cognitive processes ester

8/12/2019 Cognitive Processes Ester

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Cognitive Processes


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Cognitive Processes- it is theperformance of some composite

cognitive activity and an operation thataffects mental contents.


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Constructivism: A Holistic

Approachto Teaching and Learning


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What is Constructivism?


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Basically, Constructivism says that

people construct their own understanding and

knowledge of the world through experiencingthings and reflecting on those experiences.


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Constructivism is a learning theory

Learning is an active process

Knowledge is constructed from (and shapedby) experience

Learning is a personal interpretation of the

world


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Emphasizes problem solving and understanding

Uses authentic tasks, experiences, settings,

assessments Content presented holisticallynot in

separate smaller parts


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Views of

Constructivism

Characteristics of

Constructivism Organizing Knowledge

Individual

Constructivism

Social

Constructivism

Constructivism


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Views of Constructivism

1. Individual Constructivism

2. Social Constructivism


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Individual Constructivism- it is also

called cognitive constructivism. It

emphasizes individual, internalconstruction of knowledge...


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Characteristics of Constructivism

1. Learners construct understanding.

2. New learning depends on currentunderstanding.

3. Learning is facilitated by social

interaction.4. Meaningful learning occurs within

authentic learning tasks.


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Organizing Knowledge

Concept defined- concept is a way of

grouping or categorizing objects or

events in our mind.


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Concepts as Feature Lists

a. Defining Feature

b. Correlational Feature


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Concepts as Prototypes

A. Prototype- is an idea or a visual

image of a typical example.


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Concepts as Exemplars

A. Exemplars- represent a variety of

examples.


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Making Concept Learning Effective

Provide a clear definition of the

concept

Make the defining features veryconcrete and prominent

Give a variety of positive instances Give negative instances

Cite a best example or a prototype


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Provide opportunity for learners toidentify positive and negativeinstances

Ask learners to think of their ownexample of the concept

Point out how concepts can berelated to each other


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Schemas and Scripts

Schemais an organized body of

knowledge about something. It is like afile of information you hold in your mind

about something.


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Script- is a schema that includes a

series of predictable events about aspecific activity.


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Applying Constructivism in Facilitating

Learning

Aim to make learners understand afew key ideas in an in-depth manner,

rather than taking up so many topicssuperficially.

Give varied examples.

Provide lots of opportunities forquality interaction


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Provide opportunities forexperimentation.

Have lots of hands- on activities.

Relate your topic to real life situations.

Do not depend on the explanation

method all the time.

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