cognition princeton review crack-a-lackin tasha wright
Post on 21-Dec-2015
219 views
TRANSCRIPT
CognitionCognition
Princeton Review Crack-a-lackinPrinceton Review Crack-a-lackin
Tasha WrightTasha Wright
Sensory MemorySensory Memory
=gateway between perception and =gateway between perception and memorymemory
very limitedvery limited
Iconic=visual (1/10ths of a second)Iconic=visual (1/10ths of a second)
Echoic=auditory (3-4 seconds)Echoic=auditory (3-4 seconds)
Sensory Memory DosSensory Memory Dos
Based on how you perceive thingsBased on how you perceive things
Ex. Jump rope: at many points at onceEx. Jump rope: at many points at once
=visual persistence=visual persistence
George Sperling and partial reportGeorge Sperling and partial report
G Z E PG Z E P
R K O DR K O D
B T X FB T X F
Paired with different pitched soundsPaired with different pitched sounds
Better with lower pitchBetter with lower pitch
Short-term visual (iconic) memoryShort-term visual (iconic) memory
Short-Term MemoryShort-Term Memory
Few seconds to about a minuteFew seconds to about a minute
Acoustically codedAcoustically coded
Seven parts (+/- 2)Seven parts (+/- 2)
Ex. Telephone numbersEx. Telephone numbers
Chunking=grouping itemsChunking=grouping items
RehearsalRehearsal
Maintenance=simple repetition for the Maintenance=simple repetition for the short termshort term
Elaborative=organization and Elaborative=organization and understanding for long-term useunderstanding for long-term use
Can decay by interferenceCan decay by interference
Remembering Lists:Remembering Lists:
Primacy=remembering the first itemsPrimacy=remembering the first items
Recency=remembering the last items Recency=remembering the last items (fades in about a day)(fades in about a day)
serial position effectserial position effect
Long-Term MemoryLong-Term Memory
Semantically encoded memories=encoded Semantically encoded memories=encoded in the form of word meaningsin the form of word meanings
can be semantically plus visually or can be semantically plus visually or acoustically encodedacoustically encoded
Ex. Song lyricsEx. Song lyrics
Episodic memory=events that we Episodic memory=events that we ourselves have experiencedourselves have experienced
Semantic memory=fact based memorySemantic memory=fact based memory
Procedural memory=skills and habitsProcedural memory=skills and habits
Types of LTMTypes of LTM
State-dependent memory: more likely to be State-dependent memory: more likely to be recalled if the attempt to retrieve it occurs in a recalled if the attempt to retrieve it occurs in a situation similar to the situation in which is was situation similar to the situation in which is was encodedencoded
Flashbulb memories: very deep, vivid memory in Flashbulb memories: very deep, vivid memory in the form of a visual image associated with a the form of a visual image associated with a particular emotionally arousing eventparticular emotionally arousing event
Working memory: the part of LTM that is Working memory: the part of LTM that is currently in usecurrently in use
Memory ChangingMemory Changing
Reconstruction=fitting events together that Reconstruction=fitting events together that seem likelyseem likely
can be caused by source amnesiacan be caused by source amnesia
Framing=repeated suggestions and Framing=repeated suggestions and misleading questions that create false misleading questions that create false memoriesmemories
problems in trialsproblems in trials
LanguageLanguage
ArbitraryArbitrarywords don’t sound like the ideas they words don’t sound like the ideas they conveyconvey
Additive structureAdditive structurewords into phrases, phrases words into phrases, phrases to sentences, sentences to paragraphs, etc.to sentences, sentences to paragraphs, etc.
Multiplicity of structureMultiplicity of structurecan be analyzed in can be analyzed in many waysmany ways
ProductionProductionnearly endless combination of nearly endless combination of wordswords
DynamicDynamicconstantly changing and evolvingconstantly changing and evolving
Phonemes=smaller units of speech Phonemes=smaller units of speech soundssounds
Morphemes=combination of phonemesMorphemes=combination of phonemes
Grammar=set of rules of languageGrammar=set of rules of language
Syntax=organizing morphemes into Syntax=organizing morphemes into meaningful languagemeaningful language
Semantics=word choiceSemantics=word choice
Acquiring LanguageAcquiring Language
(Infants) Holophrases=single terms that are (Infants) Holophrases=single terms that are applied to a broad category of thingsapplied to a broad category of thingsEx. All women are “mama”Ex. All women are “mama”this is overextensionthis is overextension(2 year olds) Telegraphic speech=lack many (2 year olds) Telegraphic speech=lack many parts of speechparts of speechEx. “mommy food”Ex. “mommy food”(3 years old) Know over 1,000 words(3 years old) Know over 1,000 wordsovergeneralization errorsovergeneralization errorsEx. I goed to storeEx. I goed to store
Noam Chomsky and Noam Chomsky and Transformational grammarTransformational grammar
Surface structure of language v. deep Surface structure of language v. deep structure of languagestructure of language
Propose innate language acquisition Propose innate language acquisition devicedevice
used to explain why all cultures used to explain why all cultures languages and learning is so similarlanguages and learning is so similar
B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner
BehavioristBehaviorist
Said it was operant conditioningSaid it was operant conditioning
learning and reinforcementlearning and reinforcement
ConceptConcept
=a way of grouping or classifying the world =a way of grouping or classifying the world around usaround us
Typicality=the degree to which an object Typicality=the degree to which an object fits the averagefits the average
Prototype=typical picture that we envisionPrototype=typical picture that we envision
Superordinate concept=very broad; Superordinate concept=very broad; encompasses a large group of itemsencompasses a large group of items
Ex. FoodEx. Food
Subordinate concept=smaller and more Subordinate concept=smaller and more specificspecific
Ex. BreadEx. Bread
Cognition=thinking Cognition=thinking
Reasoning=drawing of conclusions from Reasoning=drawing of conclusions from evidenceevidence
Deductive reasoning=drawing logical Deductive reasoning=drawing logical conclusions from general statementsconclusions from general statements
Inductive reasoning=the process of Inductive reasoning=the process of drawing general inferences from specific drawing general inferences from specific observationsobservations
Creativity and Problem SolvingCreativity and Problem Solving
Creativity=the process of producing Creativity=the process of producing something novel yet worthwhilesomething novel yet worthwhile
Divergent thinkingDivergent thinkingif many correct if many correct answers are possibleanswers are possible
Ex. BrainstormingEx. Brainstorming
ConvergentConvergentproblem can only be solved problem can only be solved by one answerby one answer
Heuristics=intuitive rules of thumbHeuristics=intuitive rules of thumb
Algorithms=systematic, mechanical Algorithms=systematic, mechanical approaches that guarantee an eventual approaches that guarantee an eventual answer to a problemanswer to a problem
Insight=sudden understandingInsight=sudden understanding
Ex. Wolfgang Kohler and chimps. Ex. Wolfgang Kohler and chimps. Bananas outside cage, 2 sticks insideBananas outside cage, 2 sticks inside
Mental set=fixed frame of mindMental set=fixed frame of mind
Functional fixedness=tendency to assume Functional fixedness=tendency to assume that a given item is only useful for the task that a given item is only useful for the task for which it was designedfor which it was designed
Confirmation bias=looking only for Confirmation bias=looking only for information to support your viewinformation to support your view
Hindsight bias=after the fact, saying you Hindsight bias=after the fact, saying you knew what the outcome would beknew what the outcome would be
Framing=the way a question is phrasedFraming=the way a question is phrased