20 Kazakhstan

20.1 Summary of Coal Industry 20.1.1 ROLE OF COAL IN KAZAKHSTAN Kazakhstan ranks 10th in the world in coal production, with coal comprising 64 percent of its total energy consumption in 2012 (EIA, 2013). In 2012, it exported 25.3 percent of the coal produced (32million tonnes [Mmt]), primarily to Russia and Ukraine. In 2011, 85 percent of power generationwas coal-fired and net generation totaled approximately 81.2 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) ofelectricity (EIA, 2013). Table 20-1 summarizes Kazakhstan’s coal resources and recent production,while Figure 20-1 shows historical annual coal production from 2000 to 2012 (EIA, 2013).

Table 20-1. Kazakhstan’s Coal Reserves and Production

Indicator Anthracite & Bituminous

Sub-bituminous & Lignite

Total Global Rank

Estimated Proved Coal Reserves (2011)

21,496 12,097 33,593 8 (3.78%)

Annual Coal Production (2012) 120.5 5.5 126 10 (1.6%)

(# and %) (milliontonnes) (million tonnes) (million tonnes)

Source: EIA (2013)

Figure 20-1. Kazakhstan Annual Coal Production

Source: EIA (2013)

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Kazakhstan has registered 49 coal deposits in its state reserve balance (USGS, 2010). The mainproducing regions are located in the central and northern regions of Kazakhstan in the Ekibastuz, Karaganda, Maykuben, Shubarkol and Turgay basins (Table 20-2).

Table 20-2. Kazakhstan’s Major Coal Basins Production Capacity in 2012 Basin

Ekibastuz Karaganda Maykuben Shubarkul Zhelyn Annual Estimated Production 67.3 35.4 4.0 8.9 1.0 Capacity (million tonnes)

Source: USGS (2011)

20.1.2 STAKEHOLDERS Thirty-three companies operate coal mines in Kazakhstan, including 28 of domestic origin, fiveforeign companies and one joint venture (Energy Charter Secretariat, 2013). The major companiesare listed in Table 20-3. The table also lists other potential stakeholders in Kazakhstan’s coal mine methane (CMM) industry.

Table 20-3. Key Stakeholders in Kazakhstan’s CMM Industry Stakeholder Category Stakeholder Role Coal Producing Enterprise

Developer

Engineering orConsultancy Services

Universities and Research Centers

Other

JSC ArcelorMittal Termirtau Bogatyr-Access-Komir, Ltd. OJSC “Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation” OJSC “Borly” “Maykuben-West” joint venture KomirInvest, Ltd. Transenergo, Ltd. "Gefest" Association Shubarkol Komir ZhumysStroiService LLP KazTransGas JSC Social enterprise company Saryarka See http://www.epa.gov/coalbed/networkcontacts.html

Azimut Energy Services, Ltd. Promelektronika-K LL C. Kar-Metan LL C. See http://www.epa.gov/coalbed/networkcontacts.html Methane Center, Kazakhstan Karaganda State Technical University Karaganda Institute for Scientific Research on Industrial

Safety National Agency for Technological Development Zhasyl Damu state company (emissions trade system) National Geological Exploration Company “Kazgeologiya"

(assessment of CMM/CBM resources)

Project hosts

Project opportunity(CBM from virgin seams) identification and planning

Technical assistance

Technical assistance

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Table 20-3. Key Stakeholders in Kazakhstan’s CMM Industry Stakeholder Category Stakeholder Role Government Groups Ministry of Energy (absorbed functions of former Ministry of

Industry and New Technologies, Ministry of Oil and Gas,Ministry of Environment and Water Resources)

Ministry of National Economy Ministry of Investment and Development (geology and

energy efficiency) Kazakh Scientific Research Institute for Ecology and Climate

(KazNIIEC)

Drafting of legislation, implementation oflaws, government oversight

Source: KazNIIMOSK (2002); Energy Charter Secretariat (2013); Alekseev (2010)

20.1.3 STATUS OF COAL AND THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY Kazakhstan’s coal mining industry was restructured and largely privatized between 1995 and 1997(State, 2005). The Karaganda and Ekibastuz mining associations were dissolved and the mines putup for sale or lease. Many of the coal mining enterprises were closed or reorganized (USGS, 2010;KazNIIMOSK, 2002).

Coal production in Kazakhstan declined by more than 50 percent in the years followingindependence from the Soviet Union in 1991 through 1999 (BP, 2013). Since then Kazakhstan’s coal production has continued to increase with 2012 yielding production comparable to the Soviettimes (EIA, 2013). During the Soviet era, coal production was subsidized and mines were notstructured to maximize profits. When subsidies were removed and mines had to operate competitively, it became extremely difficult to obtain foreign investment to maintain theireconomic viability. This fundamental lack of profitability was compounded by other problems, suchas restructuring, mine problems, and accidents. Government efforts to significantly improveproduction by 2015, by encouraging foreign interest in the coal mining industry, appear to have been successful. Since the low point in 1999, annual production has steadily increased to ratesabove 100 million tonnes, although the world-wide economic downturn in 2009 also affectedKazakhstan coal production with a resultant 8.6 percent decline in production from 2008, butrebounded to a 13.4 percent increase from 2008 to 2012. Consumption has risen steadily since 2000 with exports remaining relatively steady since 1999 (EIA, 2013).

Underground mining only occurs in the Karaganda basin, which produces the coking coals essential to the steel and iron sectors and coke plants in Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, and Georgia, and alsoto the phosphoric and ferroalloy industries. The share of production from underground minesdecreased from about 27 percent in 1990 to just 11 percent in 2000 (KazNIIMOSK, 2002), and backup to 30 percent in 2010 (Alekseev, 2010), following new investment from companies such as theArcelorMittal Group (USGS, 2010). The ArcelorMittal Coal Division operates eight undergroundmines in the Karaganda Basin producing 12 Mmt annually (Baimukhametov, 2009). Twenty-sixunderground mines were reportedly in operation in 1990 (KazNIIMOSK, 2002) with fifteen nowcurrently producing (Energy Charter Secretariat, 2013). Four mines operated by KomirInvest andTransenergo have nearly stopped production. ArcelorMittal’s eight underground mines (originallyoperated by Ispat-Karmet) were expanded in 1986 to stabilize production levels. The GefestAssociation also operates in the Karaganda Basin as the association of small mines. By 2007, the Association represented about 30 mines with approximately 1 Mmt per year of combined coalproduction (UNECE, 2008). For example, the Association represents Mine Batyr, an undergroundmine in the Karaganda Basin.

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Table 20-4 provides mine statistics for Kazakhstan.

Table 20-4. Kazakhstan Mine and Production Statistics Production Type of mine (million metric tonnes)

Number of major mines*

Underground (active) 31.5 (2009) 15 in Karaganda Basin Surface (active) 69.9 (2009) 6 total:

3 mines in the Ekibastuz Basin - Bogatyr, Severny, Vostochny (80% of surface production) 3 others - Borlinskoe deposit, Maykuben Basin, Karaganda Basin (15-20% of surface production)

*Note these figures represent the largest mines. The total number of mines operating in Kazakhstan is 35 (24underground mines and 11 open pit mines (Energy Charter Secretariat, 2013)

Sources: Alekseev (2010); EOK (2010)

20.2 Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential

The Global Methane Initiative (GMI) International CMM Projects Database currently identifies twoCMM projects. One is operating at the Kazakhstanskaya underground mine in the Karaganda basin.The methane currently drained from the mine is being used for boiler fuel in five neighboring mines(GMI Projects, 2014). The mine is planning an expansion of its degasification systems by 8.5kilometers (km) along with the installation of three KVTS-10 boilers utilizing 13 million m3

methane per year. Current coal production is 1 million tonnes per year (Mmt/y) with plans toincrease production to 1.8 Mmt/y by 2012. The second project is power generation from CMM atthe Lenina mine (1.4 MW CHP). In 2013, the CHP unit produced 5 million kWh, operating at 40percent availability (Baimukhametov, 2014).

20.2.1 CMM EMISSIONS FROM OPERATING MINES The Kazakh coal mines are particularly gassy and prone to violent gas outbursts, and must be degasified and ventilated to prevent explosions and promote worker safety. The undergroundmines in the Karaganda basin use a variety of pre-mining and post-mining methane drainage techniques. Most of the mines are operated at a depth of more than 500 m and gas contents in these mines average between 18-24 m3/tonne (Baimukhametov et al, 2009) with specific emissions averaging 33 m3/tonne (KazNIIMOSK, 2002). Pre-drainage has historically been carried out usingin-seam boreholes. Advance degassing from the surface has been trialed with limited success because of the low permeability of the coal seams. The ArcelorMittal Temirtau Coal Division has had recent success in increasing degasification rates, and hence coal production rates, by drillingcross-measure boreholes from a roadway driven 8-12 m below the coal seam. Gob gas is drainedwith vertical wells from the surface or via galleries driven 20-30 m above the seam(Baimukhametov et al, 2009).

Current drained methane emissions are estimated to be approximately 130 million m3 resultingfrom increased underground coal production rates (Alekseev, 2010), However, the level of methane utilization is very low, only about 25 million m3 annually, which is recovered and combusted in the boiler houses of five mines for mine heating. Surface mines are heavily ventilated and ventilation

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air with methane concentrations of about 1 percent is vented to the atmosphere (KazNIIMOSK, 2002).

CO2 emissions from coal mining related activities in 2010 were 1,507 million m3 (USEPA, 2012). Coal mining related activities were 12.5 percent of the total 12,075 million m3 of CO2 emissions released from the consumption of energy in 2010 (EIA, 2013).

Table 20-5 details Kazakhstan’s measured and estimated CMM emissions. The data in this table mayvary from the USEPA data presented in the Executive Summary due to differences in inventorymethodology and rounding.

Table 20-5. Kazakhstan’s CMM Emissions (million cubic meters) 2005* 2010*

(estimated assuming

breakdown from 2000)

2015Emission Category 2000 (estimated assuming

breakdown from 2000)

(projected)

Underground coal mines – ventilation emissions

286.23 472.3 601.8

Underground coal mines – drained emissions

41 67.7 86.2

Post-underground emissions 8.0 13.2 16.8 Surface mine emission 381 628.7 801 Total liberated (= sum of all above) 716.23 1,182 1,506 1,629.4* Recovered & Used 12.2 25** Total emitted (= Total liberated – recovered & used)

704.03 467 955**

Sources: KazNIIMOSK (2002); *USEPA (2012); **Shultz & Alekseev (2010)

20.2.2 CMM EMISSIONS FROM ABANDONED COAL MINES At least 16 underground coal mines in Kazakhstan have been abandoned since 1995. All are considered gassy and every abandoned mine is classified as a high hazard for coal and gasoutbreaks. Starting in May 2001, measurement and data processing for gas drain pipes atabandoned shafts, pit-holes, and boreholes have been implemented at 12 abandoned mines in the Karaganda and Abay-Shakhtinsk districts, some abandoned before 1995. In total, approximately3,000 measurements of methane flow rate and concentration are taken each year and have provenuseful in understanding methane released during and after coal mining.

After abandonment some mines have been sealed better than others, thus resulting in varyingmethane release rates. For example, the “50 Years of October Revolution” mine, which wasabandoned in 1998, has the highest methane content of any of the abandoned mines due to beingwell-sealed both at the surface and between old connections in the underground mine area. Nospecific information about methane recovery projects at abandoned mines is available but analysisis being conducted to evaluate utilization options for an AMM project at the “50 Years of OctoberRevolution” mine (EU, 2009).

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20.2.3 CBM FROM VIRGIN COAL SEAMS According to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Kazakhstan’s CBM resources are some of the highest among the coal basins of the world, as illustrated in Table 20-6.

Table 20-6. Summary of Kazakhstan’s Selected CBM Resources

Basin or Field CBM Resources (est.)(billion cubic meters)

Karaganda Basin 550 – 750 Ekibastuz Basin 75 – 100 Zavialov Field 14.6 – 16.8

Samarskiy Field 11.0 – 14.2

Source: Stoupak and Zhukovskiy (2001)

Kazakhstan is one of the few countries actively pursuing to initiate commercial CBM production. Figure 20-2 shows Kazakhstan's coal regions with estimated methane reserves for each region.

Figure 20-2. Kazakhstan Coal Regions and Coal Methane Reserves

Source: Alekseev, et al. (2003)

Zhumys-Stroyservice LLP was awarded a CBM license in 2008 and proceeded with a pre-feasibilityassessment (by Schlumberger) and drilled a few pilot wells with a minor gas yield reached so far.Zhumys-Stroyservice, announced (May, 2010) an agreement with the Australian company ArrowEnergy Ltd., to perform a feasibility study on the commercial production of CBM in the Karaganda coal basin. Funding would be provided by Arrow Energy with plans for a pilot project to belaunched in 2014 (SteelGuru, 2010).

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In April 2003, the former Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources recommended thatBogatyrAccess Komyr, Ltd. and Azimut Energy Services, Ltd. pursue a CBM development effort inthe Ekibastuz basin. However, the project was ultimately suspended.

20.3 Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use

Kazakhstan is a signatory to both the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol (see Table 20-7). Kazakhstanapplied for Annex I status in June 1999, withdrew its application in June 2000, but finally ratifiedthe Protocol in March 2009. With Annex I status obtained, new CMM projects in Kazakhstan are eligible to earn and sell emission reduction credits through the Clean Development Mechanism.Until Kazakhstan is a member of Annex B, their domestic emissions trading system can only affecttheir domestic market (EDF, 2014). Kazakhstan is currently awaiting status as an Annex B country. Investment for CMM projects could also come from the National Innovation Fund, mine operators,and foreign investors (Zhasyl Damu 2014).

Table 20-7. Kazakhstan’s Climate Change Mitigation Commitment Agreement Signature Ratification

UNFCCC June 8. 1992 May 17, 1995 Kyoto Protocol March 12, 1999 March 26, 2009

Source: UNFCCC (2014)

The Kazakh Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) was enacted into law on December 3, 2011, throughan amendment to the country’s “Ecological Code” (IETA, 2013). In January 2013, the ETS waslaunched for a one year pilot phase. The program entered its second, two-year phase in January2014. According to reports, the first allowance transaction took place on 28 March 2014, trading atthe price of 455 Tenge (about $2.60) (ICAP, 2014). The Government of Kazakhstan expects about180 large GHG emitters (mainly industrial enterprises) to be covered under the new environmentcode starting in 2015. The first official trading session in early 2014 generated a carbon price of USD2.50/tCO2e (Zhasyl Damu 2014). Kazakhstan is also working on a domestic offset system forspecific sectors and gases (e.g. CH4) not covered by the scheme.

Reports are that international credits may be allowed in the future, subject to approval of the KAZCP2 (ICAP, 2014).

20.3.1 MARKET AND INFRASTRUCTURE FACTORS Opportunities to develop the country’s coal bed methane (CBM) and CMM resources are a potentially significant source of investment, and Kazakhstan is working to establish an attractiveinvestment climate. The Kazakhstan government prioritizes CMM projects as a means of achievingmeasurable and verifiable greenhouse gas emission reductions. Recently the government approvedproposals for establishing criteria and procedures for screening, review, and approval of GHGemission reduction projects. It also approved similar proposals relating to baseline assessment andvalidation; emission reduction calculation; monitoring, verification, and registering emissionreduction projects; and allocating 5 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent (MMTCO2e) for transfer to

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investors in GHG reduction projects. As a next step, the government will promulgate regulations(USEPA, 2005).

Kazakhstan will require significant infrastructure investments to commercialize CBM and CMMdevelopment. Gas gathering systems will be required as well as interconnects with distributionpipelines. Some synergies may be available with rapidly developing gas production associated withexpanding oil production. Kazakhstan produced 1.4 Tcf of natural gas in 2011. Between 2008 and2010 Kazakhstan produced sufficient volume of dry gas to satisfy its domestic demand, althoughincreased domestic consumption resulted in Kazakhstan becoming a net gas importer again in 2011(EIA, 2013). Production has been growing at 22 percent annually over the last decade, compared toconsumption growth of 9 percent annually, and Kazakhstan is, therefore, expected to become a netexporter of gas within the next few years. Current and proposed major gas distribution pipelines are routed mainly in the west and south of the country and so opportunities for local CMM/CBM projects in the central and northern coal-fields may arise as a result of proximity to underservedmarkets in these areas. Regional gas demands are increasing, especially from neighboring China,suggesting adequate markets for all methane that can be produced. Possible end uses for recoveredmethane include industrial boilers, power generation, heating, and transportation fuel (for fleetsand private vehicle conversions).

In 2005, 14,609 million KZT was invested in the mining industry. A large portion of those investments, 5,998 million KZT, went into coal production and improvement (CMAR, 2006). In2007, the ArcelorMittal Group pledged to invest 500 million USD to increase coal production in the Karaganda region by around 5 Mmt. These large investments in the nation’s coal production could lead to increased CMM development projects.

20.3.2 REGULATORY INFORMATION The Government owns all subsurface gas and minerals but has allocated coal reserves to private mine operators as part of their contracts and CMM to contracted coal operators. CMM and CBM project developers must enter into agreements with the coal operators for development and sale of the gas resources (KMIC, nd). Upcoming petroleum legislation and provisional rules for explorationand development will provide a comprehensive and consistent legal framework for CBM exploration and exploitation. At this time, no legislation is in place which distinguishes CMM/CBMproduction from that of natural gas. When CMM is moved offsite of the mine, it is treated by thesame rules and taxes that apply to natural gas. A recent law, “In Support of the Use of Renewable Energy Resources” introduced in July 2009, does not include references to CMM (Alekseev, 2010). Kazakhstan is in the process of developing a new mining code in which CBM and CMM are expectedto be included.

Mining companies understand the safety issues and are becoming increasingly familiar with theenvironmental issues associated with CMM. Coal mine safety is a key concern in surface andunderground mines - numerous deaths due to mine explosions and methane outbursts underscorethe importance of this problem. Environmental legislation exists that require pollution permits andpayment of pollution fines for coal mining activities. Environmental and safety standards are improving, but are also driving up development costs.

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20.4 Profile of Individual Mines Kazakhstanskaya Mine Mine Status Active

Mine Area 47 km2

Mining Method Conventional Longwall

Reserves (coking coal) 103.4 Mt No. of seams mined 2 (D6 & D10) Depth of seams 650-700 m

Lenina Mine Mine Status Active

Mine Area Mining Method

10.7 km2

Conventional Longwall

Reserves (coking coal) No. of seams mined Depth of seams

65.6 Mt 8 (D1-D11) 650 - 700 m

Abaiskaya Mine

Operator/Owner

Coal Basin Location

2011 VAM volume 2011 Drained volume Utilization method

ArcelorMittal Temirtau Coal Division Karaganda Shakhtinskiy District, 60km west of the city ofKaraganda 38.1 million m3 per year 24.3 Mm3/y Boilers, Power Generation

Mine Status

Mine Area Mining Method

Reserves (coking coal) No. of seams mined

Depth of seams

Active

34.45 km2

Conventional Longwall

81.6 Mt 6 (K18, K13, K12, K10,K11, K7)

549 m

Operator/Owner

Coal Basin Location

2011 VAM volume 2011 Drained volume 2009 Utilized volume Utilization method

Operator/Owner

Coal Basin Location

2011 VAM volume 2011 Drained volume

Utilization method

ArcelorMittal Temirtau Coal Division Karaganda Shakhtinsk District, 30 km west of the city ofKaraganda 29.3 million m3 per year

10.4 Mm3/y 7.8 Mm3/y Boilers

ArcelorMittal Temirtau Coal Division Karaganda Abai District, 35 km from the city of Karaganda 25.9 million m3 per year 44.3 Mm3/y

Boilers

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Tentekskaya Mine Mine Status Active Operator/Owner ArcelorMittal Temirtau

Coal Division Mine Area 71.47 km2 Coal Basin Karaganda Mining Method Conventional Longwall Location Shakhtinskiy District, 60

km from the city ofKaraganda

Reserves (coking coal) 134.9 Mt 2011 VAM volume 12.8 million m3 per year No. of seams mined 2 (D6 & T1) 2011 Drained volume 10.1 Mm3/y

Depth of seams 230-350 m Utilization method Boilers

More information about these mines of the Karaganda Coal Basin can be found athttp://www.epa.gov/cmop/docs/Karaganda.pdf.

20.5 References Alekseev, et al. (2003): Coal Methane: Potential Energy Prospects for Kazakhstan, Alekseev, E.G., R.K. Mustafin

and N.S. Umarhajleva, presented to UNECE Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Coal in Sustainable Development,Almaty, Kazakhstan, 17 November 2003. www.unece.org/ie/se/pp/coal/mustafin.pdf

Alekseev (2010): Personal communication.

Baimukhametov, D., Polchin, A., Dauov, T. & Ogay, S. (2009): Gate Road Development in High Gas Content CoalSeams at Karaganda Basin Coal Mines, Kazakhstan, In Aziz, N (ed) Coal 2009: Coal Operators’ Conference,University of Wollongong & the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, pp 90-95, 2009.http://ro.uow.edu.au/coal/85

Baimukhametov, Sergazy (2014): “ArcelorMittal Temirtau” JSC Coal Division Issues in Terms of Coal MineMethane,” presented to 9th Session of UNECE Group of Experts, Geneva, Switzerland, October 2014.www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pp/coal/cmm/9cmm_oct2014/5_Baimukhametov.pdf

BP (2013): Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2013.http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/statisticalreview/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pdf

CMAR (2006): Strategy of Territorial Development of the Karaganda Oblast Until 2015, Center for Marketingand Analytical Research, JSC, 2006.

EDF (2014): The World’s Carbon Markets: A Case Study Guide to Emissions Trading, Environmental DefenseFund and International Emissions Trading Association, Washington, DC, March 2014.http://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/Kazakhstan-ETS-Case-Study-March-2014.pdf

EIA (2007): Data obtained from International Energy Annual 2005. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, table posted 21 June 2007.

EIA (2009): Kazakhstan Country Analysis Brief, U.S. Energy Information Administration, November 2009.

EIA (2013): Kazakhstan Country Analysis Brief, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC,October 2013. http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=KZ

Energy Charter Secretariat (2013): Investment Climate and Market Structure Review in the Energy Sector ofKazakhstan, 2013.http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Kazakhstan_ICMS_2013_ENG.pdf

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EOK (2010): Energy Sector – Coal, Embassy of Kazakhstan, Washington, DC, website accessed July 2010.http://www.kazakhembus.com/index.php?page=energy-sector

EU (2009): Potential analysis for CMM utilization in Kazakhstan and concepts for CMM utilization, October2009.

GMI (2014): International Coal Mine Methane Projects Database, Global Methane Initiative, accessed July2014. https://www.globalmethane.org/coal-mines/cmm/index.aspx

ICAP (2014): Kazakhstan Emissions Trading Scheme (KAZ ETS), International Carbon Action Partnership, 27October 2014. https://icapcarbonaction.com/index.php?option=com_etsmap&task=export&format=pdf&layout=list&systems%5B%5D=46

IETA (2013): The World’s Carbon Markets: A Case Study Guide to Emissions Trading – Kazakhstan,International Emissions Trading Association, September 2013.http://www.ieta.org/assets/Reports/EmissionsTradingAroundTheWorld/edf_ieta_kazakhstan_case_study_september_2013.pdf

KazNIIMOSK (2002): Kazakhstani GNG Emissions Inventory from Coal Mining and Road Transportation –Final Project Report, Kazakh Research Institute for Environment Monitoring and Climate (KazNIIMOSK),Almaty, July 2002.

KMIC (nd): Pilot CBM Extraction Project in Taldykuduk Area of Central Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan Methane Information Center, not dated.

State (2005): 2005 Investment Climate Statement – Kazakhstan, U.S. Department of State, 2005.

Shultz, K. and Alekseev, E. (2010): The Role of Policy on CMM Project Development: Ukraine and Kazakhstanas Case Studies. Presented at International Investment Forum: Funding of CMM Project in Ukraine.Donetsk, Ukraine, 3 June 2010.

Stoupak and Zhukovskiy (2001): Coalbed Methane in Kazakhstan: Investment Opportunities, Stoupak,Serguei and Valeriy Zhukovskiy, presented in January 2001.

UNECE (2008): Final Technical Report: Project for the Development of Coal Mine Methane Projects in Centraland Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Submitted to the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, December 2008.

UNFCCC (2014): Status of Ratification – Kazakhstan, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, accessed July 2014. http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/country.pl?country=KZ

USEPA (2005): Correspondence between Saule Arapova, Director, National Innovation Fund, and Mr. Clark Talkington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Coalbed Methane Outreach Program, 2005.

USEPA (2012): Global Anthropogenic Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990 – 2030, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs, Climate Change Division, December 2012.http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/EPAactivities/economics/nonco2projections.html

USGS (2010): The Mineral Industry of Kazakhstan, 2007 Minerals Yearbook, U.S. Geological Survey, by Levine,R.M., Brininstool, M. and Wallace, G.J., May 2010. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2007/myb3-2007-kz.pdf

USGS (2011): The Mineral Industry of Kazakhstan, 2009 Minerals Yearbook, U.S. Geological Survey, by Levine,R.M., Brininstool, M. and Wallace, G.J., December 2011. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2009/myb3-2009-kz.pdf

Zhasyl Damu (2014): Information on the Kazakhstan CO2 trading scheme, accessed July 2014. http://zhasyldamu.kz/en/activities/greenhouse-gases/activities.html

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