Cold War Sem 2 Exercise in Accountability starting at

9:14

Homework Read 38.1

NUCLEAR WAR DRILLS

air raid drills

BERT THE TURTLE – COMMERCIALS, COMIC BOOKS (DUCK AND COVER)

BUILT EMERGENCY SHELTERS IN BACK YARD

MORE COLD WAR!!!

HW Read 38.2

RUSSIANS LAUNCH FIRST SATELLITE

Sputnik I Oct. 4, 1957 Soviets first in

space

Effects?

COLD WAR AT HOME - RED SCARE, PART II concern about communism overseas caused

a fear of communism at home Loyalty Review Board created in 1947

investigated government employees 3.2 million investigated from 1947-1951 dismissed those found disloyal

212 dismissed, 2,900 resigned

Workers had to sign loyalty oaths to get a job

J EDGAR HOOVER

Head of FBI Hunting Communists Says 1 in 1,800 Americans are Communists –

They are everywhere (churches, schools, government, etc.)

Develops “Security Index” – List of suspected Communists that should be rounded up

HOUSE UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE (HUAC)

investigated communist influence in the movie industry

“Blacklist” started by movie producers kept approximately 500 people from working

HOLLYWOOD 10 - REFUSED TO COOPERATE, FELT HEARINGS WERE UNCONSTITUTIONALSENT TO PRISON

SPY TRIALSTWO SPY CASES ADDED TO FEAR

Alger Hiss, 1948 State Dept. official accused by former

communist claimed to have documents

proving Hiss was a spy (Pumpkin Papers)

Hiss sues other guy for libel Hiss loses libel case not convicted of spying, but

indicted for perjury by Congress

3 Years in jail Some proof of innocence;

some of guilt

ETHEL AND JULIUS ROSENBERG, 1950 Members of American

Communist Party Implicated by British

scientist who admitted giving the secrets to the Soviets

convicted of selling atomic bomb secrets

executed in 1953 for espionage 1st civilians to be

executed for espionage

SENATOR JOE MCCARTHY

1954, claimed communists infiltrated American life in the military

and government investigation was

televised accusations got

wilder succeeded in

ruining many careers, reputations

never found a spy Red Dot Activity

Eisenhower televises hearing s against members of the military

America saw witnesses being “bullied” turned against

McCarthy Senate censures

him for improper conduct

to label someone’s activities as McCarthyism would be to suggest that the person is making unsupported accusations

1953 39 States had laws making it illegal to

advocate violent overthrow of Government steps were taken to clean out radical, un-

American/disloyal workers 1957

Supreme Court, Yates vs. U.S., said that believing or teaching an idea, even revolution, is not a crime