cognitive science 17 can you remember my name? part 1 jaime a. pineda,...
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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 Can You Remember My Name? Part 1 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. The Persistence of Memory Dali, 1931. Nature of Learning (synaptic plasticity). Experiences produce changes in the brain (learning) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17
Can You Remember My Name?
Part 1 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D.
The Persistence of MemoryDali, 1931
Nature of Learning(synaptic plasticity)
• Experiences produce changes in the brain (learning)– Perceptual: the ability to identify and categorize objects through
our senses (knowing about things); takes place in sensory systems– Motor: the ability to identify and categorize things through our
motor systems (knowing what to do)– Stimulus-response: establishing an association between a
stimulus perception and a motor response • Classical and instrumental conditioning (Hebbian rules/LTP and LTD)
– Relational: the relationships among individual stimuli• Spatial • Episodic• Observational
Nature of Memory
– Changes in the brain as a result of experiences are retained for a period of time (memories)
– How and where are memories stored?• Karl Lashley – “memory is not possible”• Memories are highly distributed
Memory
Organization of experience….what would you do without it?
The ability to retain learned information and knowledge of past events and experiences and to be able to retrieve that information.
Learn ---- Retain ---- Retrieve
Encoding ---- Maintenance ---- Retrieval
Brain Research In the Media…
Short-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
Long-Term Memory
Sight
Sound
Taste
Touch
Smell
Attention
Elaboration and
Organization
Retrieval
Rehearsal
Lost Lost
Common Model of Memory Processes
Time Course of Memory Processes
Memory Processes Sensory
Holds information for a fraction of a second
Perception and attention
Short Term
Information remains for about 15-20 seconds
Chunking
Rehearsal: Rote and Elaborative
Long Term
Information remainsfor days, months,and years
Retrieval:
More frequent activation of neuron patterns leads to more efficiency
Memory Dichotomies
• working (short-term) vs. long-term• episodic vs. generic • explicit vs. implicit • procedural (riding a bike) vs. declarative
Types of MemoryWorking memory: An active system for temporarily storing and
manipulating information needed in the execution of complex cognitive tasks (e.g., learning, reasoning, and comprehension) (Baddeley 1986)
– The “magic number” (+ 7) for digit span, and more.– Sets a limit on performance, good thing?– “Loading platform” for long term memory
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Memory Processes
• How do memories get from working memory to long term memory storage?– consolidation
• How do we get them back?– Retrieval– Indexing
What Facilitates Encoding, Consolidation, and Maintenance?
• Time spent in working memory? rehearsal?
• Attention and engagement• Connection to what we already know• Depth of processing (typeface vs.
meaning)
What Facilitates Retrieval?
• Memory cues & context• Depth of processing, easier to find• Retrieval failure or memory loss? Or
forgetting vs. misplacement?
Forgetting
We are forgetting all the time.
Decay-- metabolic processes undo “memory traces”
Displacement-- awake vs. asleep during recall interval, interference
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
ta-da!
Long Term Memory
Squire & Zola, PNAS, 1996
Squire’s Taxonomy of Memory
Memory Disorders
Two main types of Amnesia:
• Anterograde (“forward”) Amnesia
• Retrograde (“backwards”) Amnesia
Memory Disorders
Anterograde Amnesia• Problem: forming new memories
post-injury/operation• Korsikoff’s Syndrome (chronic alcoholics),
Alzheimer’s, patients like H.M. with hippocampal/thalamus damage
• Can read, write, converse, remember life until damage was done
• “Right now, I’m wondering, Have I done or said anything amiss? You see, at this moment everything looks clear to me, but what happened just before? That’s what worries me. It’s like waking from a dream; I just don’t remember.”
• “…Every day is alone in itself, whatever enjoyment I’ve had, and whatever sorrow I’ve had.”
H.M.:
Memory Disorders
Retrograde Amnesia:• Problem: loss of memory for some period before
brain injury• ECT and head traumas• “Trace consolidation theory” -- memory hasn’t had
time to become firmly established, but... several years?
• Sometimes memories do come back gradually
Memory Disorders
What amnesiacs can do:
• procedural memory tasks (mirror tracing)
• implicit memory tasks • behavioral conditioning
Squire & Zola, PNAS, 1996
Squire’s Taxonomy of Memory
Memory in the BrainOther important brain areas and functions:• Pre-frontal cortex—retrieval, working memory• Hippocampus & other parts of Thalamus--
consolidation• Amygdala--emotional events, fear
conditioning• Occipital & Temporal Lobes— visual/auditory memories