COLD AND CLOUDYCOLD AND CLOUDY CLIMATE CLIMATE

& & COLD AND SUNNYCOLD AND SUNNY

CLIMATECLIMATE

TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE

INDEXINDEX INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION NATURE OF CLIMATENATURE OF CLIMATE PHYSIOLOGICAL OBJECTIVEPHYSIOLOGICAL OBJECTIVE FORM AND PLANNING(JAMMU AND LEH)FORM AND PLANNING(JAMMU AND LEH) EXTERNAL SPACESEXTERNAL SPACES ROOF,WALLS AND OTHER SURFACESROOF,WALLS AND OTHER SURFACES OPENINGSOPENINGS VENTILATION AND AIRFLOWVENTILATION AND AIRFLOW MATERIALS AND TECHNIQESMATERIALS AND TECHNIQES CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

This climate is in many ways similar to the composite This climate is in many ways similar to the composite or monsoon climates, with its various seasons. It is or monsoon climates, with its various seasons. It is dominated by strong solar radiation, often with dominated by strong solar radiation, often with moderate to cool air temperature. moderate to cool air temperature.

Malleable when wet, rigid when dry, the potential of Malleable when wet, rigid when dry, the potential of mud as a building material must have been apparent -mud as a building material must have been apparent -ant an early stage of human development. Itant an early stage of human development. It remains, remains, primary building material in rural India, its versatility primary building material in rural India, its versatility only beginning to be appreciated by formal architectsonly beginning to be appreciated by formal architects . .

NATURE OF NATURE OF CLIMATECLIMATE

BASED ON THE BASED ON THE CLIMATIC CLIMATIC FACTORS,INDIA FACTORS,INDIA CAN BE DIVIDED CAN BE DIVIDED INTO SIX CLIMATIC INTO SIX CLIMATIC ZONES:-ZONES:-

WARM AND HUMIDWARM AND HUMID HOT AND DRY HOT AND DRY MODERATEMODERATE COLD AND CLOUDYCOLD AND CLOUDY COLD AND SUNNYCOLD AND SUNNY COMPOSITECOMPOSITE

REGIONS:-

Ootacmand, Shillong, ShrinagarJammu, Mahabaleshwar,& shimla

COLD AND CLOUDYCOLD AND CLOUDY

NOTE:- violet colour indicates cold&cloudy climate

GENERALLY THE NORTHEN PART OF INDIA GENERALLY THE NORTHEN PART OF INDIA EXPERIENCES THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE.EXPERIENCES THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE.

MOST COLD AND CLOUDY REGIONS ARE SITUATED AT MOST COLD AND CLOUDY REGIONS ARE SITUATED AT HIGH ALTITUDES. OOTACMAND, SHIMLA, SHILONG, HIGH ALTITUDES. OOTACMAND, SHIMLA, SHILONG, SRINAGAR AND MAHABALESHWAR ARE THE EXAMPLES SRINAGAR AND MAHABALESHWAR ARE THE EXAMPLES OF THIS CLIMATIC ZONE.OF THIS CLIMATIC ZONE.

THE TYPICAL CLIMATIC CHRECTERISTICS OF THIS THE TYPICAL CLIMATIC CHRECTERISTICS OF THIS REGION ARE:-REGION ARE:-

A] A] LANDSCAPE AND VEGETATIONLANDSCAPE AND VEGETATION::

THESE ARE GENERALLY HIGHLAND REGIONS THESE ARE GENERALLY HIGHLAND REGIONS WITH ABUNDANT VEGITATION IN SUMMER.WITH ABUNDANT VEGITATION IN SUMMER.

B] B] SOLAR RADIATIONSOLAR RADIATION :THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR :THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION IS LOW IN WINTER WITH A HIGH RADIATION IS LOW IN WINTER WITH A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF DIFFUSE PERCENTAGE OF DIFFUSE RADIATION.RADIATION.

C] C] AMBIENT TEMPERATUREAMBIENT TEMPERATURE IS IN THE RANGE OF 20 - IS IN THE RANGE OF 20 -30 DEG.C DURING DAY AND 17-27 DEG.C IN THE 30 DEG.C DURING DAY AND 17-27 DEG.C IN THE NIGHT IN WINTER ,THE VALUES RANGE BETWEEN 4 NIGHT IN WINTER ,THE VALUES RANGE BETWEEN 4 & 8 DEG.C DURING DAY AND FROM -3 TO 4 DEG.C & 8 DEG.C DURING DAY AND FROM -3 TO 4 DEG.C IN THE NIGHT.WINTER IS THUS VERY COOL, AND IN THE NIGHT.WINTER IS THUS VERY COOL, AND SUMMER PLEASANT. SUMMER PLEASANT.

D] D] RELATIVE HUMIDITYRELATIVE HUMIDITY :THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY :THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS GENERALLY HIGH AND RANGESFROM 70 TO IS GENERALLY HIGH AND RANGESFROM 70 TO 80%.80%.

E] E] PRECIPITATION:PRECIPITATION:ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION IS ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION IS ABOUT 1000mm AND ISDISTRIBUTED EVENLY ABOUT 1000mm AND ISDISTRIBUTED EVENLY THROUGH OUT THE YEAR.THROUGH OUT THE YEAR.

F] F] WINDSWINDS:THIS REGION EXPERIENCES COLD WINDS IN :THIS REGION EXPERIENCES COLD WINDS IN THE WINTER SEASON.HENCE, PROTECTION FROM THE WINTER SEASON.HENCE, PROTECTION FROM WINDS IS ESSENTIAL IN THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE.WINDS IS ESSENTIAL IN THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE.

F] F] SKY CONDITION:SKY CONDITION: THE SKY IS OVER CAST FOR THE SKY IS OVER CAST FOR MOST PART OF THE YEAR.MOST PART OF THE YEAR.

COLD AND SUNNYCOLD AND SUNNY

REGIONS:-REGIONS:-

LEH[LADAKH] LEH[LADAKH]

MOUNTABU.MOUNTABU. NOTE:-sky blue colour indicates cold&sunny climatic regions

A FEW CITIES WHICH REPRESENT THIS TYPE OF A FEW CITIES WHICH REPRESENT THIS TYPE OF

CLIMATIC ZONE ARE LEH[LADAKH] AND CLIMATIC ZONE ARE LEH[LADAKH] AND MOUNTABU.THE TYPICAL CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS MOUNTABU.THE TYPICAL CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS REGION ARE :-OF THIS REGION ARE :-

A] A] LANDSCAPE AND VEGETATIONLANDSCAPE AND VEGETATION : THESE ARE : THESE ARE MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS WITH VERY LITTLE MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS WITH VERY LITTLE VEGETATION, AND ARE CONSIDERED TO BE COLD VEGETATION, AND ARE CONSIDERED TO BE COLD DESERTS.DESERTS.

B] B] SOLAR RADIATIONSOLAR RADIATION: THE SOLAR RADIATION IS : THE SOLAR RADIATION IS GENERALLY INTENSE WITH A VERY LOW PERCENTAGE GENERALLY INTENSE WITH A VERY LOW PERCENTAGE OF DIFFUSE RADIATION. OF DIFFUSE RADIATION.

C] C] AMBIENT TEMPERATURE:AMBIENT TEMPERATURE: IN SUMMER THE IN SUMMER THE TEMPERATURE REACHES 17-24DEG.C DURING DAY TEMPERATURE REACHES 17-24DEG.C DURING DAY AND 4-11DEG.C IN THE NIGHT. IN WINTER, THE AND 4-11DEG.C IN THE NIGHT. IN WINTER, THE VALUES RANGE FROM -7-8DEG.C DURING DAY AND -VALUES RANGE FROM -7-8DEG.C DURING DAY AND -14-0DEG.C IN THE NIGHT. WINTERS THUS, ARE 14-0DEG.C IN THE NIGHT. WINTERS THUS, ARE EXTREMELY COLD.EXTREMELY COLD.

D] D] RELATIVE HUMIDITYRELATIVE HUMIDITY: THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS : THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS CONSISTENTLY LOW RANGING FROM ABOUT 10-50%.CONSISTENTLY LOW RANGING FROM ABOUT 10-50%.

E] E] PRECIPITATION:PRECIPITATION: THE PRECIPITATION IS GENERALLY THE PRECIPITATION IS GENERALLY LESS THAN 200MM PER YEARLESS THAN 200MM PER YEAR

F] F] WINDSWINDS:WINDS ARE OCCASIONALLY:WINDS ARE OCCASIONALLY INTENSE INTENSE

G] G] SKY CONDITONSKY CONDITON: THE SKY IS FAIRLY CLEAR : THE SKY IS FAIRLY CLEAR THROUGHOUT THE YEAR WITH CLOUD COVER OF LESS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR WITH CLOUD COVER OF LESS THAN 50%.THIS REGION EXPERIENCES COLD DESERT THAN 50%.THIS REGION EXPERIENCES COLD DESERT CLIMATIC CONDITION THE DESIGN CRITERIA ARE TO CLIMATIC CONDITION THE DESIGN CRITERIA ARE TO RESIST HEAT LOSS AND PROMOTE HEAT AGAIN.RESIST HEAT LOSS AND PROMOTE HEAT AGAIN.

PHYSIOLOGOCAL PHYSIOLOGOCAL OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

During the cold season the effective temperature During the cold season the effective temperature are much lower than in the warmer seasons & are much lower than in the warmer seasons & physical comfort will depend on the prevention of physical comfort will depend on the prevention of heat loss from the body, especially at night.heat loss from the body, especially at night.

The situation is aggravated by the fact that during The situation is aggravated by the fact that during the warm season get acclimatized to high the warm season get acclimatized to high temperature, so their tolerance of cold condition temperature, so their tolerance of cold condition will be reduced.will be reduced.

The tribes entering the cold zone encountered the The tribes entering the cold zone encountered the extreme cold & relatively scarce fuel.extreme cold & relatively scarce fuel.

Under these circumstances, the conservation of heat Under these circumstances, the conservation of heat became essential, so their shelters were compact, with a became essential, so their shelters were compact, with a minimum of surface exposure.minimum of surface exposure.

The Eskimo igloo is a well known solution to the The Eskimo igloo is a well known solution to the problem of survival in extreme cold.problem of survival in extreme cold.

These low hemisphere shelters defects the wind & These low hemisphere shelters defects the wind & take advantage of the insulating value of the snow that take advantage of the insulating value of the snow that surrounds them.surrounds them.

The smooth lining which forms on their internal The smooth lining which forms on their internal surface is an effective seal against air seepage & their surface is an effective seal against air seepage & their tunnel axis are oriented away from the prevailing tunnel axis are oriented away from the prevailing winds to reduce drafts & prevent the escape of winds to reduce drafts & prevent the escape of warmed air.warmed air.

The heat retention of this type of structure makes it The heat retention of this type of structure makes it possible to maintain a temperature of 60 degree F possible to maintain a temperature of 60 degree F inside when the exterior temperature is -50 degree F.inside when the exterior temperature is -50 degree F.

Such structures may be heated by a small lamp Such structures may be heated by a small lamp supplemented by body heat.supplemented by body heat.

Thus , in cold & cloudy & cold & sunny the only Thus , in cold & cloudy & cold & sunny the only difference is in their sky conditiondifference is in their sky condition

Sauni Village, U.P., Cold and Sauni Village, U.P., Cold and CloudyCloudy

Mean Monthly Temp. Mean Monthly Temp. <25 (°C)<25 (°C)

Mean Monthly R.H.Mean Monthly R.H. >55(%) >55(%)

Mean Monthly PrecipitationMean Monthly Precipitation > 5 > 5

No. of clear days in a month No. of clear days in a month <20 <20

PlacesPlaces :- J&K, Himachal, NW UP, Niligiri :- J&K, Himachal, NW UP, Niligiri

Winters are prolonged and Winters are prolonged and summers are short in this climate. summers are short in this climate. There is also a fair amount of There is also a fair amount of precipitation- snow or rain, often precipitation- snow or rain, often spread across the year.spread across the year.

The traditional homes and villages The traditional homes and villages of the sub - Himalayan region are of the sub - Himalayan region are built on hill slopes that would built on hill slopes that would receive a fair amount of sunshine. receive a fair amount of sunshine. The lower floor is occupied by cattle The lower floor is occupied by cattle and used for storage. and used for storage.

The upper floor which is away from The upper floor which is away from cold and damp ground has the living cold and damp ground has the living rooms. The cooking area is a part of rooms. The cooking area is a part of it, in order to benefit from the heat it, in order to benefit from the heat generated by it.generated by it.

Low timber ceiling provide Low timber ceiling provide insulation and conserve the warmth. insulation and conserve the warmth. Windows face the sun. Windows face the sun.

ELEVATION

Cold and SunnyCold and Sunny

Mean Monthly Temp. Mean Monthly Temp. <25 (°C)<25 (°C) Mean Monthly R.H. Mean Monthly R.H. <55 (%)<55 (%) Mean Monthly Precipitation Mean Monthly Precipitation <5 <5 No. of clear days in a month No. of clear days in a month >20 >20 PlacesPlaces Ladakh & Leh Ladakh & Leh

Leh in Ladakh is a "mountain desert." Leh in Ladakh is a "mountain desert." There is very little precipitation and the There is very little precipitation and the

temperatures vary greatly between the day and night temperatures vary greatly between the day and night and also from summer to winter. The traditional and also from summer to winter. The traditional Ladhaki settlement is usually built on steep slopes Ladhaki settlement is usually built on steep slopes facing southward. This allows good isolation during facing southward. This allows good isolation during the day. the day.

Heavy walls (mud) and a well insulated roof (timber & Heavy walls (mud) and a well insulated roof (timber & mud) dampen the variations of indoor temperatures.mud) dampen the variations of indoor temperatures.

The use of glass and nowadays, trombe - wall is very The use of glass and nowadays, trombe - wall is very

successful as heat can be stored in the building mass successful as heat can be stored in the building mass during the day, to stay warm indoors at night. during the day, to stay warm indoors at night.

ELEVATION

ELEVATION

http://www.myhimalayas.com/ladakh_indus_valley/image/hemis_2.jpg

FORM & PLANNINGFORM & PLANNING The general characteristic of cold & sunny & The general characteristic of cold & sunny &

cold & cloudy are discussed above, cold & cloudy are discussed above, According to it the planning & the form of the According to it the planning & the form of the various places in India is designed by the various places in India is designed by the architect or the designers .architect or the designers .

Hence we are dealing with two examples:-Hence we are dealing with two examples:-

1 Jammu & Kashmir1 Jammu & Kashmir

2 Ladakh. 2 Ladakh.

LEHLEH

Many of the houses are flat-Many of the houses are flat-roofed with an upper storey. The roofed with an upper storey. The centre of the facade is open, centre of the facade is open, tibari-liketibari-like, , with the roof supported with the roof supported on two free-standing and two on two free-standing and two engaged wooden pillars. The roof engaged wooden pillars. The roof of the lower floor, reached by an of the lower floor, reached by an external ladder, forms its terrace. external ladder, forms its terrace. Heavy beams, sustained by the Heavy beams, sustained by the walls and solid timber columns, walls and solid timber columns, support closely spaced joists, the support closely spaced joists, the gaps spanned by specially made gaps spanned by specially made bricks or, in mud bricks or, in mud kachha kachha houses, houses, brushwood. Over these is laid a brushwood. Over these is laid a bed of mud and gravel between six bed of mud and gravel between six and nine inches thick which, when and nine inches thick which, when dry, is plastered with cow dung. dry, is plastered with cow dung. The margin is surrounded by a low The margin is surrounded by a low parapet of boulders embedded in parapet of boulders embedded in mud. The roof surface, divided up mud. The roof surface, divided up into rectangular sections by low into rectangular sections by low mud ridges, is used for domestic mud ridges, is used for domestic tasks and drying crops, tasks and drying crops, particularly golden maize. At particularly golden maize. At margin of this roof a parapet is margin of this roof a parapet is built up with more river boulders built up with more river boulders embedded in mudembedded in mud. .

Jammu In this colder climate a town house is often In this colder climate a town house is often

square in plan, the most efficient configuration to square in plan, the most efficient configuration to prevent heat loss, without a courtyard. prevent heat loss, without a courtyard.

A stairwell ascends the centre of the building. A stairwell ascends the centre of the building. The foundations and plinth of stone rubble set in The foundations and plinth of stone rubble set in lime mortar, proving so stable that several lime mortar, proving so stable that several generations of house may have risen on the generations of house may have risen on the same base. The walls of the ground floor, too, same base. The walls of the ground floor, too, are built of jagged stone rubble, not the rounded are built of jagged stone rubble, not the rounded boulders of Jammu and the foothills, with few boulders of Jammu and the foothills, with few and small windowand small window

The Shah Hamadan Mosque, beside the rher The Shah Hamadan Mosque, beside the rher Jhelum in Shrinagar, illustrates a vernacular Jhelum in Shrinagar, illustrates a vernacular form quite unlike that of any other region. form quite unlike that of any other region. Square in plan, its foundation Square in plan, its foundation is is of stone of stone ashlars on which the structure of ashlars on which the structure of deodar deodar (Indian cedar) (Indian cedar) is is built.built.

The high ceiling of a mosque The high ceiling of a mosque is is supported supported by pillars shaped from whole by pillars shaped from whole deodar deodar (Indian cedar) trunks, each set on a stone (Indian cedar) trunks, each set on a stone base. Jama Masjid, Shrinagarbase. Jama Masjid, Shrinagar

The rural houses of the Kashmir Hills have The rural houses of the Kashmir Hills have pitched roofs, and, unlike those of Srinagar, are pitched roofs, and, unlike those of Srinagar, are made of large slates, requiring heavy beams. A made of large slates, requiring heavy beams. A shallow pitch allows the surface to be used for shallow pitch allows the surface to be used for drying crops drying crops

This roof may be built over a flat mud platform This roof may be built over a flat mud platform forming an attic, often open at either end. It is forming an attic, often open at either end. It is used for storage of fuel and fodder. The walls used for storage of fuel and fodder. The walls were constructed often nearest usable materials, were constructed often nearest usable materials, often river boulders mud- mortared within a often river boulders mud- mortared within a timber frame.timber frame.

ROOF WALL AND OTHER SURFACES

details

OpeningsOpenings Decoration also features in the Decoration also features in the

woodwork. There are carved door woodwork. There are carved door surrounds, pierced jali screens, elegant surrounds, pierced jali screens, elegant cusped windows with hinged or sliding cusped windows with hinged or sliding shutters, and pillars with attractively shaped shutters, and pillars with attractively shaped capitals. 'Local mosques sometimes turn to capitals. 'Local mosques sometimes turn to Kashmir for inspiration whilst temples tend Kashmir for inspiration whilst temples tend to follow a tall-towered, stuccoed Punjabi to follow a tall-towered, stuccoed Punjabi model'. model'.

DOORSDOORS The main entrance of a The main entrance of a

town house used to be town house used to be through a large, wide through a large, wide doors.doors.

Built tall, often three or four Built tall, often three or four storey high, the upper storey high, the upper floors of these town floors of these town houses are timber-framed houses are timber-framed with brick filling in the wall with brick filling in the wall

VENTILATIONVENTILATION

The main feature of a traditional facade is the The main feature of a traditional facade is the zoon dab zoon dab (bay window and enclosed balcony). (bay window and enclosed balcony).

The windows were plenty full in the upper The windows were plenty full in the upper storey and the no of tak (bays), each with a storey and the no of tak (bays), each with a single window into which facade was divided single window into which facade was divided defined the house type ,it would be identified as defined the house type ,it would be identified as three bay or five bay. as affluent citizens three bay or five bay. as affluent citizens decorated the interiors with carved walnut ,cut decorated the interiors with carved walnut ,cut with geometric or plant motifs, often as separate with geometric or plant motifs, often as separate panels, to be set into the wall and ceilings.panels, to be set into the wall and ceilings.

Most travelers comment on the vernacular bridges of Most travelers comment on the vernacular bridges of Kashmir, especially those of the city. Seven bridges were built, Kashmir, especially those of the city. Seven bridges were built, known today by numbers as well as local names. Their piles were known today by numbers as well as local names. Their piles were constructed on a cantilever method. Course upon course of constructed on a cantilever method. Course upon course of deodar deodar baulks were set one upon another, each at right angles to that below. baulks were set one upon another, each at right angles to that below. Between the timbers river boulders were laid. As the pile rose above Between the timbers river boulders were laid. As the pile rose above water level the baulks running parallel to the roadway were increased water level the baulks running parallel to the roadway were increased in length at each course, gradually narrowing the gap between piles. in length at each course, gradually narrowing the gap between piles. The space was eventually spanned by more The space was eventually spanned by more deodar deodar beams and a road beams and a road laid down. So strong were these bridges that one had shops built laid down. So strong were these bridges that one had shops built across it. In 1893 extraordinary floods swept all but one away. British across it. In 1893 extraordinary floods swept all but one away. British engineers rebuilt them, diverging from the vernacular form by engineers rebuilt them, diverging from the vernacular form by supporting the spans with struts. Elsewhere, suspension bridges were supporting the spans with struts. Elsewhere, suspension bridges were constructed from wood and rope made from sedge, willow, or birch constructed from wood and rope made from sedge, willow, or birch twigs, intended only for pedestrians and mules: twigs, intended only for pedestrians and mules:

THE SEVEN VENACULAR BRIDGES OF KASHMIR

MATERIAL AND MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES

General methodGeneral method Usually wet mud is Usually wet mud is

used directly, mixed with used directly, mixed with cow dung, and perhaps cow dung, and perhaps given more body by adding given more body by adding chopped straw, gravel or chopped straw, gravel or stone. A wall is built up in stone. A wall is built up in courses about a foot high, courses about a foot high, each left to dry until it can each left to dry until it can bear the next This is the bear the next This is the most common method of most common method of mud building. mud building.

Mud mixed with Mud mixed with grass, laid on birch grass, laid on birch bark, was the usual bark, was the usual material used for material used for pitched roofing in pitched roofing in Kashmir. It often Kashmir. It often produced a veritable produced a veritable rooftop garden of rooftop garden of plants. plants.

KASHMIR

KASHMIRKASHMIR

another hardpan, pale grey in colour, is commonly another hardpan, pale grey in colour, is commonly dug in the North Indian plainsdug in the North Indian plains

over-exploited despite conservationist legislation, over-exploited despite conservationist legislation, timber has become increasingly expensive, thus timber has become increasingly expensive, thus less used. It survived into the twentieth century as less used. It survived into the twentieth century as primary construction material for primary construction material for pukka pukka buildings buildings in Gujarat and in the south and remains so in in Gujarat and in the south and remains so in Kashmir, the Himalayan foothills and the Kashmir, the Himalayan foothills and the northeast. northeast.

In the capital, Jammu City, traditional buildings are In the capital, Jammu City, traditional buildings are rapidly giving way to concrete and steel, but in the rapidly giving way to concrete and steel, but in the countryside old ways survive. Substantial buildings are countryside old ways survive. Substantial buildings are made of the most readily available stone _ rounded river or made of the most readily available stone _ rounded river or moraine boulders. moraine boulders.

Partially shaped, these are laid in courses, consolidated Partially shaped, these are laid in courses, consolidated with mud or, for the rich, with lime mortar. with mud or, for the rich, with lime mortar. Kachha Kachha houses houses are built of mud brick or wattle and daub, requiring eaves to are built of mud brick or wattle and daub, requiring eaves to protect the fabric from heavy seasonal rainfall. This rain protect the fabric from heavy seasonal rainfall. This rain supports the dense supports the dense deodar deodar forests which provide timber. forests which provide timber.

JAMMU

Jammu and KashmirJammu and Kashmir

In Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir), where In Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir), where rainfall is very low, another form of mud rainfall is very low, another form of mud ''‘construction involves the use of wood shuttering ''‘construction involves the use of wood shuttering within which a course of mud rich in river gravel is within which a course of mud rich in river gravel is beaten down.beaten down.

When a course is dry the shuttering is raised, When a course is dry the shuttering is raised, and the process repeated. The result is a and the process repeated. The result is a compact, well consolidated wall. (Today this compact, well consolidated wall. (Today this technique is rarely used, Ladakhis preferring to technique is rarely used, Ladakhis preferring to manufacture their own sun-dried brick on manufacture their own sun-dried brick on sitesite

Four restoration students from Germany, Four restoration students from Germany, one from Belgium and two from Ladakh one from Belgium and two from Ladakh worked with the professional Romanian worked with the professional Romanian restorer on scaffolding with three levels to restorer on scaffolding with three levels to uncover the 15th century muralsuncover the 15th century murals

                                   

          

Ladakhi trainee Yangchen Dolma in her second year has learnt how to remove the thick, clay-based layer of white-wash without damaging the paintings.

Corner of a vernacular Kashmiri mosque, Corner of a vernacular Kashmiri mosque, showing a building technique commOl1 to showing a building technique commOl1 to this region and parts of Himachal Pradesh: this region and parts of Himachal Pradesh: deodar deodar beams alternating with stone rubble beams alternating with stone rubble above a stone ashlars plinth. The flexible above a stone ashlars plinth. The flexible timber holding helps the building to resist timber holding helps the building to resist earthquakes,earthquakes,

• THF master builder Jamyang Tarchin applies the traditional natural-pigment red colour to the outer sanctum walls of the temple.

ConclusionConclusion NORTH OF THE GANGETIC PLAIN and Punjab NORTH OF THE GANGETIC PLAIN and Punjab

the land rises into the Himalayan foothills, towards the the land rises into the Himalayan foothills, towards the snows. Politically, the hills are divided between the states snows. Politically, the hills are divided between the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and northern of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and northern Uttar Pradesh. Altitude brings a colder climate, but the Uttar Pradesh. Altitude brings a colder climate, but the lower levels are still liberally watered by the southwest lower levels are still liberally watered by the southwest monsoon. In response to the cold and a different range of monsoon. In response to the cold and a different range of building materials the local architecture differs markedly building materials the local architecture differs markedly from that of the plains below. Here, the repertoire is from that of the plains below. Here, the repertoire is dominated by timber, mostly from extensive dominated by timber, mostly from extensive deodar deodar (Indian (Indian cedar) forests, fragmented stone and mud.cedar) forests, fragmented stone and mud.

SUBMITTED BYSUBMITTED BY

GAURI BUKKAWAR {3}GAURI BUKKAWAR {3}

KHUSHBOO CHAUHAN {4}KHUSHBOO CHAUHAN {4}

RUPALI UKEY {6}RUPALI UKEY {6}

SHWETA KATWARE {8}SHWETA KATWARE {8}

VIKRANT DHUWARE {11}VIKRANT DHUWARE {11}

SAGAR MISHRA{20}SAGAR MISHRA{20}