CNG CONSUMPTION IN SATELITTE TOWN, CNG CONSUMPTION IN SATELITTE TOWN, RAWALPINDIRAWALPINDI

Muhammad MubbinMuhammad Mubbin

01-10-201101-10-2011

MS (EPM)MS (EPM)

01-263102-00601-263102-006

Bahria University Islamabad PakistanBahria University Islamabad Pakistan

IntroductionIntroduction

Natural gas production is at a relatively high level and remaining Natural gas production is at a relatively high level and remaining reserves are estimated to be about 885.3 billion cu m (2009). reserves are estimated to be about 885.3 billion cu m (2009). Pakistan's gas fields are only expected to last for about another Pakistan's gas fields are only expected to last for about another 20 years at the most due to heavy industrial usage. 20 years at the most due to heavy industrial usage.

The gas field was discovered in the late 1952 and the commercial The gas field was discovered in the late 1952 and the commercial exploitation of the field began in 1955. exploitation of the field began in 1955.

What is Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)?What is Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)? CNG is natural gas that has been compressed into a high-CNG is natural gas that has been compressed into a high-

pressure container for transportation or storage. Since the 1960s, pressure container for transportation or storage. Since the 1960s, CNG has become a vehicle fuel alternative to oil-based gasoline CNG has become a vehicle fuel alternative to oil-based gasoline and diesel fuel. and diesel fuel.

CNG ServicesCNG Services

The start of CNG as fuel for motor vehicles was started in 1940.The start of CNG as fuel for motor vehicles was started in 1940. Recently Recently 26002600 CNG stations are working in Pakistan. CNG stations are working in Pakistan.

OGRAOGRA Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) has been set up under Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) has been set up under

the Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority Ordinance dated 28th March the Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority Ordinance dated 28th March 2002 to foster competition, increase private investment and 2002 to foster competition, increase private investment and ownership in the midstream and downstream petroleum industry, ownership in the midstream and downstream petroleum industry, protect the public interest while respecting individual rights and protect the public interest while respecting individual rights and provide effective and efficient regulations. provide effective and efficient regulations.

Operational CNG Stations in PakistanOperational CNG Stations in Pakistan

CNG being an alternative fuel and well CNG being an alternative fuel and well proven with passage of time has increased proven with passage of time has increased its consumers in Pakistan; almost 900,000 its consumers in Pakistan; almost 900,000 vehicles in last 3 years have converted to vehicles in last 3 years have converted to CNG; and these days near around 150,000 CNG; and these days near around 150,000 vehicles are converting to CNG in a year vehicles are converting to CNG in a year that makes Pakistan to be the 3rd largest that makes Pakistan to be the 3rd largest user of CNG vehicles in the World after user of CNG vehicles in the World after Argentina and Brazil.Argentina and Brazil.

High Pressure Compressors installed are High Pressure Compressors installed are of various design types like L-type, W-type, of various design types like L-type, W-type, V-type, and D-type. V-type, and D-type.

Important RegulationsImportant Regulations

For installation of a stand-alone CNG station at raw sites/new For installation of a stand-alone CNG station at raw sites/new locations, NOCs only from the following authorities be obtained: locations, NOCs only from the following authorities be obtained: Gas utility Company, Department of Explosives, Civil Defense, Gas utility Company, Department of Explosives, Civil Defense, Tensile Municipal Officer, and Third Party certification from HDIP Tensile Municipal Officer, and Third Party certification from HDIP including a reputable Private Sector Company of high standards. including a reputable Private Sector Company of high standards.

All authorities concerned must decide for issuance of NOC(s) or All authorities concerned must decide for issuance of NOC(s) or otherwise within one month of the receipt of request.otherwise within one month of the receipt of request.

CNG Consumption in Satellite Town CNG Consumption in Satellite Town Rawalpindi Rawalpindi

We visited unique CNG on 15-10-2010, 15-We visited unique CNG on 15-10-2010, 15-11-2010 and 15-12-2010 respectively. Unique 11-2010 and 15-12-2010 respectively. Unique CNG is located in D-Block Satellite Town CNG is located in D-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 80 Marla’s. Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 80 Marla’s. The CNG has been constructed beautifully The CNG has been constructed beautifully and keeping in view the order and and keeping in view the order and prescription of ‘OGRA’. 40 employees have prescription of ‘OGRA’. 40 employees have been working in different areas.been working in different areas.

During our three different visits the prices During our three different visits the prices were in all CNG Station Rs. 57.03(CNG) ,Rs were in all CNG Station Rs. 57.03(CNG) ,Rs 68.14(petrol), and Rs 74.06 (Diesel). The 68.14(petrol), and Rs 74.06 (Diesel). The prices were same on our 1st and 2nd visit but prices were same on our 1st and 2nd visit but different on our 3rd visit prices were Rs. different on our 3rd visit prices were Rs. 57.03(CNG), Rs 73.14(Petrol),Rs 78.56 57.03(CNG), Rs 73.14(Petrol),Rs 78.56 (Diesel). No discount was being offered by all (Diesel). No discount was being offered by all CNG’s.CNG’s.

Total CNG Consumption (Kgs) in Satellite Total CNG Consumption (Kgs) in Satellite Town RawalpindiTown Rawalpindi

Total CNG consumption in KG in S.Town Rawalpindi

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Total CNG Consumption (Tons) in Total CNG Consumption (Tons) in Satellite Town RawalpindiSatellite Town Rawalpindi

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Total CNG Consumption (G.J.) in Satellite Total CNG Consumption (G.J.) in Satellite Town RawalpindiTown Rawalpindi

Total CNG Consumption in GJ in S.Town Rawalpindi

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Difference between CNG and Oil Difference between CNG and Oil ConsumptionConsumption

(CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or propane/LPG. Although for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or propane/LPG. Although its combustion does produce its combustion does produce greenhouse gases, it is a gases, it is a more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels, more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels, and it is much safer than other fuels in the event of and it is much safer than other fuels in the event of a spill (natural gas is lighter than air, and disperses a spill (natural gas is lighter than air, and disperses quickly when released). quickly when released).

CNG produces significantly lesser emissions of CNG produces significantly lesser emissions of pollutants like carbon pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (UHC), carbonmonoxide dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (UHC), carbonmonoxide (CO),nitrogenoxides (NOx), sulfuroxides (SOx) (CO),nitrogenoxides (NOx), sulfuroxides (SOx) and particulate matter (PM), as compared to petrol. and particulate matter (PM), as compared to petrol.

EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

For example, an engine running For example, an engine running on petrol for 100 km emits on petrol for 100 km emits 22,000 grams of CO2, while 22,000 grams of CO2, while covering the same distance on covering the same distance on CNG emits only 16,275 grams CNG emits only 16,275 grams of CO2. [CNG is essentially of CO2. [CNG is essentially methane, i.e. CH4 with a methane, i.e. CH4 with a calorific value of 900 Kj/mol. calorific value of 900 Kj/mol. This burns with Oxygen to This burns with Oxygen to produce 1 mol of CO2 and produce 1 mol of CO2 and 2 mol of H2O. 2 mol of H2O.

CNG AdvantagesCNG Advantages

CNG-powered vehicles have lower maintenance costs when CNG-powered vehicles have lower maintenance costs when compared with other fuel-powered vehicles.compared with other fuel-powered vehicles.

Another practical advantage observed is the increased life of Another practical advantage observed is the increased life of lubricating oils, as CNG does not contaminate and dilute the lubricating oils, as CNG does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil.crankcase oil.

Pakistan currently has the highest number of vehicles Pakistan currently has the highest number of vehicles running on CNG in the world followed by Argentina, Brazil running on CNG in the world followed by Argentina, Brazil and Iran. Pakistan also has the highest number of CNG and Iran. Pakistan also has the highest number of CNG stations in the world numbering more than 2600. stations in the world numbering more than 2600.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Higher cost of a vehicle Higher cost of a vehicle The cost of fuel stations is higher, and fuel system The cost of fuel stations is higher, and fuel system

components are more expensivecomponents are more expensive The engine power is reduced (5 - 10 %) in the case of The engine power is reduced (5 - 10 %) in the case of

converted vehicles. CNG vehicles have a shorter converted vehicles. CNG vehicles have a shorter traveling distance compared to traditional fuels (200 250 traveling distance compared to traditional fuels (200 250 km in the case of an automobile converted for the use of km in the case of an automobile converted for the use of natural gas).natural gas).

Conclusion Conclusion

CNG is a cheaper fuel than petrol and diesel in Pakistan. CNG is a cheaper fuel than petrol and diesel in Pakistan. CNG gives more mileage as compared to petrol and diesel.CNG gives more mileage as compared to petrol and diesel. CNG produces hazardous gas lesser than other fuels.CNG produces hazardous gas lesser than other fuels. Along with the advantages, the CNG is more dangerous Along with the advantages, the CNG is more dangerous

(highly explosive) as compared to petrol and diesel. (highly explosive) as compared to petrol and diesel. Some CNG stations are located in highly populated Some CNG stations are located in highly populated

residential areas which can be dangerous for the residential areas which can be dangerous for the surrounding population.surrounding population.

The staff working on the CNG station are not been provided The staff working on the CNG station are not been provided with any safety measures or equipment. with any safety measures or equipment.

The engine life is effected negatively due to non-lubrication The engine life is effected negatively due to non-lubrication when used CNG as fuel. when used CNG as fuel.

The efficiency of engine is affected and in result the speed The efficiency of engine is affected and in result the speed and pick of automobile is affected badly. and pick of automobile is affected badly.

RecommendationsRecommendations

CNG stations should be equipped with proper safety CNG stations should be equipped with proper safety measures for both staff and customers.measures for both staff and customers.

The cylinders and CNG kits installed in automobiles The cylinders and CNG kits installed in automobiles should be properly and periodically look after.should be properly and periodically look after.

CNG is a fossil fuel and it will be finished after a specific CNG is a fossil fuel and it will be finished after a specific time, so that we have to make arrangements and time, so that we have to make arrangements and research for other sources of energy. research for other sources of energy.

Old models of vehicles should be banned because they Old models of vehicles should be banned because they consume more CNG along with the engine lubricants consume more CNG along with the engine lubricants which produce more pollution. which produce more pollution.

CNG station should be on proper distance from the CNG station should be on proper distance from the residential buildings.residential buildings.

ReferencesReferences

All Pakistan CNG AssociationAll Pakistan CNG Association Kandaan AssociationKandaan Association Field Survey conducted by the researchers.Field Survey conducted by the researchers. Internet Internet