coastal ecosystems and human wellbeing in tamil nadu › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 ›...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN
TAMIL NADU
Paul P. Appasamy and Prakash Nelliyat
Madras School of Economics, Chennai
MSE Seminar Series
October 24, 2007
![Page 2: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMILNADU
•State Human Development Report (TNSPC)
•Linkage between ecosystems andhuman wellbeing
•State level Analysis
– Secondary Data
![Page 3: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
HUMAN WELLBEING INDIRECT DRIVERS OF CHANGE
* Material * Economic * Health * Sociopolitical
* Security * Technological * Demographic ECOSYSTEM SERVICES DIRECT DRIVERS OF CHANGE
* Provisioning * Changes in Land Use * Regulating * External Inputs (eg. Fertilizers)
* Cultural * Climate Change * Natural disaster Source: Millenium Ecosystem Assessment – Summary
![Page 4: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Provisioning – Food, water, fuel wood, medicinal products, genetic resources.Regulating – Climate, Floods and droughts,
disease- Influence health and vulnerability to shocks- Soil formation, nutrient recyclingCultural – Spiritual, cultural, tourism
![Page 5: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
DEGRADATION OF ECOSYSTEMS
Excessive demand due to economic/demographic driversOver utilisation or mismanagementDegradation of land and waterLoss of biodiversityPollution of air, water and land
Impact on Poor – Vulnerable to change- Greater reliance on ecosystems - “Ecosystem People”
Non Poor – Defensive Measures- Substitutes
![Page 6: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ECOSYSTEMS – TAMIL NADU
Rural Ecosystems – Agricultural Land, Water Bodies, Wetlands
- Common Property ResourcesForest Ecosystems – Forests, Biodiversity, Wildlife, Forest Products (major and minor)Coastal Ecosystems – Marine Fisheries, Beaches, Mangroves, Coral ReefsUrban Ecosystems – Urban Centres (Housing and Institutions) Industries, Urban Transport Systems.
![Page 7: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
MAP OF TAMILNADU COAST
![Page 8: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
TAMIL NADU COAST1076 km of Coast lineBeaches – Littoral DriftMangroves – Pichavaram, VedaraniyamLagoonsCoral Reefs Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park
![Page 9: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
COASTAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Ports – Chennai, Tuticorin (major)– Cuddalore, Nagapattinam (medium)– Six minor ports
Settlements – Metropolitan city (Chennai)– Union Territory (Pondicherry)– 4 Municipalities– 20 Townships– Rural settlements/Fishing Villages
Impact on Ecosystem – Depletion of ground water – Liquid and solid wastes– Seawater Intrusion
![Page 10: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
COASTAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICESI. PROVISIONING SERVICES
Food – Fisheries (Source of protein) - Coastal agriculture
Livelihood / Employment- Marine Fisheries- Aquaculture - Coral Mining- Fuel – Firewood
- Wind energy Medicinal Products – Sea grasses
![Page 11: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
II. REGULATING SERVICES
Bioshields – Mangroves- Coral Reefs
Waste Disposal – Wetlands- Sea grasses
Climate / rainfall – Cooling effect- Retreating Monsoon
Nutrient Cycling – Carbon, nitrogen, etc
![Page 12: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
III. CULTURAL AND OTHER SERVICES
Tourism – Natural, Heritage Religious Importance – Pilgrim CentresBird Sanctuaries Beaches – RecreationBiodiversity
![Page 13: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
MARINE FISHERIES INDICATORSCoastal Districts – 13Coast line – 1076 kmNo. of fishing villages – 591No. of fish landing centres – 362Fisherfolk population – 6.98 lakh (1%)Active Fishermen – 2.62 lakhFish production – 381,148 tonees (2003-04)
![Page 14: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Marine Fish Production in Tamil Nadu (Tonnes)
81700134250
317904395531 373661
477360
1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01
Year
Fish
Pro
duct
ion
* Growth in Nineties
![Page 15: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fish and Fishery Products Export from Tamil Nadu (Current Year Value - Rs. in Million)
2502980
974013500
20710
1969-70 1979-80 1989-90 1999-2000 2003-04
Year
Expo
rt
* Rapid growth in exports
![Page 16: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Active Fishermen Population in Tamil Nadu
80035101869
225722262000
1978 1986 1994 1998
Year
Popu
latio
n
*160% increase between 1986 and 1998
![Page 17: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Rapid growth in Pelagies (deep water fish).
Source: Irene Francis (2007)
![Page 18: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
•Sharp fall in productivity
Source: Irene Francis (2007)
![Page 19: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Substantial growth in nineties in catch due to mechanization and technological advancesIncrease in exports in ninetiesSupply response to price increase in exportsPercapita fish catch shows declining trends signalling over-fishing.Sustainability of fish stock is a concernEmployment potential has declined – youth are moving out of the sector.
(Karunaharan and Thangamuthu, 2006)Spatial and Temporal Bans on Trawlers
![Page 20: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
MONSOON BAN (2001)
• 45-day trawling ban (April – May)• Objectives
• Conservation of fisheries• Consistency with other states
• Not clear if the ban has been effective- Ban has not led to increase in landings in
Tamil Nadu unlike Kerala• Support fisherfolk during the ban
(Compensation)
![Page 21: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
AQUACULTURE
4,500 ha – shrimp culture844 shrimp farms (mostly less than 5 ha)Hatcheries and feed millsPollution ProblemsConversion of agricultural landRegulation by Aquaculture Authority - Limit conversion of agricultural land - Control pollution from Shrimp farms
![Page 22: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
CORAL REEFS5000 hectares of reef area in Tamil Nadu – Gulf of Mannar has rich coral reefsNutrient cycling Maintenance of water quality.Natural barrier (bioshield)Degradation of reef due to:– Destructive fishing methods– Coral mining– Coastal development /ports– Industrial development/pollution
Loss of ecosystem services due to degradation Payment to protect coral reefs?
![Page 23: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
MANGROVES2500 hectares – Vedaraniyam, Muthupet & Pichavaram (mostly reserved forests)Ecosystem Services– Mitigate the adverse impact of storms, cyclones– Reduce coastal erosion– Breeding ground for prawns, fish– Enhance the fisheries potential– Estimated at $9800 per hectare (Constanza, 1997)
Anthropogenic Pressure– Tourism, cultivation– Firewood for local communities
Payment to protect mangroves?
![Page 24: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
TOURISM
Ecological Assets – Mangroves, Coral Reefs, Bird Sanctuaries, LagoonsBeaches - RecreationPlaces of religious significanceTourists - 10.8 million domestic(2004) - 0.6 million foreign
* Need for eco-tourism strategy
![Page 25: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
DEGRADATION OF COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS
Over-Extraction- Marine Fisheries- Coral Reefs, Seaweed, Mangroves
Coastal Pollution - Industries, Sewage, Port Wastes
Coastal Development- Land Use changes- Harbour Development- Shipping Lanes (SSC)
Aquaculture Tourism Impact Need for Coastal Zone Management
![Page 26: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
OTHER COASTAL THREATS
Climate change – Vulnerability to Sea level RiseCoastal Cyclones Tidal WavesTsunamiDamage to PropertyLoss of livesNeed for adaptation strategies to counter threatsTamil Nadu coast is less developed compared to the West Coast.
![Page 27: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
COASTAL DISTRICTS – VULNERABILITY INDEX
Source: K.S.Kavi Kumar (2005)
![Page 28: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
TSUNAMI DAMAGE IN TAMIL NADU
Loss of lives – 7995 (mainly Nagapattinam)Population Affected – 691,000Penetration – 1 to 1.5 kmWave Height – 7 to 10 mDwelling Units Lost – 91,000Total Damage - $ 438 millionReconstruction Costs - $ 868 millionNeed for insurance systems
![Page 29: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS
Coastal Zone Management – CRZ Regulations CZM AuthorityAquaculture RegulationBay of Bengal Programme – LivelihoodAlternative occupations/skills for fisherfolkInsurance systems against damageEIA for Coastal ProjectsCompensation to protect ecosystemsEco-Tourism StrategyAdaptation to Climate Change
![Page 30: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU › wp-content › uploads › 2016 › 10 › Coastal... · COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELLBEING IN TAMIL NADU Paul P. Appasamy](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070804/5f03701c7e708231d4093329/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)