cognitive psychology psyc231 perception 2 dr. jan lauwereyns, ea619, ext. 5042
TRANSCRIPT
Cognitive PsychologyPSYC231
Perception 2
Dr. Jan Lauwereyns, EA619, ext. 5042
Prosopagnosia: Face blindness
• Light falls on the retina, and is then processed through the visual system. But it only becomes meaningful through interpretation ‘in context’
• Divide the environment in meaningful units• Usually: Objects• Organisation of visual information,
in structures or patterns that we ‘know’
At a level of complexity that is relevant for our behaviour, for our goals and worries
The “What" (Ventral) Stream: Object Recognition
Figure 3.9 (p. 63)A model for recognizing letters by analyzing their features. The stimulus, A, activates three feature-units. These feature-units cause strong activation of the A letter-unit and weaker activation of units for letters such as the N and the O, which lack some of A’s features. The A is identified by the high level of activation of the A letter-unit.
Figure 3.10 (p. 64)Different kinds of A’s that share features.
•Feature Integration (simple to complex)
•Recognition by Components, RBC (Biederman)
– Visual ‘alphabet’
– Infinite combinations
– accommodates propositional descriptions
– importance of ‘junction points’
– Viewpoint-independent
Figure 3.22 (p. 72)(a) A familiar object; (b) the same object seen from a viewpoint that obscures most of its geons and therefore makes it harder to recognize.
Can you read this?
• The template-matching approach– E.g., bar codes– But requires infinite number, each template
has to be learned as new, not robust against visual degradation
– Matching to exemplars based on similarity – Viewpoint-dependent
Arcimbaldo
The Forest Has Eyes,Bev Doolittle
Are faces special?One of my favorites: the “greeble” study by Gauthier et al (1999, Nat. Neurosci.)
Comparing “greeble” recognition between novices and experts
Comparing “greeble” recognition between novices and experts
Perceptual Organisation
• Gestalt laws:
– Simplicity (Closure)– Similarity– Good continuation– Proximity– Common fate– Familiarity
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Familiarity
Influence of context
• Objects are not presented in isolation
• Effects of visual context– E.g., 3D illusion
• Effects of semantic context– E.g., Effects of knowledge, expectation
Difficulties formachine vision:
Maximal interpretationfrom minimal information