codeof conduct

GUIDEBOOK CONDUCT

CODEOF

PART THREE: HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT GUIDELINES

157

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS Version 2

PART THREE: HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT GUIDELINES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION PAGE 159CHAPTER 2 MANAGEMENT PAGE 160 Guidelines 1 Injury log 2 Fire and emergency preparedness plan

CHAPTER 3 ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS PAGE 162 Guidelines 1 Aisles, emergency escape routes 2 Stairways 3 Exits

CHAPTER 4 ALARM SYSTEM / EMERGENCY / FIRE PAGE 165 Guidelines 1 Development / maintenance of fire a Development of fire b Maintenance of fire 2 Fire prevention / strategy a Fire prevention 3 Fire fighting / strategy a Fire fighting b Exit signs / emergency illumination c Requirements of fire extinguisher points

CHAPTER 5 FIRST AID PAGE 171 Guidelines 1 Standards for first aid kits

CHAPTER 6 STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS PAGE 173 Guidelines 1 General impacts and risks of a chemical store 2 Guidelines for a chemical store 3 Guidelines for containers 4 Storage separation 5 Documentation 6 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) 7 Chemical Safety Data Sheets (CSDSs)

PART THREE PAGE

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TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 7 HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS IN PRODUCTION PAGE 181 Guidelines 1 Health risk / acceptable risk 2 Symbols for hazardous chemicals 3 Types of chemical hazards concerning toxicity 4 Heating of a flammable liquid / difference between flash

point and ignition point 5 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

CHAPTER 8 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES PAGE 184 Guidelines 1 Background information 2 Pathways of contamination 3 Exposure measurements a Type 1: Workplace measurement b Type 2: Measurements with batches c Type 3: Medical examination

CHAPTER 9 COLOUR CODING / LABELLING PAGE 187 Guidelines 1 Colour coding / labelling (part 1) 2 Colour coding / labelling (part 2)

CHAPTER 10 COMPRESSED GAS / CYLINDERS PAGE 190 Guidelines 1 Guidelines for storage of cylinders 2 Mobile welding station (cylinder trolley)

CHAPTER 11 GENERAL EQUIPMENT / HOUSE KEEPING / ELECTRICITY PAGE 193

Guidelines 1 Recommendations for light a Measurement of workplaces b Measurement on aisles / stairs 2 Electricity / wiring 3 Compressor stations


PART THREE PAGE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


CHAPTER 12 MACHINERY PAGE 198 Guidelines 1 Background information a Electrical safety b Mechanical and thermal safety

CHAPTER 13 WASTE MANAGEMENT PAGE 203 Guidelines 1 Waste collection in production area 2 Compression of waste 3 Waste storage area 4 Storage of hazardous waste

CHAPTER 14 WASTE WATER PAGE 206 Guidelines 1 Principle of a three-step waste water treatment plant

CHAPTER 15 EMISSION CONTROL PAGE 208 Guidelines 1 Dust separation system

CHAPTER 16 DORMITORY FACILITIES PAGE 210 Guidelines

CHAPTER 17 SANITATION AND HYGIENE – TOILETS, DINING AND KITCHEN FACILITIES PAGE 213Guidelines

APPENDIXAPPENDIX 1 DEFINITIONS PAGE 218

PART THREE PAGE

160

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION Version 2

This guidebook details the requirements which will allow suppliers to comply with the Arcadia Group Code of Conduct. The guidelines described do not necessarily reflect the national laws of all the countries where suppliers are based, and it is the responsibility of individual suppliers to ensure that they meet all legal requirements relating to health, safety and environmental matters.

The main purpose of the guidelines is to give practical ideas to suppliers to help them manage the process of continuous improvement.

These guidelines are minimum requirements and in some cases suppliers may be required to achieve higher standards as advised by Arcadia Group.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Arcadia Group believes in a common approach to improving standards in our industry.

After a significant review of available standards and guidelines we have found that the adidas Group tool Guidebook on Health, Safety and Environment is complete, comprehensive and concise.

We would like to extend our sincere acknowledgement and recognition to adidas Group for taking the initiative to prepare these guidelines and for making them publicly available on the internet. In particular, our thanks go to Mr Frank Henke, Global Director Social and Environmental Affairs, for allowing the Arcadia Group to use these guidelines.

(Where the provisions of the Arcadia Group Code of Conduct and these Health, Safety and Environment Guidelines address the same subject, you must apply the provision which affords the greater protection.)

PART THREE CHAPTER 1 PAGE

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CHAPTER 2: MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT Version 2

It is a basic Management responsibility to ensure a safe and healthy work environment for employees. It is therefore essential that the Management follows these responsibilities by establishing appropriate documented policies, plans, procedures and instructions.

In the case when a factory accident occurs, the factory Management may be held personally liable for injuries to workers and other damages. Therefore documents must be available for official inspection if the Management is to be exonerated from personal liability.

GUIDELINES

• Documentation of existing local legal requirements for Health, Safety and Environment (HSE)

• Comprehensive records of:

– governmental permits / certificates (for example elevator permit, boiler permit etc.)

– monitoring and test results (for example test report of a waste water treatment plant, air quality testing, emergency light testing etc.)

– internal training exercises / drills (in particular fire / emergency drills)

• Written policy and organisation on HSE subjects

• Written announcement of coordinator for HSE

• Accident / injury log (picture 2.1)

• Fire and emergency preparedness plan (picture 2.2)

• Written training procedures for employees (that is training on safety, pollution prevention, first aid training etc.)

1 INJURY LOG

Picture 2.1


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MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT Version 2

2 FIRE AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PLAN

The following ideas help to develop a fire and emergency preparedness plan:

• provide factory maps (including offices and dormitories) for each floor with following details and display them at pertinent points:

– actual location (‘You are here’)

– locations of extinguishers

– locations of alarms – audio and visual

– locations of first aid kits

– locations of alarm manual call points

– exit routes and assembly areas

• identify major fire risk hazards

• provide phone numbers of:

– local fire department

– ambulance / hospital

Picture 2.2

You are here

Exit route

Assembly area


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CHAPTER 3: ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS

ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS Version 2

The quality of buildings has a strong influence on the working environment for employees. When factory buildings are being planned, constructed or rebuilt, fundamental basics such as physical stability, sufficient load capacity and fire preparedness and prevention should be influenced by health and safety requirements. The main concern when assessing the architecture of a factory is the risk of collapse and overloading. Obstructed or insufficient exits, corridors, aisles and emergency escape routes are a common safety hazard which can often be remedied with little or no cost and can make the difference between life and death.

GUIDELINES

• Complete building should be in good condition

• Roofs, ceilings and mezzanines:

– load capacity for upper floors sufficient for any machinery installed on them

– load bearing walls, pillars and ceilings inspected visually and regularly

• Storage racks should have adequate strength to support any expected loads

• Stairways:

– handrails required if more than four steps (1 m high minimum)

– steps not higher than 0.19 m

– surface non-slip and even

– adequate widths (table 3.1)

– a minimum of two stairways required from each upper floor if more than 30 persons on the storey

• Exposed areas should be protected by adequate guardrails and toe-boards

• Floor openings / holes should be protected by suitable covers and/or barriers

• Aisles, corridors, emergency escape routes and exits (picture 3.1):

– width > 1.1 m

– head room > 2 m

– unobstructed

– surface non-slip

– acceptable clearance between work stations

– distance to nearest exit < 60 m

– exit doors unlocked


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ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS


– exit doors open outwards

– floor at exits equal height on both sides of doorway

– adequate number of exits of appropriate widths (table 3.2)

• Elevators:

– load capacity displayed

– equipped with doors

– doors fitted with interlock device to prevent opening without elevator being present

– elevator wired so as to be inoperable when doors are open

– warning signs about use in emergency posted on the outside of the elevator

– indication whether lift is for freight or passenger use

1 AISLES, EMERGENCY ESCAPE ROUTES

Picture 3.1


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ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS


2 STAIRWAYS

The width of stairways is a critical factor in saving lives in case of a fire. The recommended width of a stairway depends on:

• number of people in the building (more people means higher width required)

• number of storeys in the building (more storeys provides higher discharge rate for a given number of people)

The following table shows the number of people who can be discharged by a stairway. It is assumed that there is approximately the same number of workers on each storey. Further it is assumed that the width of the stairway is constant on all storeys.

To determine the requirements for stairways and exits some calculations need to be performed.

Table 3.1

3 EXITS

The escape width and number of exit doors for a room depends on the number of persons working in the room and not on its floor area. Therefore, small rooms may require large exits if many employees work in them. On the other hand, for large rooms with few employees (for example warehouses) smaller exits may be acceptable. Table 3.2 shows the requirements (for example a room with 450 employees would require at least two doors and exit width of 3 m).

Table 3.2


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CHAPTER 4: ALARM SYSTEM / EMERGENCY / FIRE

ALARM SYSTEM / EMERGENCY / FIRE Version 2

Each year industrial fires cause injuries, deaths and loss of business. In many cases factories never re-open after a fire. These losses can be avoided by applying fire prevention controls and being prepared for emergencies. Fire extinguishers are one of the cheaper items available for factory fire safety, but they are frequently abused by poor maintenance, bad positioning, being obstructed, etc. Automatic sprinkler systems, when adequately maintained, are over 95% effective and thus are the best protection for people and property.

Notice that there is extensive individual country legislation covering virtually every aspect of fire safety. It is outside the scope of this guideline to attempt to deal with legislation in any detail.

GUIDELINES

• Alarm systems (sound and light) should be installed which are separate and distinct from other alarms and notification systems:

– alarm systems fully tested every three months

– tests, maintenance, repair or replacement of alarm, fire and emergency systems recorded

• Appropriate emergency lights should be available particularly for all exit routes (> 1 lux) (picture 4.1):

– tested monthly

– inspections documented

– illuminated exits signs with backup power required on all exit routes

• ‘No smoking’ signs displayed throughout the premises

• Sufficient directional and exit signs to ensure that all exit routes from the area within the buildings are clearly indicated

• Exit signs to be clear and visible with pictogram and text in English and native language (picture 4.2):

– assembly areas designated outside the building and not obstruct emergency services such as fire brigade or ambulance

• Guideline for extinguishers (picture 4.3):

– suitable for the type of fire (table 4.1)

– at least one extinguisher (6 kg) per 100 m2

– distance to next extinguisher from any employee < 22.5 m

– easily accessible

– clearly marked


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ALARM SYSTEM / EMERGENCY / FIRE


– individually identifiable by a number (important for corrective actions)

– fully charged

– visual checks monthly (with control tag)

– as a minimum serviced annually by qualified personnel / licensed company

– operation instructions in English and native language

• Guideline for operations of sprinklers:

– sprinkler heads clean

– sprinkler piping not used to support non-fire-system equipment

– clearance between sprinkler head and stored material > 0.45 m

– water level and pressure, water pumps and general conditions inspected monthly

– pressure checks of water container conducted every five years; records kept

– independent water supply required

1 DEVELOPMENT / MAINTENANCE OF FIRE

Fire results from a combination of fuel, heat and oxygen. When a substance is heated to its ignition temperature it will ignite and continue to burn so long as there is fuel, a supply of oxygen and the proper temperature. Ignition sources can be:

• flames from such sources as fixed water boilers, gas welding and cutting, engine back fire / exhaust gases, heating and galley appliances, personnel smoking

• hot surfaces which include welding slag, hot spots on the opposite side of work pieces during welding, hot fumes and exhausts, hot process piping and equipment, lighting and other electrical equipment, frictional heating from slipping drive belts, un-lubricated bearings, heating and cooking appliances

• sparks or electric arcs from hand tools, electric motors or generators, switches and relays, wiring, electric arc welding, storage batteries, boiler ignition devices, lighting systems, torches

• static electricity sparks which can be generated from many sources including high fluid velocities (fuelling, filling vessels, steam cleaning, grit blasting, spray painting) normal frictional body movements when wearing synthetic clothing, radio frequency transmissions and lighting

• chemical reactions which evolve heat, including substances that fire spontaneously on exposure to air such as white phoshphorus


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• heat of compression when hydrocarbon gases are mixed with air, for example by admission of volatile organic compounds into air compressors, or the incomplete purging of pressure vessel

a Development of fire

b Maintenance of fire

2 FIRE PREVENTION / STRATEGY

Oxygen is normally present in the air around us in a sufficient quantity to support fire (approximately 21%). Every factory uses combustible / flammable material. Thus fire prevention has to focus on prevention of ignition sources in fire sensitive areas.

a Fire prevention


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3 FIRE FIGHTING / STRATEGY

To fight fire either the combustible / flammable material, the oxygen or the heat has to be removed.

If there is no chance to remove the combustible / flammable material, fire fighting focuses on the removal of oxygen (for example with carbon dioxide extinguishers). Additionally, some extinguishers also work by cooling the material below its critical temperature.

a Fire fighting

To remove oxygen from the fire, it is important that the extinguisher is suitable for the kind of fire otherwise the situation becomes worse. A typical bad example is the treatment of a diesel fire with water. Diesel and water cannot be mixed together. On the molecular scale this means that water can not get close enough contact to diesel to remove oxygen and to smother the fire. As a consequence, the jet of water only spreads the burning diesel drops and worsens the fire instead of extinguishing it. Table 4.1 shows the suitability of extinguishers:


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Table 4.1

Halon 1211 fire extinguishers are still found in some areas. Since Halon 1211 is a chemical compound with high ozone depleting potential, Halon 1211 fire extinguishers should be replaced as soon as practically possible.

b Exit signs / emergency illumination

Picture 4.1


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Picture 4.2

c Requirements of fire extinguisher points

Picture 4.3


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CHAPTER 5: FIRST AID

FIRST AID Version 2

It is one of the most important duties of factory Management to provide immediate and appropriate first aid support to employees who are injured on the company’s premises. A well organised first aid system ensures quick medical attention for employees and can prevent the loss of many working days.

GUIDELINES

• A first aid room should be available for a factory with more than 1000 workers:

– clearly identified by signs (see Chapter 9: Colour coding / labelling)

– clean

– adequately equipped for the type of injuries that could be expected

– in accessible location

– first aid material available and within their ‘use-by dates’

– for each 1000 employees at least one bed

– first aid instructions available in both local and English language

– room only used as a first aid room

– screens / curtains available to provide appropriate privacy

– means of contacting doctors / hospital available (telephone)

• First aid personnel should be announced:

– one person appointed for each 100 employees

– first aid personnel adequately trained in first aid by professional personnel once a year

– if more than 1000 employees a doctor on site or appropriate emergency services required during all working hours

– First aid kits should be available (picture 5.1)

– sufficient kits available (about one for every 100 employees; the nature and distribution of the work force should be considered)

– kits kept in containers to provide protection from dirt and water

– kits unlocked or easily accessible

– appropriately located and identified by signs (see Chapter 9: Colour coding / labelling)

– inspected monthly, restocked as required and after use

– sufficient appropriate materials

– all materials within their ‘use-by dates’

– first aid instructions available in both local and English language


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FIRST AID

FIRST AID Version 2

1 STANDARDS FOR FIRST AID KITS

Picture 5.1

• Clearly marked

• Easily accessible

• Protected against dust and water

• With inspection tag

• Equipped with at least:

– 20 individually wrapped sterile adhesive dressings (assorted sizes) appropriate to type of work

– six medium sized individually wrapped sterile un-medicated wound dressings approximately 12 cm x 12 cm

– two individually wrapped sterile un-medicated wound dressings approximately 18 cm x 18 cm

– gauze bandage

– four individually wrapped sterile triangular bandage

– pair of scissors

– safety pins

– latex gloves (disposable)

– sterile eye pads

• Written first aid instructions

• List of normal contents (for restocking)


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CHAPTER 6: STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS Version 2

Chemicals are often easily inflammable, explosive and toxic. Therefore, the correct storage is necessary to reduce the risk of fire, explosion and serious injury or contamination. Additionally, if stored without secondary containment, there is a risk of ground and ground water contamination (picture 6.1).

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for each chemical used in the factory should be provided by the supplier of the chemicals including basic information, advice and instructions on the adequate use, handling, storage and disposal of the individual chemical.

GUIDELINES

• Rooms for chemical storage (picture 6.2)

– electrical installations explosion protected (lights, switches, ventilators, wiring, junction boxes, temporary used mobile machines)

– warning signs clearly recognisable

– adequate ventilation required

– doors constructed to resist a fire for at least 30 minutes (T 30)

– secondary containment for hazardous liquids against ground and water (picture 6.3)

– no floor drains

– durable and legible labels on containers

– containers closed if not in use

– facility to be generally clean

– appropriate water supply within 30 meters for eye or body cleaning

– water supply regularly tested

– hazardous material which exceeds more than the daily supply separated from production areas

– toxic and flammable material not stored together (picture 6.4)

– guideline for fire extinguishers (see Chapter 4: Alarm system / emergency / fire); in stores with more than 2000 m2 additionally one 50 kg extinguisher on wheels

– list of stored chemicals available (table 6.1)

– MSDSs and CSDS (Chemical Safety Data Sheets) available

– lightning protection installed


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STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

• Large vessels:

– secondary containment

– warning signs against fire

– chemical warning signs

– protection against sunlight

– appropriate temperatures maintained

Note: For large chemical storage areas automatic fire extinguishing systems should be installed.

1 GENERAL IMPACTS AND RISKS OF A CHEMICAL STORE

Picture 6.1



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2 GUIDELINE FOR A CHEMICAL STORE

Picture 6.2



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3 GUIDELINE FOR CONTAINERS

Picture 6.3

Chemicals should be stored in a way that no impact to workers and environment can occur. To ensure this, the following is required:

• containers, drums or dispensers which are not actually in use should be closed with an air tight lid

• all containers, drums or dispensers require legible and durable labels using the appropriate local language as well as English language

• in case of a leakage, hazardous material should be kept by a secondary containment; it should fulfil the following requirements:

– made of a mechanically resistant material like metal and resistant to the stored liquid (corrosion resistant if necessary)

– volume of at least 10% of the total volume stored inside the secondary containment and additionally at least equal to the volume of the largest container which is stored inside the secondary containment (see picture 6.3)

As an alternative to separate secondary containment under each container, the complete store room can be constructed as a secondary containment system. Therefore the floor has to be coated with an impermeable seal (for example special paint). Recognise that a concrete floor itself is not impermeable for many organic solvents. Sills also have to be impermeable. Containers must be handled with care. Proper tools must be used for opening containers and drums.



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4 STORAGE SEPARATION

It is necessary to ensure that in case of a fire, the impact on persons and the environment is minimised.

To ensure this, toxic and flammable chemicals should not be stored together. In a store with flammable and toxic chemicals, a fire resulting from flammable chemicals can transport toxic materials over a wide area.

Note: Care must be taken not to store chemicals that can have hazardous reactions with each other in the same location.

Picture 6.4



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5 DOCUMENTATION

To assess the hazardous potential of stored chemicals, a list of chemicals has to be developed and maintained. It should give at least information about the kind of material, stored volume, flammability, toxicity, and the hazard for ground water (if any). The data can be taken from the MSDSs of the chemicals. The following table shows an example of such a list:

Table 6.1

6 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDSs)

Suppliers of chemicals are obliged by law to provide their customers with the MSDSs of their products. The following information should be available on the MSDS:

• substance identification

– trade name

– CAS-number

– components and contaminants

• chemical data

– molecular formula

– molecular weight etc.

• physical data

– boiling point

– melting point

– solubility etc.

• exposure limits

• fire and explosion data



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– fire / explosion hazard

– flash point

– explosive limits

– auto-ignition temperature

– fire fighting media and conditions

• toxicity

• health effects and first aid

– inhalation

– skin contact

– eye contact

– ingestion

– antidote(s)

• reactivity

• handling, storage and disposal

• spill and leak procedures

• protective equipment

– requirements to installations

– personal protective equipment

• additional information



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7 CHEMICAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (CSDSs)

MSDSs give very detailed information about the properties of chemicals but they are not very useful to advise workers in use and handling. Therefore operation procedures and CSDSs should be developed, which give very brief information in use and handling. They should be written in simple language to ensure that each worker can understand them. Operation procedures and CSDSs should be posted in areas, where the concerning chemicals are stored or used.

Picture 6.5

If applicable, different chemicals with similar properties can be described in only one operation procedure. Thus the paperwork in the factory can be reduced.

Operation procedures are part of the working documents and should be part of the management system and kept on file with MSDSs, as well as being posted with CSDSs in work areas.



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CHAPTER 7: HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS IN PRODUCTION

HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS IN PRODUCTION Version 2

Chemicals exist in liquid, solid or gaseous state, or combined states such as vapours, dust or fumes. The effects of overexposure range from industrial dermatitis (skin rashes) to severe illness and even death. Some airborne chemicals get into the body when they are inhaled, eaten or drunk (ingestion), or can enter the blood stream through the skin (absorption), or enter by puncture wound (injection).

The important thing to remember is that chemicals / hazardous materials can be used safely when the prescribed precautions for the use, storage, transportation handling and proper disposal are followed.

GUIDELINES

• Each emission of chemicals which can be avoided should be avoided

• Not more than the daily required supply should be stored at workplaces

• Workplaces should be free of chemical spillage

• Hazardous chemicals should not be placed in receptacles which are generally used for food

• Flammable chemicals should be kept away from ignition sources like open fires, sparks etc.

• Chemicals should be clearly marked (see Chapter 9: Colour coding / labelling)

• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) should be provided by the safety coordinator

• Chemical Safety Data Sheets (CSDSs) and operation procedures should be clearly posted at workplaces

• No eating / drinking in areas where chemicals are used

• Workers should be educated bi-annually in use and handling of chemicals

• Where chemicals are used, emergency eye wash facilities should be reachable within 30 m of the work station

• Workers should be provided with appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) like goggles, footwear or gloves

• In fire hazard areas, ‘no smoking’ signs should be posted

• Containers not in use should be covered properly


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HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS IN PRODUCTION


1 HEALTH RISK / ACCEPTABLE RISK

The likelihood of a health hazard actually becoming a risk to the health of an individual is a combination of three factors:

• severity of the hazard may be considered as the power of the agent to damage (for example, the toxicity of a chemical)

• potential for exposure likelihood or risk of exposure (for example, risk of exposure based on form of chemical liquids, granules etc.)

• individual susceptibility may be considered as the tolerance level on an individual to be exposed without adverse health effects (that is, individual sensitivity to certain chemicals)

It is not possible to remove all risk from everything we do, but risk can be kept to an acceptable minimum level. This gives rise to the concept of exposure standards (see Chapter 8: Threshold limit values).

2 SYMBOLS FOR HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

A proper knowledge of safe handling and storage of flammable liquids or gases and combustible material builds the basis for worker’s protection and fire prevention. The MSDSs of chemicals give important information concerning toxicity and fire hazard (see Chapter 9: Colour coding / labelling).

3 TYPES OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS CONCERNING TOXICITY

• Toxic substances can lead to acute respiratory irritation, chemical asphyxiation, central nervous system effects, narcotic effects, damage to the optical nerve, kidneys, liver or other organs, chronic anaemia, leukaemia etc.

• Carcinogenious substances can lead to cancer of skin, organs etc. and have the same hazard label as toxic substances

• Corrosive substances can lead to acute skin, eye and respiratory irritations, burns, ulceration, tissue destruction etc.

• Irritant substances can lead to acute skin, eye and respiratory irritations, dermatitis etc.

• Harmful substances can lead to acute respiratory and skin allergic reactions after sensitisation etc.


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HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS IN PRODUCTION


4 HEATING OF A FLAMMABLE LIQUID / DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FLASH POINT AND IGNITION POINT

In MSDSs, two different (and very often misunderstood) expressions, concerning the fire hazard of a chemical are given - flash point and ignition point. The following picture explains the relations:

5 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

It should be noted and understood that the use of PPE is the last resort, not the norm. Only if it is not possible to avoid the hazard by other means like material substitution or local extraction and ventilation systems, PPE is required. Depending on the actual conditions, the following PPE can be necessary in use of hazardous chemicals:

• goggles against eye injuries arising from spattering liquid chemicals like solvents, adhesives or dyes

• rubber gloves against contamination with chemicals through the skin pathway (for example priming of soles)

• face masks in dust emitting areas (for example rubber mixing); notice that simple face masks made of paper or cotton can only protect against dust, but not against Volatile Organic Chemicals arising from solvent emissions

• liquid resistant footwear against contamination with chemicals through the skin


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CHAPTER 8: THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES

Prolonged or excessive contact with most chemicals can lead to injuries, illness, disease and in some cases death. Other chemicals can have similar effects with only short or minor contact. To ensure that the working environment is kept within acceptable limits, the concentration should be lower than the recommended Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for all the chemicals used. Where necessary, the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment should be supplied and used.

GUIDELINES

The concentration of the following Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) or dust in worker’s air should be lower than the recommended TLV.

Benzene, toluene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and methylene chloride (dichloromethane) are banned; thus there is no TLV for these chemicals.

Table 8.1

1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Chemicals can be categorised as:

• organic chemicals are molecules based on chained carbon; the fact that all living organisms are based on chained carbon leads to the expression ‘organic chemistry’

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES Version 2


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THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES


• inorganic chemicals are all compounds not containing chained carbon (metals, their compounds and salts)

A special group of organic compounds are the VOCs. VOCs are those organic compounds which change easily from a liquid to a gaseous state at room temperature although they are liquid. If an open container with a VOC is left in a closed room, a gas atmosphere of this VOC develops. The expression VOC includes the sum of compounds like acetone, butanone, ethers, hydrocarbons etc. It gives information about the total amount of organic chemicals in workers’ air, but it gives no information about the toxicity of the mixture.

2 PATHWAYS OF CONTAMINATION

Respiration is the main means of contamination in the footwear industry, followed by absorption through the skin (picture 8.1). Contamination by ingestion (eating) is only of low relevance since it can be excluded easily by prohibiting eating and drinking in areas with a high contamination potential, and by clear labelling to forestall accidents.

To ensure that the TLVs are not exceeded, measurements have to be performed at several workstations.

This guidebook lists TLVs for various chemicals commonly used in the footwear industry.

Picture 8.1


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THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES

Picture 8.2

3 EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS

To determine exposure, different kinds of measurements can be performed.

a Type 1: Workplace measurement

The measurement is performed directly at the workplace and thus is specific for the workplace. If it is ensured that all workplaces in a factory are below the TLVs, it is ensured that the exposure limit can not be exceeded by any worker, independent from the time he spends at different exposed work places.

b Type 2: Measurement with batches

The measurement is performed with a collection system attached to the worker’s clothes (exposure measurement for 8 hours). The determined value gives specific information for the individual worker’s job. If the job includes activities at different workplaces for different times it can happen that the worker’s exposure is below the TLV, although one of the workplaces is suitable to exceed the TLV.

To be sure that limits are not exceeded, measurements should be performed for all workers, and should be repeated if the working organisation changes (for example longer time at high exposed areas).

c Type 3: Medical examination

The most precise determination of the real impact with chemicals (that is, blood analysis). This is very expensive and carries a risk of revealing substances which do not come from work in the factory.

If measurements are performed, they should be in accordance with Type 1 or a combination of Type 1 and Type 2. In areas of high risk, measurements of Type 3 are recommended.



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CHAPTER 9: COLOUR CODING / LABELLING

COLOUR CODING / LABELLING Version 2

This chapter outlines the requirements for safety signs and gives guidance on the provision of signs and on maintaining their effectiveness.

GUIDELINES

The following precautions and criteria apply:

• signs and notices should be appropriate in number

• signs and notices should be displayed clearly

• signs and notices that are no longer valid

• should be removed immediately

• signs should be large enough to be clearly legible

• appropriate languages should be used

• signs should be of robust construction, corrosion and weather resistant, and readily fixed to their intended base

• essential signs should be illuminated so they are visible when it is dark, foggy or there is smoke

• signs and notices should be properly maintained, replaced and/or cleaned as necessary


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COLOUR CODING / LABELLING


1 COLOUR CODING / LABELLING (PART 1):

As a guide, signs should be of different colour codes depending on their requirement.


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COLOUR CODING / LABELLING


2 COLOUR CODING / LABELLING (PART 2)


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CHAPTER 10: COMPRESSED GAS / CYLINDERS

COMPRESSED GAS / CYLINDERS Version 2

The use of compressed gas has increased in recent years and its use for welding, cutting, heating and as a means of fighting fire is common.

The use of such gases brings risk and hazards when used in the confines of a work site and it is essential that the principal hazards and the precautions to be taken in the transportation, storage, handling and use of cylinders is known and understood by all personnel.

GUIDELINES

• Storage and use of cylinders (picture 10.1):

– storage outside the building under a roof

– no access to unauthorised persons (to change cylinders or perform maintenance work)

– flammable gas cylinders at least 7.5 m distant from open flames, hot surfaces or electric arcs

– storage temperature below 50°C

– chained to a cart or a wall (picture 10.2)

– upright position

– protection caps on all cylinders, when not actually in use

– separate storage of spare and full cylinders

– separation of oxygen and flammable gas (3 m minimum distance)

– storage cage metal and connected to a lightning rod or inherently lightning protected

– back flash arrestors required

• Where several flammable gas cylinders are connected together to provide, for example, gas for kitchen cooking appliances, the following is required:

– all cylinders located outside the building

– gas cylinders and manifold connections enclosed in a suitable locked caged area

– piping made of rigid metal pipe-work

– a means of positively isolating the gas supply to the building installedPART THREE CHAPTER 10 PAGE

192

COMPRESSED GAS / CYLINDERS


1 GUIDELINE FOR STORAGE OF CYLINDERS

The risk potential of compressed gas cylinders is very often underestimated. As a consequence serious accidents happen which cost the lives of workers or can damage buildings. Compressed gas cylinders are under extremely high pressure of 200 bar. If they are not protected with a cap over their valves, the valves can break when cylinders fall. This can lead to serious explosions and in these cases can even cause concrete to collapse.

Another risk potential is leaking cylinder valves. If cylinders are stored in closed buildings an explosive atmosphere can build up. Thus cylinders should be stored outside the building as shown in the following picture.

Picture 10.1


193

COMPRESSED GAS / CYLINDERS


2 MOBILE WELDING STATION (CYLINDER TROLLEY)

Oxygen and acetylene cylinders are often used for welding and burning in different areas of the factory site. When cylinders are used for this purpose, they shall be installed on a cylinder trolley.

Picture 10.2


194

CHAPTER 11: GENERAL EQUIPMENT / HOUSE KEEPING / ELECTRICITY

GENERAL EQUIPMENT / HOUSE KEEPING / ELECTRICITY Version 2

The continuous maintenance of electrical installations and other utilities are important basics to avoid industrial accidents. Electrical safety is tied directly to fire safety. Overloaded or improperly maintained electrical wiring can lead to fire accidents.

Poor ventilation can damage workers’ health and their productivity. Facilities don’t need to be ‘refrigerated’ to foreign standards, but all reasonable efforts should be made to maintain air circulation, to reduce temperature extremes and to remove toxic and particulate matter from the air.

Appropriate lighting is needed while working on certain machinery, such as when stitching, sewing or cutting as well as on floors, aisles or stairs to prevent workers from stumbling and falling.

Reasonable housekeeping practices can help to reduce hazards and usually reflect good management interest in safety.

GUIDELINES

• High voltage areas / generator houses:

– no access for non-authorised people

– warning signs (see Chapter 9: Colour coding / labelling)

– no storage inside high voltage areas

• Electricity / wiring:

– electrical devices like junction boxes and distribution panels closed, undamaged and not be misused for direct connection with machines

– wires with proper industrial connections

– wires insulated, replaced if damaged, protected against mechanical damage (for example metal cable trays) and damage from heat where necessary

– regular maintenance and inspection programme ensured for all electrical equipment

• Compressor station:

– separated from production areas (ideally outside of building)

– in enclosed area to reduce noise hazard (even if outside)

– no oil leakage (equipped with drip tray)

– belt drive system totally enclosed

– air filters at intake side

– motors free of dust, grease, oil, fibres


195

GENERAL EQUIPMENT / HOUSE KEEPING / ELECTRICITY


• Scaffolding for temporary work and/or outside contractors has to be appropriate and solidly fixed

• Ventilation:

– appropriate ventilation provided especially in areas where chemicals are stored, mixed and used (explosion protection if needed)

– fan blades protected with grids (maximum 12 mm in diameter)

– dust extraction where necessary

– extraction systems removing dust or solvents fire and explosion proof

• Lighting:

– sufficient to prevent accidents and to provide high quality of the products (table 11.1)

– emergency illumination independent from general energy supply (for example battery powered with continuous charging)

• Housekeeping:

– generally clean

– floors dry

– trash / excess material disposed of regularly and safely in covered containers

– machinery not left running while unattended

– product and raw material stored in well designed areas in a tidy and organised way

– sufficient space between storage racks or machines and ceilings

– tools and other mobile material not placed on overhead locations


196



1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LIGHT

Table 11.1

a Measurement of workplaces b Measurement on aisles / stairs

• at the working surface • in 0.85 m height

• in the line of worker’s vision • vertical orientation


197



2 ELECTRICITY / WIRING

Examples of BAD PRACTICE


198



3 COMPRESSOR STATIONS


199

CHAPTER 12: MACHINERY

MACHINERY Version 2

In general, the two basic principles of workers’ health and safety should be taken into account at specific workplaces and machines. These are either the elimination of risks by fitting safety devices to machinery, or the protection of workers with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), if risk linked to the operation of machinery cannot be prevented completely.

GUIDELINES

• Machinery:

– machinery / lighting connected to power source using appropriate industrial connections

– metallic parts of electrical machines grounded (third prong)

– permanent electrical wiring encased in a metal conduit

– working tools provided with appropriate protection devices to avoid injuries through squeezing, cutting and burning

– V-belt drives with covers

– dust and volatile organic compounds (VOC) extracted with appropriate extraction systems

– dust and VOC extraction systems separated; different colours used for these installations

– hot surfaces (especially steam system) protected or provided with warning signs

• Motors / conveyors / mills / calendars:

– gear boxes closed and only to be opened with special tools

– mills and calendars equipped with appropriate safety devices (see Examples of good practice)

• PPE:

– eye protection provided against flying objects, persistent glare, toxic and hazardous liquids or high degree of dust

• Dependent on the exposure time, headphones or ear plugs provided in the following cases:

– if > 83 dB(A) and > 12 hrs daily exposure





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MACHINERY

MACHINERY Version 2

– appropriate gloves provided against mechanical, chemical or thermal hazards

• Workers operating or moving heavy items with certified steel-toed safety shoes

• Workers on wet surfaces should wear appropriate footwear

1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

To provide safe machinery, electrical, mechanical and thermal safety has to be ensured.

a Electrical safety

An electric current flowing through the body causes shock, burns and can lead to trouble in breathing. Ordinary mains alternating current (AC, 240V) is sufficient to kill. Flash burns can be caused by opening switches, removing fuses or shortening cables. Such burns are often deep and are slow to heal. Ignition hazards can be electrical sparks and hot spots due to electrical faults, short circuits, poor contacts, badly maintained apparatus, particularly transformers, and overloaded cables or connections. If the requirements listed in this guidebook are complied with, electrical hazards can be reduced significantly.

b Mechanical and thermal safety

Mechanical hazards can arise from the working tool or other moving parts of machinery (for example V-belt). Squeezing, cutting or shearing of hands, feet or other parts of the body can occur. Impact from ejected parts of machinery (wires from wheel brush) or material (for example needles from embroidery) should also be taken into consideration.

Examples of preventative measures are:

• two hand switches (working tool can move only if the two buttons are pushed simultaneously by the worker; it is important to ensure that the workers don’t tape or otherwise override the safety feature and that there is only one worker on the machine at a time)

• proximity to electronic part (working tool does not work or is immediately stopped if parts of the worker are inside the hazardous area)

• fixed or automatic guards (guards can be performed as grids or completely closed; if grids are used, the openings should be 12 mm or less; this ensures that fingers or other parts of the body can not be injured)

• PPE (for example safety boots, gloves, hair nets etc.)


201

MACHINERY

MACHINERY Version 2

Thermal hazards depend on the contact time and the thermal conductivity of the surface. Metal parts conduct thermal energy very well and therefore lead to a higher hazard than wooden parts with the same temperature. Hot parts of machinery require protection and are defined as follows:

• wooden parts > 110°C

• plastic parts > 8°C

• metal parts > 60°C

Examples of GOOD PRACTICE

dust suction at machinery protection over foot pedal of power driven machines

machine with two hand switch protective glove in cutting process (does not work in one-hand modus)


202

MACHINERY

MACHINERY Version 2

Examples of GOOD PRACTICE

safety devices at calendars

safety devices at mixing machines


203

MACHINERY

MACHINERY Version 2

Examples of BAD PRACTICE

open gear box insulation damaged

no UV-shields, no UV goggles missing protection


204

CHAPTER 13: WASTE MANAGEMENT

WASTE MANAGEMENT Version 2

The separation and treatment of waste generated in the production process is becoming more and more a part of good management practice. A proper waste management system installed inside the factory site does not only contribute to avoiding spills and ground or ground water pollution, but also to the more efficient use or recycling of various waste materials.

The basic principle in waste management is:

• to avoid waste (saves disposal costs and costs for raw material)

• to reduce the amount of waste which cannot be avoided

• to recycle the residue of waste which cannot be reduced further

Additionally it should be considered whether waste hazards can be reduced by using substitute materials.

GUIDELINES

• Waste collection in production areas:

- waste containers sufficient in number

- waste containers appropriate for the kind of waste

- hazardous waste stored in containers with tightly closing lids

- containers regularly cleared

- waste separation where useful

• Waste storage areas:

- waste storage in designated areas and waste separation where useful

- hazardous waste separated from other waste in safe containers or separate room with secondary containment

• If waste incineration is performed:

- the incinerator should be properly controlled to ensure optimal incineration to minimise risk of formation of carcinogenic or toxic products

- incinerators should be fitted with appropriate technology (filters, scrubbers) to prevent emissions to the atmosphere of harmful gases and soot

• Waste should be disposed of by a licensed operator to a controlled site

• Waste must not be allowed to pollute the watercourse or any waterways

• Records should be kept of type and quantity of waste produced and means of disposal

• Adequate and appropriate fire protection should be available


205

WASTE MANAGEMENT


1 WASTE COLLECTION IN PRODUCTION AREA

Picture 13.1

2 COMPRESSION OF WASTE

Picture 13.2


206

WASTE MANAGEMENT


3 WASTE STORAGE AREA

Picture 13.3

4 STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

Picture 13.4


207

CHAPTER 14: WASTE WATER

WASTE WATER Version 2

The treatment of waste water generated in the production process is a part of good management practice.

Waste water treatment plants belong to the fundamental environment-related facilities of factories which produce waste water in the production process.

GUIDELINES

• If waste water is generated in production, the following maximum values should not be exceeded:

❑ temperature: < 2°C above background

❑ pH: 6.0 - 9.0

❑ total suspended solids: < 30.0 mg/l

❑ COD: < 100.0 mg/l

❑ AOX: < 0.1 mg/l

❑ foam: no visible discharge

❑ metals:

- antimony: < 0.01 mg/l

- arsenic: < 0.01 mg/l

- cadmium: < 0.01 mg/l

- chromium: < 0.10 mg/l

- cobalt: < 0.02 mg/l

- copper: < 0.25 mg/l

- lead: < 0.10 mg/l

- mercury: < 0.01 mg/l

- nickel: < 0.20 mg/l

- zinc: < 1.00 mg/l

❑ anions:

- cyanide: < 0.20 mg/l

• Independent tests should be performed every year by a qualified outside source; test records should be kept for at least five yearsPART THREE

CHAPTER 14 PAGE

208

WASTE WATER

WASTE WATER Version 2

1 PRINCIPLE OF A THREE-STEP WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

mechanical biological chemical cleaned water treatment treatment treatment


209

CHAPTER 15: EMISSION CONTROL

EMISSION CONTROL Version 2

The treatment of extracted air for dust and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) produced in the production process is an important factor in good management practice. Efficient extraction and treatment systems for polluted air improve the air quality within the factory and contribute to environmental protection as well as improving product quality.

GUIDELINES

• Extraction systems:

❑ pipe-work for dust, VOC extraction or other systems separate and in different colours

❑ direction of extraction indicated on system pipe-work

❑ extraction systems fire and explosion proof

❑ extraction systems easy to clean and maintain

• Dust emissions:

❑ wherever applicable, dust removed

❑ extraction systems fitted with separators (for example cyclones) (picture 15.1)

• VOC:

❑ emission of VOC should wherever possible be avoided or minimised (for example use of tightly closing containers)

❑ extraction systems should remove VOCs from the work place

• Piping of dust extraction and VOC extraction must not be mixed together (use colour codes)

• Emissions from heating systems, generators and air conditioning units:

❑ emissions should comply with local regulations

❑ copies of local legal requirements defining acceptable limits should be available

❑ tests, measurements etc. should be carried out and recorded to verify compliance with legal requirements


210

EMISSION CONTROL

EMISSION CONTROL Version 2

1 DUST SEPARATION SYSTEM

Picture 15.1


211

CHAPTER 16: DORMITORY FACILITIES

DORMITORY FACILITIES Version 2

Dormitory Facilities should meet all applicable laws and regulations related to health, safety and environment, including fire safety, sanitation, risk protection and electrical, mechanical and structural safety. Furthermore they should reflect the interest of factory Management to ensure living conditions which encourage human dignity and do not damage the factories’ reputation and image. The whole building should be safe, clean and well maintained.

GUIDELINES

• General:

❑ every dormitory should be constructed in a manner that will provide protection against the elements

❑ the floors of each dormitory shall be constructed of wood, asphalt, or concrete

❑ wooden floors should be of smooth and tight construction; the floors should be kept in good repair

❑ the grounds and open areas surrounding the dormitories should be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition free from rubbish

❑ dormitory rooms must not be locked from the outside at night

❑ employees should be allowed to lock themselves in at night from the inside

❑ storage of hazardous or combustible materials is prohibited

❑ first aid kits should be easily accessible in all dormitories

• Sleeping quarters:

❑ sleeping quarters should be segregated by sex

❑ each room used for sleeping purposes should contain at least 2 m2 of floor space for each occupant; the ceiling should be at least 2.1m in height

❑ beds, cots or bunks and suitable storage facilities such as wall lockers should be provided in every room used for sleeping purposes

❑ no more than eight people per room (no openings between rooms)

❑ beds should be spaced not closer than 1m laterally or 1.2m in the case of bunk beds; the lowest bed should be elevated at least 0.3m from the floor

❑ double-decker bunk beds require a minimum clear space between lower and upper bunks and upper bunk and ceiling of 0.7m; triple bunk beds are prohibited

❑ mosquito netting or screens should be provided

❑ curtains around bed should be provided for privacy


212

DORMITORY FACILITIES


• Rooms should be properly heated, ventilated and lighted:

❑ lighting: Each sleeping room in a dormitory should have at least one ceiling-type fixture. Each laundry or toilet room and rooms where people congregate should have at least one ceiling or wall type fixture. Light levels in toilet and storage rooms should be at least 20 lux 0.75m from the floor. Other rooms including kitchen and sleeping rooms should be at least 30 lux 0.75m from the floor.

❑ ventilation: All living quarters should be provided with windows the total of which shall be not less than 1/10 (one-tenth) of the floor area. At least one half of each window shall be so constructed that it can be opened for the purposes of ventilation. In hot climates (above 25°C) appropriate electrical fans or air conditioning should be provided.

❑ heating: Every dormitory should be provided with equipment capable of maintaining a temperature of at least 20°C in cold climates.

• Water:

❑ an adequate and convenient water supply, approved by the appropriate health authority, should be provided in each dormitory for drinking, cooking, bathing and laundry purposes

❑ a water supply should be termed ‘adequate’ if it is capable or delivering 130 litres of water per person per day to the dormitories

❑ the peak rate should be 2.5 times the average hourly demand

❑ the distribution lines should be capable of supplying water at normal operating pressures to all fixtures for simultaneous operation

❑ minimum one hand-wash basin to be provided for every six persons in shared facilities

❑ one shower head for every ten persons

❑ doors for privacy should be provided in showers

❑ adequate supply of soap required for hand-washing and shower facilities

❑ showers to have hot and cold water available from a single tap in areas where the temperature is below 20°C for extended periods

❑ laundry trays or tubs should be provided for every 30 persons. (Note: These can be in laundry areas or located in dormitory areas. Combined total to equal or exceed one for every 30 persons).

❑ an adequate supply of hot and cold running water should be provided for bathing and laundry purposes. Facilities for heating water should be provided. Tepid water is acceptable for laundry.


213

DORMITORY FACILITIES


❑ facilities for drying clothes should be provided. (Note: ‘Facilities’ can mean adequate sheltered space for hanging clothes to dry).

❑ floors in laundry, bathing, hand-washing areas should be of smooth but not slippery materials; they should be impervious to moisture.

❑ floor drains should be provided in all shower baths, shower rooms, or laundry rooms to remove waste water and facilitate cleaning. All junctions of the curbing and the floor should be curved.

• Garbage containers:

❑ fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious, cleanable containers should be provided for the storage of garbage. At least one container should be provided for each room.

❑ garbage containers should be kept clean.

❑ garbage containers should be emptied when full but not less than twice per week.

• Aisles and exits should be clear of obstructions

• Emergency evacuation plans should be clearly posted

• At least two exit routes per floor are required

• Emergency lighting should be installed and operational

• Sufficient fire extinguishers required

• Appropriate smoke detection and alarm systems required


214

CHAPTER 17: SANITATION AND HYGIENE-TOILETS, DINING AND KITCHEN FACILITIES

Sanitation is especially important with respect to toilets, bathrooms, food preparation areas and dormitories to protect the health of the employees. Therefore compliance with the following guidelines is requested.

Note: The following guidelines apply to all production, development, office, warehouse, dormitory / residences.

GUIDELINES

• Walls of personal service rooms should be clean painted or tiled. 1

• Personal service rooms should be free of bad odours.

• The floor of every workroom should be maintained, so far as practicable, in a dry condition. Where wet processes are used, drainage should be maintained and false floors, platforms, mats, or other dry standing places should be provided, where practicable, or appropriate waterproof footwear should be provided.

• To facilitate cleaning, every floor, working place and passageway should be kept free from protruding nails, splinters, loose boards, and unnecessary holes and openings.

• Floors of personal service rooms should be sealed (tile or cement), slip-resistant and wet mopped at least two times per day with a bactericide.

• Waste disposal:

❑ any receptacle used for solid or liquid waste should be constructed so that it does not leak and may be thoroughly cleaned and maintained in a sanitary condition. Such a receptacle should be equipped with a solid tight-fitting cover.

❑ all sweepings, solid or liquid wastes, refuse, and garbage should be removed in such a manner as to avoid creating a menace to health and as often as necessary or appropriate to maintain the place of employment in a sanitary condition.

❑ vermin control: every enclosed workplace should be so constructed, equipped, and maintained, so far as reasonably practicable, as to prevent the entrance or harborage of rodents, insects, and other vermin. A continuing and effective extermination program should be instituted where their presence is detected.

1 ‘Personal service room’ means a room used for activities not directly connected with production. Such activities include, but are not limited to, first aid, medical services, dressing, showering, toilet use, washing, food preparation and eating.

SANITATION AND HYGIENE-TOILETS, DINING AND KITCHEN FACILITIES Version 2


215

SANITATION AND HYGIENE-TOILETS, DINING AND KITCHEN FACILITIES


• Water:

❑ Potable water:

– potable water should be provided in all places of employment, for drinking, washing of the person, cooking, washing of foods, washing of cooking or eating utensils, washing of food preparation or processing premises, and personal service rooms

– drinking water dispensers should be designed, constructed, and serviced so that sanitary conditions are maintained, should be capable of being closed, and should be equipped with a tap

– open containers such as barrels, pails, or tanks for drinking water from which the water must be dipped or poured, whether or not they are fitted with a cover, are prohibited

– a common drinking cup and other common utensils are prohibited

❑ Non-potable water:

– outlets for non-potable water, such as water for industrial or fire-fighting purposes, should be posted or otherwise marked in a manner that will indicate clearly that the water is unsafe and is not to be used for: drinking, washing of the person, cooking, washing of food, washing of cooking or eating utensils, washing of food preparation or processing premises, or personal service rooms, or for washing clothes

– construction of non-potable water systems should be such as to prevent back-flow or back-siphonage into a potable water system

– non-potable water should not be used for washing any portion of the person, cooking or eating utensils, or clothing. Non-potable water may be used for cleaning work premises, other than food processing and preparation premises and personal service rooms: Provided, that this non-potable water does not contain concentrations of chemicals, faecal coliform (bacteria from faeces), or other substances which could create unsanitary conditions or be harmful to employees.

• Toilets:

❑ toilet facilities2, in toilet rooms separate for each sex, should be provided in all places of employment in accordance with table 17.1 of this chapter

❑ the number of facilities to be provided for each sex should be based on the number of employees of that sex for whom the facilities are furnished

2‘Toilet facility’ means a fixture maintained within a toilet room for the purpose of defecation or urination, or both.


216



❑ where toilet rooms will be occupied by no more than one person at a time, can be locked from the inside, and contain at least one water closet, separate toilet rooms for each sex need not be provided. Where such single-occupancy rooms have more than one toilet facility, only one such facility in each toilet room should be counted for the purpose of table 17.1.

Table 17.1

❑ urinals should be provided on the basis of one unit or 0.60m of urinal trough for each 25 men. The floor from the wall and for a distance not less than 0.40m measured from the outward edge of the urinals should be constructed of materials impervious to moisture.

❑ urinals should be provided with an adequate water flush. Urinal troughs should drain freely and the construction of this drain should be such as to exclude flies and rodents.

❑ toilet rooms should be distinctly marked ‘for men’ and ‘for women’ by signs printed in the native language of the persons occupying the building, or marked with easily understood pictures or symbols. If the facilities for each sex are in the same building, they should be separated by solid walls or partitions extending from floor to ceiling.

❑ facilities for washing of menstrual cloths should be provided in womens’ toilet areas

❑ each water closet should occupy a separate compartment with a door and walls or partitions between fixtures sufficiently high to assure privacy. There will be no open toilets.

3 Where toilet facilities will not be used by women, urinals may be provided instead of water closets, except that the number of water closets in such cases shall not be reduced to less than 2/3 of the minimum specified.

4 One additional fixture for each additional 40 employees.5 In dormitories the ratio of sinks per person must be one to six.


217



❑ tightly closing waste bins should be provided within each toilet stall for used toilet paper and used sanitary dressing disposal. These are to be emptied regularly.

❑ in dormitories, a toilet room should be located within 60m (200 feet) of the door of each sleeping room

❑ a safe type of lighting should light each toilet room at all hours of day and night. Light levels should be (20 lux 0.75m from the floor).

❑ each lavatory should be provided with a sink with clean hot and cold running water, or tepid running water within or immediately outside of all facilities (see table 17.1 above for ratio - except for dormitories where the ratio of sinks is one for every six persons). Hand soap or similar cleansing agents should be provided.

❑ toilet paper and hand drying facilities (paper towel, clean cloth towel, electric dryer, other) should be provided by the factory.

• Canteens / kitchen facilities:

❑ cooked food services should be provided if the workers do not have other opportunities to receive this

❑ in all areas where central dining operations are permitted or provided, the food handling facilities should comply with the requirements of all local sanitation regulations.

❑ a properly constructed kitchen and dining hall adequate in size separated from the sleeping quarters of any of the workers should be provided unless outside facilities for cooked food are available.

❑ the floor of every workroom shall be maintained, so far as practicable, in a dry condition. Where wet processes are used, drainage should be maintained and false floors, platforms, mats, or other dry standing places should be provided, where practicable, or appropriate waterproof footgear should be provided.

❑ no person with any communicable disease should be employed or permitted to work in the preparation, cooking, serving, or other handling of food, foodstuffs, or materials used therein, in any kitchen or dining room operated in connection with a dormitory or regularly used by persons living in a dormitory.

❑ a direct opening between the living or sleeping quarters into a kitchen or dining hall is prohibited.

❑ kitchens and canteens should provide adequate protection from the weatherPART THREE CHAPTER 17 PAGE

218



❑ vermin control: Every enclosed workplace should be so constructed, equipped, and maintained, so far as reasonably practicable, as to prevent the entrance or harborage of rodents, insects, and other vermin. A continuing and effective extermination programme should be instituted where their presence is detected.

❑ cold room freezer or refrigerator system should be used and maintained at the correct temperatures.

❑ seating facilities that allow for enough seating for all employees scheduled to eat during a shift should be provided.

❑ seating and drinking areas: No employee should be allowed to consume food or beverages in a toilet room nor in any area exposed to a toxic material.

❑ sanitary storage: No food or beverages should be stored in toilet rooms or in an area exposed to a toxic material.

❑ food handling: All employee food service facilities and operations should be carried out in accordance with sound hygienic principles. In all places of employment where all or part of the food service is provided, the food dispensed should be wholesome, free from spoilage, and should be processed, prepared, handled, and stored in such a manner as to be protected against contamination.


219

APPENDIX 1: DEFINITIONSAOX Adsorpable halogenated organic compounds.

Separation of AOX in waste water is very expensive. Thus the best way to minimise AOX is to remove halogenated organic compounds from the production process.

CAS-Nr. Chemical Abstract Service. Identification number to identify a chemical compound.

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand. It is a parameter to determine the amount of organic chemicals in water independent from their chemical nature. Thus COD provides no information concerning the toxicity of waste water.

dB(A) The unit to measure noise. Frequency levels are taken into account. The dB(A) scale is not linear but logarithmic. Recognise that only an increase of 3 dB(A) doubles the hazard of hearing damage.

Hazardous chemicals Chemicals which are toxic, flammable, explosive, harmful, irritating or damaging to the environment. Hazardous chemicals have to be indicated with a hazard symbol.

lux Expresses the intensity of light. The intensity 1 lux is given, if a light current of 1 lumen (lm) illuminates a surface of 1 m2 (1 lux = 1 lm/m2). The expression foot candle is defined as 1 lm per square foot (1 foot candle = 1 lm/sq ft).

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet. Provides comprehensive physical, chemical, medical and ecological data for chemicals. MSDSs are provided by the supplier of the chemicals.

Ozone Ozone is a molecule made of three oxygen atoms. In the air around us it is toxic but in higher layers of the atmosphere it acts as a protection shield against hard UV-radiation. Without the ozone layer, hard UV-radiation of the sun would reach the earth’s surface with life threatening result.

Ozone depletion An effect which is initialised by pollution of the atmosphere. Especially organo halogen compounds like halon 1211 have very high ozone depletion potential. With increasing depletion of the ozone layer an increase of mutations and cancer is observed.

APPENDIX 1 DEFINITIONS Version 2

PART THREE APPENDIX 1 PAGE

220

APPENDIX 1: DEFINITIONSPPE Personal Protective Equipment. Examples for PPE are

goggles, face masks, gloves, ear plugs etc.

TLV Threshold Limit Value for chemicals in workers air. If chemical exposure is kept within TLVs, no negative influence for workers is expected.

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds. VOC is a chemical expression which gives information concerning the amount of organic chemicals but VOC gives no information about the toxicity.

APPENDIX 1 DEFINITIONS Version 2

PART THREE APPENDIX 1 PAGE

codeof conduct

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