co2 refrigeration plant

7/28/2019 CO2 Refrigeration Plant

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The ETS and Carbon Footprint.

How will it effect me.

DARREN RAWNSLEYNATIONAL CONTRACTS MANAGER


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Greenhouse effect

Refers to the change in thermal equilibrium of thePlanet by presence of an atmosphere containing gasthat absorbs infrared radiation

There are several types of Greenhouse gases.Naturally occurring like Carbon Dioxide and Methaneand Synthetic like HFCs.

The Greenhouse gases warm the atmosphere byabsorbing thermal infrared radiation emitted by theEarths surface. The atmosphere also radiates thermalinfrared in all directions including downwards towards

the Earth. http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/greenh

ouse/


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With out a Greenhouse effect the average surfacetemperature of 14 degrees would be about 18 degrees

Ice core data shows that over the last 800,000 years

carbon dioxide values has varied from low of 180 ppmto a pre- industrial level of 270 ppm.

Since 1960 the atmospheric concentration has

increased from 313 ppm to 375 ppm in 2005 The current level (May 2008) of387 ppm is 40% upsince the industrial revolution. This level exceeds thegeological record maximum of 300 ppm from ice core

data


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GWP

Global Warming Potential is a measure of how much agiven mass of greenhouse gas is estimated tocontribute to global warming.

The scale is relative and compares the gas in questionto that of the same mass of Carbon Dioxide ( whoseGWP is by definition 1 )

It is important to note that the GWP is calculated over aspecific timeframe ( 100 years IPCC II 1996 )

GWP value depends on how the gas concentrationdecays over time in the atmosphere.

A high GWP correlates with a large infrared absorptionand long atmospheric life time.


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GWP VALUES

R22 1500 ODP 0.055

R134a 1300

R404a 3260 R410a 1720

R717 0

R744 1

All GWP values based on 100year time scale according toIPCC II (1996) basis for Kyoto

protocol


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Relationship to 1 tonne of CO2-e

One of the difficulties is trying to relate to GWP values.How big is 1 tonne of CO2 ?

1 Disposable of R404a GWP = 10.9kg x 3260 which =

35,534kg or35.534 tonne CO2e. McAlpine Hussmanns 5 months Diesel consumption

was 13,389 litres which generated 35.481 CO2e. Our

Auckland facility consumed 159,544 kwh over the same5 month period for33.345 CO2e.

The average 350 cow dairy farm generates 1632 CO2etonnes per annum. When compared with R404a this

equates to 500kg. A small to medium size Supermarketwould have a similar charge. At a 20% annual leakagerate over 5 years we would have the same emissions.


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Carbon Footprint

To ascertain the plants carbon footprint we use acalculation known as TEWI ( TOTAL EQUIVALENTWARMING IMPACT )

The TEWI calculation takes into account the direct andindirect emissions over the expected life time of theplant.

In simple terms the direct emissions are refrigerantleakage and the indirect emissions is the annual energyconsumption.

It is important to note that the energy consumption of

the plant is the significant proportion of the CarbonFootprint.


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TEWI examplec:\my docs\Energy Analysis\TEWI Calcs_081107.xls

TEWI ANALYSIS Effective : 7-Nov-08Supercedes: nil

Project : Example Conventional

System Lifetime = 20 (years)

CO2 = 1.00 (CO2 equivalent)

TEWI / GWP Details :- R404a = 3260.00 (CO2 equivalent)

R134a = 1300.00 (CO2 equivalent)

Electricity = 0.45 kgs CO2 / kwhr

As Tendered

Conventional

R404a DX

Units Power Consumption Components Details System

Electricity consumption

kwhrs per 24hrs ex Energy Analysis worksheet (kWhrs / day) 3300

kwhrs per annum kWhrs/day x365 days/annum 365

Total (kwhrs per annum) 1204500.0

Charge details

kilograms R404a 968.0

kilograms R134a 0.0

kilograms CO2 (R744) 0.0

Customer specified % Leak Rate (% per annum) 10.0%

Customer specified % Recovery at end of life (%) 75.0%

Customer specified (years) System Life (years) 20.0

kgs per annum Leakage R404a (kgs per annum) 96.8


kgs per annum Leakage CO2 R744 (kgs per annum) 0.0

TEWI (tonnes CO2 per annum)tonnes CO2 per annum Total Indirect per annum 542.03 tonnes of CO2 per annum

tonnes CO2 per annum Total Direct per annum 315.57 tonnes of CO2 per annum

tonnes CO2 per annum Total per annum 857.59 tonnes of CO2 per annum

tonnes CO2 over System Life Tota l over System Specified Life time (20 years) 17940.78 tonnes of CO2 per annum


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TEWI @ 20% LEAK RATEc:\my docs\Energy Analysis\TEWI Calcs_081107.xls








As Tendered

Conventional

R404a DX



kwhrs per 24hrs ex Energy Analysis worksheet (kWhrs / day) 3300


Total (kwhrs per annum) 1204500.0

Charge details

kilograms R404a 968.0

kilograms R134a 0.0











tonnes CO2 over Sys tem Life Tota l over System Speci fied Life time (20 years) 24252.14 tonnes of CO2 per annum


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COMPARISIONS

Total Refrig. Costsdifference

BaselineUS$ 156,120( 8.8% more)

US$ 68,542( 3.9% more)

LT Cooling Duty 68.0 kWs 68.0 kWS 68.0 kWs

MT Cooling Duty 250.0 kWS 250.0 kWs 250.0 kWs

Average Daily

Energy consumption

3,300.0 kWhrs/day 3,150.0 kWhrs/day 3,000.0 kWhrs/day

Energy difference Baseline 4.7% less energy use 9.0% less energy use

Energy Cost perannum at

US$0.1125/kWhrUS$ 134,392 US$ 129,346 US$ 123,187

Energy Cost per

annum differenceBaseline

US$ 5,046 less per

annum

US$ 11,205 less per

annum

Carbon Footprint(per TEWIcalculation)

850.0 tonnes CO2equivalent per annum

570.0 tonnes CO2equivalent per annum

590. tonnes CO2equivalent per annum

Description

Conventional DX

R404a System

Cascade CO2 with

High Side R134a

Recip. Compressors

Hybrid - LT DX CO2,

MT DX R134a Screw

Compressors

Total Refrig. Costs(Cabinets, Rooms,

Plant, Elect., Install)US$ 1,760,480 US$ 1,916,600 US$ 1,829,022

Carbon Footprintdifference

Baseline 32.9% better (less) 30.5% better (less)


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Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) In December of 2002 the New Zealand Government

ratified the KYOTO PROTOCOL.

In doing so the Government committed New Zealand to

reduce the net average emissions of Green HouseGases (GHG) over 2008-2012 (first commitment period)to 1990 levels or take responsibility for the difference.

As of September 2008 with a current Kyoto carbon price

of Euro 12.50 per tonne converted to $NZ = 26.84 pertonne. New Zealands liability is $583 million.

The ETS bill was passed by Parliament in September2008. The ETS is a cap and trade based system. The

aggregate quantity of net emissions is set and then themarket determines the price of emission units. Thescheme is linked internationally and the price of unitswill track the international price.


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The ETS and our Industry

We will be affected in two ways, by our indirect anddirect emissions.

Indirect emissions (electrical energy). The energy sector

starts having obligations to surrender emission units on1 January 2010. The first due date they must surrenderunits by is 30 April 2011 for the period 1 January 2010to 31 December 2010. The government wont give

electricity generators free emission units as they canpass on the costs of the scheme to their customers!

It is expected that the ETS will add 2-4 cents per kwh to

the price of electricity. This price increase will partlydepend on the international price of carbon.


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Direct emissions (Refrigerant).Importers of Syntheticgases will have obligations to surrender emission unitsfrom 1 January 2013. Importers wont receive free

allocation of emission units because the costs can bepassed onto customers.

Those who re-export SGG for destruction or containedin manufactured equipment are eligible to receive free

emission units.

Voluntary reporting can occur from January 2011, withmandatory reporting of imports/exports from 1 January

2012. Regulations will be developed and released for public

consultation over 2009 and 2010.


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Cost Implications

Due to the fact the cost of Carbon will be market drivenit is difficult to predict the actual cost. Values of betweenNZ$20 and $50 have been mentioned.

If we use the current NZ Treasury value of 12.50 euroand round that up to a whole NZ$ we get $27.00.

Current list price per Kg of R404A is $21.19 plus $1.50per Kg levy. When we add the Carbon cost we get$27.00 x 3.26 (GWP) = $88.02 per Kg. So total cost perKg = $110.71. Or $1206.73 a disposable.

Using our example in slide 8 we would incur an

additional cost of $85,203.00 for the Refrigerant cost.


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TEWI with carbon impactc:\my docs\Energy Analysis\TEWI Calcs_081107.xls








As Tendered

Conventional

R404a DX



kwhrs per 24hrs ex Energy Analysis worksheet (kWhrs / day) 3300 99.0


Total (kwhrs per annum) 1204500.0 36135.0

Charge details

kilograms R404a 968.0 85203.0

kilograms R134a 0.0





kgs per annum Leakage R404a (kgs per annum) 96.8 8520.0






tonnes CO2 over System Life Tota l over System Speci fied Li fe time (20 years) 17940.78 tonnes of CO2 per annum


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Future Considerations

Currently there is no 1 single answer.

When designing Plant we need to consider the total LifeCycle Cost (emissions,capital costs,operating costs and

disposal costs). The type of plant and refrigerant utilized should be

tailored to the application.

Leakage rates can and should be reduced through bestpractices and regular maintenance.


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CO2 Rack

Thank You

co2 refrigeration plant

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