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CMY1502/101/3/2015

Tutorial letter 101/3/2015 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY: VICTIMS AND REDUCTION OF CRIME CMY1502 Semesters 1 & 2 Department of Criminology and Security Science

IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This tutorial letter contains important information

about your module.

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CONTENTS

Page

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE 3

2.1 Purpose 3

2.2 Outcomes 4

3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS 5

3.1 Lecturer(s) 5

3.2 Department 5

3.3 University 5

4 MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES 5

4.1 Prescribed books 5

4.2 Recommended books 5

4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves) 5

4.4 Tutorial offerings at Unisa 5

5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE 6

6 MODULE-SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN 6

7 MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING 6

8 ASSESSMENT 6

8.1 Assessment Plan 6

8.2 General assignment numbers 7

8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers 7

8.2.2 Due dates for assignments 7

8.3 Submission of assignments 8

8.4 Assignments 8

9 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS 9

10 EXAMINATION 9

11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 11

12 CONCLUSION 11

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1 INTRODUCTION Dear Student We are pleased to welcome you to this module and hope that you will find it both interesting and rewarding. We shall do our best to make your study of this module successful. You will be well on your way to success if you start studying early in the semester and resolve to do the assignments properly. You will receive a number of tutorial letters during the year. A tutorial letter is our way of communicating with you about teaching, learning and assessment. The study material for this module consists of the following: • One study guide • Tutorial letters 101 and 301 after registration and you will receive a number of additional tutorial

letters during the year Tutorial letter 101 contains important information about the scheme of work, resources and assignments for this module. We urge you to read it carefully and to keep it at hand when working through the study material, preparing the assignments, preparing for the examination and addressing questions to your lecturers. Please read Tutorial letter 301 in combination with Tutorial letter 101 as it gives you an idea of generally important information when studying at a distance and within a particular college. In this tutorial letter (101), you will find the assignments and assessment criteria as well as instructions on the preparation and submission of the assignments. We have also included certain general and administrative information about this module. Please study this section of the tutorial letter carefully. Right from the start we would like to point out that you must read all the tutorial letters you receive during the semester immediately and carefully, as they always contain important and sometimes urgent information. Please note that students must visit the myUnisa website for CMY1502 on a regular basis to receive the latest announcements. The postal service has unfortunately become notoriously unreliable of late and it can therefore occur that a student's hard copy tutorial letter never reaches its destination. All information relevant to the module is, however, placed on the myUnisa website and students should therefore never be in a position where they are not aware of any announcements. If you cannot access myUnisa website from a personal computer please visit an internet café, library or post office where these facilities are available to the public. It will be students' own responsibility to ensure that they are up to date with all the relevant announcements regarding CMY1502 placed on the myUnisa website. We hope that you will enjoy this module and wish you all the best! 2 PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE 2.1 Purpose The purpose of this module is for students to gain knowledge, problem solving skills and competencies about victims and reduction of crime.

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2.2 Outcomes OUTCOMES FOR THEME 1: General introduction to victims of crime Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the victim of crime, key concepts relating to the definition of a crime, problems experienced by victims of crime and a general profile of crime ASSESMENT CRITERIA After completing this theme, students should be able to • Define the concept crime victim • Give an overview of key concepts relating to the definition of the concept “ crime victim”, such as

the positivist and radical approaches • Identify problems experienced by crime victims • Describe a general profile of crime victims (social and demographic characteristics of victims) OUTCOMES FOR THEME 2: Victim Vulnerability, Specific Categories of Victims And Victim Empowerment. Students must be able to demonstrate logical understanding of and insight victim vulnerability, specific categories of victims who are particularly vulnerable to crime and victim support and empowerment initiatives. ASSESMENT CRITERIA • Define the concept “ victim vulnerability” • Give an overview of key concepts pertaining to victim vulnerability ( precipitating factors, facilitating

factors, attractiveness of the target, lifestyle and the interaction between the victim and the offender)

• Describe specific categories of victims who are particularly vulnerable to crime ( children, youthful victims, women and elderly victims)

• Give definitions and aims of victim support and victim empowerment • Describe the charter of victim rights • Outline different victim support models • Explain current services available to victims of crime • Sketch a proposed model for victim support in South Africa OUTCOMES FOR THEME 3: Crime Prevention and Deduction Demonstrate systematic knowledge of an insight into the prevention or reduction of crime in South Africa. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA • Define the various crime prevention or reduction approaches • Give an overview of the main premises of the South African Crime Prevention Strategy • Describe the objectives and proposed programmes of the four crime prevention pillars • Explain the objectives of punishment • Outline the penal objectives related to crime prevention or reduction

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• Sketch the contribution of rehabilitation, individual, general deterrence and incapacitation to the

prevention or reduction of crime 3 LECTURER AND CONTACT DETAILS 3.1 Lecturer Mrs M.S. Thobane Brooklyn House Office 1-56 Veale Street Brooklyn, Pretoria E-mail address: [email protected] Telephone: 012 433 9523 3.2 Department Department of Criminology and Security Science P O Box 392 UNISA 0003 Departmental Secretary: Zanele Skhosana – 012 433 9434 ([email protected]). Administrator: Zelda Groenewald – 012 433 9525 ([email protected]). 3.3 University If you need to contact the University about matters not related to the content of this module, please consult the publication my Studies @ Unisa which you received with your study material. This booklet contains information on how to contact the university (for example to whom you may write, important telephone and fax numbers, addresses and details of times certain facilities are open). 4 MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES 4.1 Prescribed books There are no prescribed books for this module. This means that you do not have to buy any additional books. You need only study your study guide and tutorial letters 4.2 Recommended books There are no recommended books for this module. 4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves) There are no e-Reserves for this module. 4.4 Tutorial offerings at Unisa Please be informed that, with effect from 2013, Unisa offers online tutorials (e-tutoring) to students registered for certain modules at NQF levels 5,6 and 7. This means qualifying first year, second year and third year modules. Please communicate with your module leader to find out if any of the modules that you have registered for falls in this category.

mailto:[email protected]

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Once you have been registered for a qualifying module, you will be allocated to a group of students with whom you will be interacting during the tuition period as well as an e-tutor who will be your tutorial facilitator. Thereafter you will receive an sms informing you about your group, the name of your e-tutor and instructions on how to log onto myUnisa in order to receive further information on the e-tutoring process.

Online tutorials are conducted by qualified e-tutors who are appointed by Unisa and are offered free of charge. All you need to be able to participate in e-tutoring is a computer with internet connection. If you live close to a Unisa regional centre or a Telecentre contracted with Unisa, please feel free to visit any of these to access the internet. E-tutoring takes place on myUnisa where you are expected to connect with other students in your allocated group. It is the role of the e-tutor to guide you through your study material during this interaction process. For you to get the most out of online tutoring, you need to participate in the online discussions that the e-tutor will be facilitating.

There are modules which students have been found to repeatedly fail. These modules are allocated face-to-face tutors and tutorials for these modules take place at the Unisa regional centres. These tutorials are also offered free of charge. However, it is important for you to register at your nearest Unisa Regional Centre to secure attendance of these classes 5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE Important information appears in your my Studies @ Unisa brochure. 6 MODULE-SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN Use my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills. 7 MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING There are no practicals for this module. 8 ASSESSMENT 8.1 Assessment plan All students who have submitted both Assignments 01 and 02 in time (before or on the closing dates) will automatically receive admission to the examination. Both assignments (01 and 02) are compulsory. You must submit both. The year mark is based on the 20 percent of the assignment marks (each assignment counts half – 10 percent – towards the year mark) which will be added to the examination mark to calculate the final mark for this module. No extension whatsoever will be granted for submission of the assignments and you are requested not to apply for extension under any circumstances. Make an effort to start preparing for assignments as soon as you can to avoid late submission. Assignments are seen as part of the learning material for this module. When you do the assignment, study the reading texts, discuss the work with fellow students or conduct research, you are actively engaged in learning. The assessment criteria given for each assignment will help you to understand what is required of you more clearly.

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Comments on the two compulsory assignments will be sent to all students registered for this module in follow-up tutorial letters. In terms of a decision of Senate and the College of Law all students must submit two compulsory assignments per module. One of the reasons for this is that a student is required to provide proof that he or she “actively studied” before writing examination. Proof of active study regarding registered students must be submitted by the University to the Department of Education before a specific date, and consequently no extension of submission dates for the assignments is possible. Students will also not be permitted to submit assignments after the due date because commentaries on the assignments will be mailed to them in time to enable them to study it for examination purposes. We trust that you have understood this explanation of the system. The importance of the assignments and the fact that they must be submitted on time are factors which you must keep in mind when studying. 8.2 General assignment numbers This tutorial letter contains two (2) compulsory assignments for each semester: Semester 1: Assignment 01 and 02 Semester 2: Assignment 01 and 02 8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers In addition to the general assignment number (01 or 02), a unique assignment number (e.g. 205207) should also appear on the cover docket of your assignment. First semester Assignment 01: Unique number: 589067 Assignment 02: Unique number: 589803 Second semester Assignment 01: Unique number: 590027 Assignment 02: Unique number: 590032 8.2.2 Due dates for assignments First semester Closing date for assignment 01 is: 13 March 2015 Closing date for assignment 02 is: 17 April 2015 Second semester Closing date for assignment 01 is: 21 August 2015 Closing date for assignment 02 is: 25 September 2015

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8.3 Submission of assignments Students may submit assignments and assignments completed on mark-reading sheets either by post or Mobile MCQ submission or electronically via myUnisa. Assignments may not be submitted by fax or e-mail. For detailed information on assignments, please refer to My studies @ Unisa brochure, which you received with your study package. To submit an assignment via myUnisa:

• Go to myUnisa • Log in with your student number and password • Select the module • Click on “Assignments” in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen • Click on the assignment number you want to submit • Follow the instructions

Please ensure that the following information appears on your assignment cover: Course code Semester code Assignment number Student number Unique number Assignment date 8.4 Assignments You will receive the correct answers to multiple questions automatically. However, comments on compulsory assignments will be sent to all students registered for this module in a follow-up tutorial letter, and not only to those students who submitted the assignments. The tutorial letter number will be 201, 202, and so on. As soon as you have received the comments and feedback please check your answers. The assignments and the comments on these assignments constitute an important part of your learning and should help you to be better prepared for the next assignment and the examination. How to approach multiple choice questions Please read through the following remarks on answering multiple-choice questions and think about them. Of course, you don’t need to learn them, but please make sure that you understand what is being said. A multiple-choice question is the type of short question with a number of options from which the student has to select the one he or she thinks is correct. The following is a simple example of a multiple-choice question: Which of the following objectives of punishment does NOT assist in the prevention of crime? (1) rehabilitation (2) individual deterrence (3) incapacitation (4) passive deterrence

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The components of a multiple-choice question consist of Problem statement or question (1) rehabilitation Distracters (2) individual deterrence (3) incapacitation Correct answer (4) passive deterrence The problem statement or question provides the perspective from which, or the context within which you have to work to find the most correct alternative. It gives an indication of how to approach the question. Therefore, always read and consider the problem statement carefully. It is thus the function of the problem statement is to ensure that one alternative is more correct than another. What is the perspective from which or the context within which you have to work to find the most correct alternative or answer to the question in the above example? The key words are objectives of punishment and prevention of crime. In the example, the key words objectives of punishment are important indicators because the distractors 1 to 3 can all be classified as objectives of punishment. You know that all the mentioned objectives of punishment are designed to prevent crime. Therefore, alternative 4 is incorrect and thus the most correct answer. It is important to consider all the alternatives from the perspective provided by the problem statement or question. Sometimes students choose one of the first alternatives without even looking at the next. That chosen alternative may be correct ((1) rehabilitation in the above example), but one of the later examples may be even more correct in the light of the perspective provided by the problem statement. Bear in mind that the distracters in a multiple-choice question are not necessarily wrong. You must choose the most correct alternative. Note that an incorrect answer does not mean that a mark or a fraction of a mark will be subtracted from the number of correct answers, but merely that no mark is awarded for that answer. 9 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS In some cases, additional assessment might be available on the myUnisa site for your module. For students attending tutorial sessions, tutors may also set additional tasks and give feedback in class. 10 EXAMINATION For general information and requirements as far as examinations are concerned, see the brochure my Studies @ Unisa which you received with your study material.

Which of the following objectives of punishment does NOT assist in the prevention of crime?

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Examination admission All students who have submitted both Assignments 01 and 02 in time (before or on the closing dates) will automatically receive admission to the examination. How will this work in practice? Both assignments (01 and 02) are compulsory. You must submit both. The year mark is based on the 20 percent of the assignment marks (each assignment counts half – 10 percent – towards the year mark) which will be added to the examination mark to calculate the final mark for this module. No extension whatsoever will be granted for submission of the assignments and you are requested not to apply for extension under any circumstances. Examination period This module is offered in a semester period of 15 weeks. This means that if you are registered for the first semester, you will write the examination in May/June 2015 and the supplementary examination will be written in October/November 2015. If you are registered for the second semester you will write the examination in October/November 2015 and the supplementary examination will be written in May/ June 2016. The Examination Section will provide you with information about the examination in general, examination venues, examination dates and examination times during the course of the semester in question. Examination paper You will write one two-hour paper. (On an official examination mark reading sheet as the exams will consist only of multiple choice questions). The paper counts 50 marks. Your examination mark out of 50 will be adapted to a mark out of 100. To your examination mark out of 50 your year mark based on the 20 percent of your assignment marks (each one of assignments 01 and 02 counts half – 10 percent – towards the year mark) will be added to calculate your final mark for this module. Previous examination papers are only available to students on myUnisa. Additionally, you may accept that the self-evaluation questions and activities in the study guide will help you prepare for the exams. Suggestions on how to approach the examination It goes without saying that in order to achieve success in any examination there is no substitute for a sound knowledge of the subject, which can be attained only by way of a thorough study of the study guide!

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However, our experience has been that students who apparently have a good knowledge of the subject sometimes fail to obtain a pass mark. It is a good idea first to read carefully through each question on the paper before you attempt to answer it. Our endeavour is always to ensure that examination papers are not too long. Our endeavour at all times is to set a paper that will test your knowledge in a fair and proper manner and to maintain sound standards. Therefore students who have obtained a degree from this University may take pride in their achievement. 11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Please read through my Studies @ Unisa brochure which contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study information. 12 CONCLUSION We hope that you will enjoy this module and wish you the very best for your studies! Mrs M.S. Thobane

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ASSIGNMENTS

PLEASE NOTE!!! PLEASE NOTE!!! Important information regarding the assignments It deals with the instructions on how to complete and submit the assignment, as well as the contents and the purpose of the assignment. Please read this information very carefully before you start with the assignment.

FIRST SEMESTER

1. Assignment 01 is compulsory. The due date is 13 March 2015 2. Assignment 02 is compulsory. The due date is 17 April 2015

SECOND SEMESTER

1. Assignment 01 is compulsory. The due date is 21 August 2015 2. Assignment 02 is compulsory. The due date is 25 September 2015

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SEMESTER 01

ASSIGNMENT 01

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS - COMPULSORY

CLOSING DATE: 13 MARCH 2015

UNIQUE NUMBER: 589067

1 In the USA, it is estimated that victims lose about … per year. They only recover about … of their

losses.

Select the most correct option.

1. $12 million, $4 million 2. $14 million, $6 million 3. $12 billion, $4 billion 4. $14 billion, $6 billion

2 What is the empathetic, person-centred assistance that is rendered by an organisation or individual

following an incident of victimisation?

1. Victim support 2. Victim vulnerability 3. Victim empowerment 4. Victim precipitation

3 Which one of the following statements regarding the race of violent crime victims in South Africa is

correct?

1. Almost 80 per cent of violent crime victims in South Africa are white. 2. Almost 80 per cent of violent crime victims in South Africa are black. 3. Almost 80 per cent of violent crime victims in South Africa are coloured. 4. Almost 80 per cent of violent crime victims in South Africa are Indians.

4 There are three different theoretical models which are available for the implementation of victim

empowerment, namely the care model, the criminal justice model and the...

1. protection model. 2. support model. 3. crime prevention model. 4. service model.

graeme

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5 In South Africa, … crimes “earn” between R80 billion and R90 billion a year, … and … about R10

billion each.

Select the most correct option.

1. violent, property crimes and robberies 2. financial, drug trafficking, smuggling of goods 3. predatory, drug smuggling, financial crime 4. property, smuggling of goods housebreaking,

6 From the positivist perspective, a victim is defined as:

1. Any person who suffers as a result of the activities of the powerful and privileged members of a capitalist society.

2. Any person who suffers harm and injury as a result of the illegitimate activities of another person.

3. Any person who has suffered harm or injury. The cause of damage or injuries is not necessarily criminal in origin.

4. Any person who has been negatively affected by a criminal act committed by a perpetrator. 7 Victim precipitation deals with the degree to which…

1. the victim is responsible for his or her own victimisation. 2. the victim is not responsible for his or her own victimisation. 3. the offender is responsible for the victim’s victimisation. 4. the offender is not responsible for the victim’s victimisation.

8 According to Friedman and Tucker (1997), the following are explanations for repeated family

violence:

a) Victims believe that some character flaw in them triggered the crime. b) Victims believe that they deserve to be victimised. c) Victims believe that their behaviour has pushed the perpetrator to victimise them. d) Victims expect to be victimised.

Select the most correct combination.

1. (a), (b) and (c) 2. (a), (b) and (d) 3. (b), (c) and (d) 4. (a), (c) and (d)

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9 Street children are deprived of adequate nutrition, clothing and housing (Greksa, Rie, Islam, Maki

& Omori 2007). They have no access to medical care and schooling. In order to survive, they…

a) help motorists find parking and they wash cars. b) sell fruit and vegetables on the street. c) push trolleys in shopping centres for customers. d) practice prostitution and sell drugs.

Select the most correct combination

1. (a), (b) and (c) 2. (b), (c) and (d) 3. (a), (b) and (d) 4. (a), (b), (c) and (d)

10 In terms of marital status, what do victimisation surveys indicate?

1. Married couples are prone to victimisation. 2. Widows and widowers are at high risk to victimisation more often than married people. 3. Divorced and never married people are victimised more often than married people. 4. Single people are at low risk to victimisation.

11 Why can facilitating factors be described as a “catalyst in a chemical reaction”?

1. It speeds up the crime being committed. 2. It slows down the crime being committed. 3. It underestimates the perpetrator’s capability. 4. It blames the victim for the criminal incident.

12 Which of the following is NOT a type of predatory crime?

1. Robbery 2. Drug trafficking 3. Theft 4. House breaking

13 According to research by Siegel (2004) on the cycle of violence, it was found that …

1. drug abuse and exposure to weapons among the youth increases the number of young offenders in prison.

2. boys who had witnessed physical violence between their parents were three times more likely to beat their own spouses.

3. drug abuse affects worker productivity and public funds can be utilised for treatment programs.

4. exposure to weapons and violent behaviour among adults increases the likelihood of boys and girls engaging in violent behaviour.

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14 Which of the following option regarding males/females as victims of crime is correct?

1. Except for crimes of robbery and indecent assault, males are much more likely than females to become victims of violent crimes.

2. Men commit crime more often than women and are also more likely to become perpetrators of crime.

3. Women are five times more likely than men to become victims of rape or sexual assault. 4. Men are twice as likely as women to experience aggravated assault and robbery.

15 … deterrence entails the classical theory of general prevention. The underlying philosophy is that

people, as rational beings with free-will, will avoid crime if they are aware of the unpleasant consequences (punishment) of criminal behaviour.

1. Contemporary 2. Individual 3. Legal 4. General

16 Murder victimisation rates increase with age and peak at 18 and 21 years and then decrease with age. The following category of victims is subject to the highest rates of criminal victimisation:

1. Youth and women 2. Adolescents and young adults 3. The elderly and children 4. Women and children

17 Which of the following statements regarding to victimization in relation to the neighbourhood in

which one resides is correct?

1. People who live in urban areas are less vulnerable to crime victimisation than those who live in rural areas.

2. People who live in rural areas are more vulnerable to crime than those who live in urban areas.

3. People who live in urban areas are more vulnerable to crime than those in rural areas. 4. People who live in urban and rural areas are equally vulnerable to crime victimisation.

18 “Most serious crimes are committed by a small minority of criminals who will be arrested sooner or

later”. Which objective of a sentence does this statement best represent? 1. Selective incapacitation 2. Collective incapacitation 3. Severe incapacitation 4. Isolated incapacitation

19 What is the statistical survey that measures the amount, nature, and patterns of victimisation in the

population?

1. Self-report survey 2. Crime Information Analysis Survey 3. Census survey 4. Victimisation survey

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20 The biophysical factors in the biophysical prevention model are concerned with the inner

processes or conditions that characterise human beings. The point of departure in this model is the following:

1 The awareness of potential offenders in specific high risk neighbourhoods. 2 The identification of physical characteristics that make an individual more susceptible to

committing crime. 3 Early identification and treatment of crimes and criminals, especially in the case of children. 4 Early detection of psychological needs and disorders that contribute to criminal behaviour.

21 As stated by Kauzlarich and Barlow (2009) females are most likely to be charged with:

1. Neglect of children. 2. Sexual abuse of children. 3. Emotional abuse of children. 4. Verbal abuse of children.

22 The term "victimology" can be described as …

1. the scientific study of the physical, emotional and financial harm people suffer because of criminal activities.

2. people who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights.

3. the study that specifically focuses on the victims of police brutality, war, the corrective system, state violence and all types of repression.

4. people who have suffered harm or injury when the cause of their damage or injuries is not necessarily criminal in origin and could be the result of natural disaster, discrimination or neglect.

23 According to Fattah (1991), when discussing the definition of the terms “victim” and “offenders”…

1. the victim is regarded as any person who suffers as a result of the activities of the powerful and privileged members of a capitalist society.

2. offenders run a greater risk of becoming the victims of crime than people who have never been guilty of a crime.

3. the use of the terms "victims" and "offender" reinforces the stereotypes that are associated with them and supports the idea that offenders and victims are not the same.

4. the criminal justice system, that is: the police, courts and correctional services, create offenders and victims.

24 Which institution is leading the Victim Empowerment Programme?

1. National Crime Prevention Strategy 2. Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation 3. Human Sciences Research Council 4. Department of Social Development

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25 When John is asked why he raped Amy he answered: “It’s because of the way she was dressed. Because she was wearing a very short skirt and a blouse showing her stomach, she made me think that she was asking for it.” Which type of victim precipitation does John’s reason best represent?

1. Passive 2. Active 3. Active-passive 4. Passive-active

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SEMESTER 01

ASSIGNMENT 02


CLOSING DATE: 17 APRIL 2015


1 Which crimes are women most vulnerable to?

1. Incest, rape and marital violence 2. Sexual harassment, marital violence and rape 3. Rape, sexual molestation and assault 4. Sexual harassment and burglary

2 Bongani, a Grade 12 learner, enjoys being connected to his peers through technological devices.

Bongani often texts and talks to his friends on his iPad while waiting for a taxi in an isolated area. What type of victim vulnerability does the scenario best represent?

1. Lifestyle 2. Facilitation 3. Attractiveness of the target 4. Passive precipitation

3 In South Africa, financial crimes “earn” between … a year, drug trafficking and smuggling of goods

about … each.


1. R50 and R60 billion, R10 billion 2. R60 and R70 billion, R10 billion 3. R70 and R80 billion, R10 billion 4. R80 and R90 billion, R10 billion

4 Which of the following support structures can be regarded as being part of the private sector?

1. Salvation Army 2. Special courts 3. One-stop crisis centre 4. The Lerato home

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5 In South Africa, predatory crimes such as robbery, housebreaking and theft cost victims about … a

year.

1. R200 million 2. R300 million 3. R400 million 4. R500 million

6 Research indicates that victimisation is more likely to occur to people who have been victimised

during …

1. childhood 2. teenagehood 3. young adulthood 4. middle adulthood

7 The news has bombarded us with stories of Pakistanian tuck-shop owners in townships being

attacked and their merchandise being stolen by members of the communities in which they reside and/or do business. The attacks are mainly attributed to the belief held by locals that foreign nationals are “stealing” their jobs. Under which type of victim precipitation would Siegel (2004) classify the above act of violence?


8 Which one of the following is NOT a type of the so called “victim-less” crime?

1. Drug trafficking 2. Drug abuse 3. Prostitution 4. Gambling

9 The 1996 National Crime Prevention Strategy introduced a new paradigm for the government of

South Africa. It specifically addressed the way the government has to function when dealing with issues of crime. Among the key components of this paradigm were the following: a) Prevention efforts need to take cognisance of the occurrence of crime, as well as of actual

crime statistics. b) Prevention efforts need to be focused on perpetrators, as is the case with traditional systems

of criminal justice. c) Law enforcement and criminal justice responses alone are inadequate in addressing crime d) Crimes are different and must be “disaggregated” if effective prevention strategies are to be

designed and implemented. Select the most correct combination.

1. (a), (b) and (c) 2. (b), (c) and (d) 3. (a), (c) and (d) 4. (a), (b), (c) and (d)

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10 Friedman and Tucker (1997) postulate the following regarding battered women.

1. Battered women are nearly two times more likely to be revictimised within six months than

victims of other types of violence. 2. Battered women are nearly three times more likely to be revictimised within four months than

victims of other types of violence. 3. Battered women are nearly four times more likely to be revictimised within two months than

victims of other types of violence. 4. Battered women are nearly three times more likely to be revictimised within six months than

victims of other types of violence. 11 Street children mainly sniff glue and use alcohol in order to…

1. fall asleep at night, to minimise the risk of being abused and to help them cope with hunger. 2. stay awake at night in order to minimise the risk of being abused and to help them cope with

hunger. 3. make them brave when they break into people’s houses, to help them stay awake at night

and to help them cope with hunger. 4. assist them to forget their troubles of not having a home, to help them fall asleep at night and

to help them cope with hunger. 12 Child abuse occurs especially in families where…

a) the family is not dysfunctional. b) parents abuse drugs and alcohol. c) there is serious marital conflict. d) one parent comes from a violent family.


1. (a), (b) and (c) 2. (a), (b) and (d) 3. (b), (c) and (d) 4. (a), (b), (c) and (d)

13 Which of the following statements made by Siegel (2004) regarding fear of crime is correct?

1 Fear of a repeat attack is mostly experienced by victims of a burglary. 2 Fear of a repeat attack is mostly experienced by victims of rape. 3 Fear of repeat attack is mostly experienced by victims of robbery. 4 Fear of a repeat attack is mostly experienced by victims of violent crime.

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14 Van der Hoven and Maree (2005) make certain assumptions with regards to characteristics of repeat victimisation.

1. If victimisation occurs, it tends to happen soon after the previous victimisation incident. 2. The greater the number of prior victimisation incidents, the higher the likelihood that the

victim will experience future victimisation. 3. The risk of victimisation increases for third and subsequent victimisations. 4. An individual’s past crime victimisation is a good predictor of his or her subsequent

victimisation. 15 The psychological crime prevention model focuses on:

1. The awareness of potential offenders in specific high risk neighbourhoods. 2. The identification of interpersonal problems and poor communication, particularly within the

family. 3. The early identification and treatment of crimes and criminals, especially in the case of

children with problems. 4. The early detection of psychological needs and disorders that contribute to criminal

behaviour. 16 ... entails that the more freedom of offenders is curtailed, the fewer offenders will remain to cause

harm to the community.

1. Selective incapacitation 2. Collective incapacitation 3. Severe incapacitation 4. Isolated incapacitation

17 It is generally accepted that there are five crucial factors to successful crime prevention. One of the

following factors is NOT crucial to successful crime prevention:

1. State and community involvement in implementing a comprehensive crime prevention policy. 2. A multidimensional crime prevention approach that incorporates a number of crime

prevention models and their various programmes. 3. Preventing crime by effective environmental planning and design. 4. Proper planning and evaluation of cost-effective crime prevention programmes.

18 Glick (1995) points out that there are five objectives of a sentence. One of the following options is

NOT an objective of a sentence.

1. Diversion 2. Rehabilitation 3. Retribution 4. Deterrence

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19 Children find themselves in a variety of circumstances where they are victimised. According to

Reid (2003) which of the following abuse is the major type of abuse within the family circle?

1. Child neglect 2. Incest 3. Sexual abuse 4. Corporal punishment

20 Vulnerability to victimisation can be regarded as a function of five concepts. Which concept is illustrated in the following scenario? “Lerato leaves her laptop on her car seat as she parks it in an unsecure parking area and walks away”. What is this scenario an example of?

1. Victim/offender interaction 2. Victim precipitation and provocation 3. Attractiveness of target 4. Facilitating factor

21 According to Siegel (2004), victim risk diminishes rapidly after the age of...

1. 16 2. 18 3. 25 4. 30

22 Throughout the years, crime prevention has taken on various forms with an emphasis on ….

1. formal social control. 2. social community control. 3. multidisciplinary control. 4. individualised control.

23 In which situation has the term “sub-intentional death” been applied in…

1. situations where victimologists maintain that crimes such as murder or grievous bodily harm is victim facilitated.

2. situations where people live careless and risky lifestyles despite the presence of motivated offenders.

3. situations where victims play a contributory role in their own demise, for instance by excising poor judgment.

4. situations where people engage in violent behaviour that results in a near death experience. 24 Retribution refers to the act of retaliating and comprises various elements. One of the following

statements is NOT an element of retribution.

1. Punishment should be severe so that it is unpleasant to the offender. 2. Punishment is an expression of the community's moral disapproval. 3. Punishment can compensate the community for the harm it suffered or the injury inflicted on

it by the crime. 4. Punishment should be proportional to the gravity of the crime (proportionality principle).

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25 Routine activities theory functions on the co-presence of the following components:

1. Likely offender, suitable target and absence of a capable guardian 2. Demand and supply, distribution and frequent movement 3. Likely and suitable victim, opportunistic offender and favourable environment factors 4. Victim behaviour, personal lifestyle and interaction with the offender

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ASSIGNMENT 03 ASSIGNMENT 03 IS A SELF-ASSESSMENT ASSIGNMENT (PARAGRAPH TYPE) PLEASE NOTE: DO NOT SUBMIT THE ASSIGNMENT FOR ASSESSMENT 1. Define the concept “victim”. [THEME 1] [10] 2. Describe the meaning of the concept “precipitating factor”. [THEME 2] [10] 3. Outline the reasons why children are susceptible to crime. [THEME2] [10] 4. Define the concepts “victim support” and “victim empowerment”. [THEME 2] [10] 5. What do you understand under “crime prevention model”. [THEME 3] [5] 6. Briefly explain the main objectives of the integrated criminal justice model. [THEME3] [10] 7. Write one paragraph on selective incapacitation. [THEME 3] [5] 8. Explain in your own words what retribution entails. [THEME 3] [5]

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SEMESTER 02

ASSIGNMENT 01


CLOSING DATE: 21 AUGUST 2015


1 Crime prevention consists of various levels of interventions. At which level does intervention take place in order to reduce or prevent re-offending?

1. Primary crime prevention 2. Social crime prevention 3. Tertiary crime prevention 4. Secondary crime prevention

2 A burglary which resulted from the victim's negligent or careless behaviour of leaving a window

open or a door unlocked is an example of …

1. lifestyle. 2. victim/offender interaction. 3. attractiveness of target. 4. facilitating factors.

3 The theory of deterrence reveals several shortcomings, mainly in terms of the following questions:

a) How effective are offender treatment and rehabilitation programmes? b) Are people reasonable beings who can make a rational choice and arrive at hedonistic

calculations about pain and pleasure in order to direct their behaviour? c) Can the South African Police Services prevent crime in the community? d) Can the decline in the incidence of crime in general or of certain crimes be attributed to the

deterrence value of punishment?

Choose the most correct combination

1. (a), (b) and (c) 2. (a), (b) and (d) 3. (b), (c) and (d) 4. (a), (c) and (d)

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4 The Service Charter for victims of crime in South Africa is an important instrument for promoting

justice for all. Which type of support is NOT a basic function of victim empowerment services?

1. Emotional support 2. Financial support 3. Networking support 4. Immediate practical support

5 O'Block (1991) defines crime prevention as…

1. any organised activity designed to prevent or limit crime to minimum levels. 2. an offensive strategy to combat crime which will encompass planning, preparation,

implementation as well as an analysis of the crime prevention activities. 3. all activities which reduce, deter or prevent the occurrence of specific crimes. 4. an attempt to eliminate crime either prior to the initial occurrence or before further activity

(proactive approach). 6 Lucy, a young single mother, is found guilty of theft from her ex-employer. She is ordered by the

court to pay the stolen money, with an additional fine, back to her ex-employer. Which objective of a sentence does this scenario represent?

1. Incapacitation 2. Retribution 3. Deterrence 4. Restitution

7 Complete the following sentence: Hate crimes are an example of...

1. active precipitation. 2. violent precipitation. 3. offender precipitation. 4. passive precipitation.

8 According to Delport (2005) the following factor may play a role in the victimisation of the elderly:

1. The elderly live in the rural areas which tend to be rife with crime. 2. The elderly are more dependent on private transport compared to the rest of the public. 3. The injuries of the elderly may require less medical attention than would be the case with

other people. 4. The elderly are more likely to be alone and isolation increases their vulnerability.

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9 Punishment should be proportional to the gravity of the crime. To which objective of a sentence is

this statement referring?

1. Retribution 2. Restitution 3. Rehabilitation 4. Incapacitation

10 Precipitating factors deal with...

1. factors that may provoke two parties into violent interaction. 2. the degree to which the victim is responsible for his/her own victimisation. 3. the likelihood of a person becoming a perpetrator of a particular crime. 4. the target’s appeal to the criminal prone individual.

11 Which of the following are NOT crime categories under which domestic violence may possibly be

categorised depending on its seriousness?

1. Attempted murder or murder 2. Common assault or assault with intent to inflict grievous bodily harm 3. Contact related crime or other serious crime 4. Indecent assault or rape

12 As stated by Friedman and Tucker (1997), boys who …

1. witnessed emotional abuse between their parents were three times more likely to emotionally abuse their own spouse.

2. witnessed physical violence between their parents were five times more likely to beat their own spouse.

3. witnessed physical violence between their parents were three times more likely to beat their own spouse.

4. were physically abused were three times more likely to beat their own spouse. 13 Identify a shortcoming of the care model.

1. Only some victims are eligible for state compensation. 2. The care provided is only in terms of emotional support. 3. The care provided is only in terms of financial support. 4. The care provided is only in terms of psychological support.

14 Identify the INCORRECT option.

1. More employed people are offenders but never victims of crime in comparison to employed people.

2. Unemployed rates are more closely related to property crimes such as robbery and burglary. 3. Employed people are better able to guard their property than unemployed people. 4. Unemployed people, whether perpetrator or victim, have no choice but to live in the same

decaying areas.

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15 Rob sometimes feels pressured to start using drugs because all his friends are doing it. He knows

that when his friends are abusing substances, they often get involved in illegal activities. So much so that one of Rob’s good friends is in prison for stealing a car under the influence of drugs. This makes Rob very scared of getting involved in any deviant behaviour. Which option best describes the scenario?

1 Rehabilitation 2 Prevention 3 Restitution 4 Deterrence

16 With reference to youthful (juvenile) victims of crime, indicate which one of the following is the most

correct combination.

(a) It is less likely that crimes against teenagers will be reported to the police than crimes against adult victims.

(b) Teenagers are more likely to be attacked during violent crimes than adults. (c) Adolescents and young adults are subject to the lowest rates of criminal victimisation. (d) If a young person is injured, he or she is less likely to seek medical attention than an adult.

Choose the most correct combination. 1. (a) and (d) 2. (b), (c) and (d) 3. (a), (b) and (d) 4. (a), (b), (c) and (d)

17 David is late for his CMY3706 examination and accidently leaves his car door unlocked as he

rushes to the exam hall. Upon his return, David discovers that his laptop has been stolen. This scenario is an example of...

1. precipitation. 2. provocation. 3. facilitation. 4. attractiveness of target.

18 Which statement regarding income as a characteristic of victimisation is INCORRECT?

1. The relationship between income and victimisation corresponds to that between income and crime.

2. Most offenders come from lower income groups. 3. People from both lower and higher income groups may become victims of personal

victimisation. 4. Target for burglary and theft comprises people with higher incomes.

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19 Which one of the following options is regarded by the Centre for the Study of Violence and

Reconciliation (CSVR) as the primary goal of the Victim Empowerment Programme?

1. To alleviate the effects of violence through the provision of trauma counselling and management to adult and child survivors.

2. To reduce the psychological shock of trauma victims by providing emotional support and practical assistance immediately after the incident.

3. To support the victim and prevent revictimisation by creating awareness among the public. 4. To identify symptoms of posttraumatic stress and refer victims to counsellors and other

relevant professional services. 20 The term “crime prevention" was developed from various ideologies as well as concepts that are

not clear or expressed. One can deduce from these diverse viewpoints that crime prevention is sometimes connected to …

1. individuals who do not commit crime every day and need to be removed from society. 2. community or societal positions such as administrative authorities, private security and

surveillance services as well as researchers. 3. the definition of laws within the specific community dealing with young people. 4. actions of the community and the government in addressing inequalities between people of

society. 21 Almost 80 per cent of violent crime victims are black people in South Africa. Which one of the

following is, according to Mowby and Walklate (1994), a contributing factor?

1. A history of apartheid, discrimination and violence. 2. A background of living in squatter camps and poverty. 3. Being from disadvantaged communities and poor education systems. 4. Living in high-crime risk areas where unemployment and poverty prevail.

22 A proactive approach, involving the identification of potential law violators and simultaneous

intervention before a crime is committed, is also known as …

1. primary crime prevention. 2. social crime prevention model. 3. tertiary crime prevention. 4. secondary crime prevention.

23 Which theory is of the notion that direct-contact predatory crime is a function of the co-presence in

time and space of a likely offender, suitable target, and absence of capable guardian?

1. Routine activities theory 2. Rational choice theory 3. Social learning theory 4. Lifestyle theory

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24 Which of the following statements regarding the race of victims in England, Wales, the USA and

South Africa is correct?

1. Whites run a far greater risk of being victimised than blacks. 2. Blacks run a lower risk of being victimised than whites. 3. Blacks run a far greater risk of being victimised than whites. 4. Whites and blacks run an equal risk of being victimised.

25 Women are particularly vulnerable to the following forms of victimisation:

1. Rape and bag snatching 2. Robbery and assault 3. Marital violence and rape 4. Harassment and house robbery

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SEMESTER 02

ASSIGNMENT 02


CLOSING DATE: 25 SEPTEMBER 2015


1 In which perspective is the victim regarded as a person who suffers as a result of the power and

privileged members of capitalist activities?

1. Radical perspective 2. Crime perspective 3. Positivist perspective 4. Rational perspective

2 The compensation for the harm suffered by the community or the injury inflicted on it by crime is

known as …

1. proportionality. 2. just deserts. 3. atonement. 4. reconciliation.

3 The 1996 National Crime Prevention Strategy introduced a new paradigm for the government of

South Africa. It specifically addressed the way the government has to function when dealing with issues of crime. Among the key components of this paradigm were the following: a) Prevention efforts need to take cognisance of the occurrence of crime, as well as of actual

crime statistics. b) Prevention efforts need to be focused on perpetrators, as is the case with traditional systems

of criminal justice. c) Law enforcement and criminal justice responses alone are inadequate in addressing crime d) Crimes are different and must be “disaggregated” if effective prevention strategies are to be

designed and implemented.


1. (a), (b) and (c) 2. (b), (c) and (d) 3. (a), (c) and (d) 4. (a), (b), (c) and (d)

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4 According to research by Siegel (2004) on the cycle of violence, it was found that …

1. drug abuse and exposure to weapons among the youth increases the number of young offenders in prison.

2. boys who had witnessed physical violence between their parents were three times more likely to beat their own spouses.

3. drug abuse affects worker productivity and public funds can be utilised for treatment programs.

4. exposure to weapons and violent behaviour among adults increases the likelihood of boys and girls engaging in violent behaviour.

5 Complete the following sentences: Kauzlarich and Barlow (2009) state that when sexual abuse against children occurs, the perpetrators are more likely to be ... More ... are charged with ... of children.

1. males, females, unintentional abuse 2. females, males, physical abuse 3. males, females, neglect 4. males, females, intentional maltreatment

6 Identify the missing words in relation to the Victim Empowerment Programme (VEP): “The VEP

envisions a South Africa where the interests of the crime victim are … and where the balance between victims, communities and offenders is …”

1. acknowledged, recorded. 2. acknowledged, restored. 3. paramount, restored. 4. respected, stabilised.

7 The notion that the victim’s behaviour was the spark that ignited the subsequent offence is a

definition of: 1. victim vulnerability 2. victim-blaming 3. victim precipitation 4. victim accusation

8 With reference to the risk women face of being victims of rape, indicate which of the following is the most correct combination.

(a) Young females in their late teens or early twenties who are unmarried. (b) Women who live in low-income families. (c) Women who are black and unemployed and reside in large cities. (d) Females in their early- and mid-adulthood.

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Choose the most correct combination.

1. (a), (b) and (c) 2. (a), (b) and (d) 3. (b), (c) and (d) 4. (a), (b), (c) and (d)

9 What does the integrated criminal justice model involve?

1. Making the courts accessible, especially to those who have little power. 2. Promoting the effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System by only focusing on the needs of

the victims. 3. Diversion programmes for female adult detainees. 4. Support and empowerment of offenders, victims, family members of victims and the overall

community.

10 To which objective of a sentence does the following excerpt apply? "In this way relationships can be restored and the offender has an opportunity to atone - which may contribute indirectly to crime prevention”

1. Rehabilitation 2. Deterrence 3. Restitution 4. Incapacitation

11 Controlling the smuggling of various commodities such as drugs and diamonds and controlling the

trade in protected species, is an objective of which pillar of the National Crime Prevention Strategy?

1. Proactive crime prevention 2. Promotion of community values and education 3. Prevention of transnational crimes 4. The integrated criminal justice pillar

12 Select the most correct answer that reflects a case of repeat victimisation.

1. A victim of rape is insensitively examined by a medical practitioner. 2. A victim of domestic violence is harshly questioned by a police official. 3. A child is sexually abused over a six month period by a family member. 4. A victim of burglary who has replaced the stolen content.

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13 Which of the following, in relation to similarities between the profile of the victim and the perpetrator

in the Soweto murder study, undertaken by Snyman (1994), is INCORRECT?

1. Age 2. Gender 3. Marital status

4. Occupation 14 Limiting opportunities for crime is particularly successful in preventing the following crime.

1. Rape 2. Robbery 3. Bag snatching 4. Assault

15 Identify a basic premise of the promotion of community values and education.

1. Teach nonviolent solutions to conflict in the community 2. Teach the community about HIV/Aids 3. Improve the credibility of the Criminal Justice System 4. Prevent organised crime

16 Which one of the following factors does NOT play a role in the victimisation of the elderly?

1. The elderly are more likely to be alone, and isolation increases their vulnerability. 2. The physical strength of the elderly is usually diminished. 3. Pension pay-out dates are widely known, making them easy targets. 4. The injuries of the elderly may require less medical attention.

17 Which support structure promotes a multidisciplinary approach for the prevention and control of

child abuse and sexual molestation?

1. People Opposing Women Abuse (POWA) 2. Ikhaya Lethemba (Place of Hope) Centre 3. Louis Botha Home for Children 4. The Child and Family Welfare Organisation

18 According to Friedman and Tucker (1997), battered women are…

1. nearly two times more likely to be revictimised within six months than victims of other types of violence.

2. nearly three times more likely to be revictimised within six months than victims of other types of violence.

3. nearly three times more likely to be revictimised within five months than victims of other types of violence.

4. nearly two times more likely to be revictimised within five months than victims of other types of violence.

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19 The news has bombarded us with stories of Pakistanian tuck-shop owners in townships being

attacked and their merchandise being stolen by members of the communities in which they reside and/or do business. The attacks are mainly attributed to the belief held by locals that foreign nationals are “stealing” their jobs. Under which type of victim precipitation would Siegel (2004) classify the above act of violence?


20 Identify the specific pattern for burglary described by Van der Hoven and Maree (2005).

1. The risk of being burglarised for the second time is highest within the same month of the first incident.

2. The risk of being burglarised for the second time is highest within the second month of the first incident.

3. There are usually two to three perpetrators involved in a burglary. 4. There are usually three to four perpetrators involved in a burglary.

21 As stated by Kauzlarich and Barlow (2009) females are most likely to be charged with…

1. neglect of children. 2. sexual abuse of children. 3. emotional abuse of children. 4. verbal abuse of children.

22 Which of the following is NOT a predatory crime type?

1. Robbery 2. Drug trafficking 3. Theft 4. House breaking

23 What does the following scenario represent? A young boy is sexually molested by his father and

grows up to sexually abuse his own daughter.

1. Repeat victimisation 2. Secondary victimisation 3. Antisocial behaviour 4. The cycle of violence

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24 When Peter is asked why he raped Britney he answered: “It’s because of the way she was

dressed. Because she was wearing a very short skirt and a blouse showing her stomach, she made me think that she was asking for it.” Which type of victim precipitation does Peter’s reason best represent?


25 Which of the following statements made by Siegel (2004) regarding fear of crime is correct?

1. Fear of a repeat attack is mostly experienced by victims of a burglary. 2. Fear of a repeat attack is mostly experienced by victims of rape. 3. Fear of repeat attack is mostly experienced by victims of robbery. 4. Fear of a repeat attack is mostly experienced by victims of violent crime.

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ASSIGNMENT 03 ASSIGNMENT 03 IS A SELF-ASSESSMENT ASSIGNMENT (PARAGRAPH TYPE) PLEASE NOTE: DO NOT SUBMIT THE ASSIGNMENT FOR ASSESSMENT 1. Write notes on the problems crime victims experience. [THEME1] [15] 2. Explain the concept “facilitating factor”. [THEME2] [10] 3. Mention five factors that increase the vulnerability of the elderly to victimisation. [THEME2] [15] 4. Briefly outline the different types of victim support models. [THEME2] [15] 5. List five objectives underlying crime prevention by means of environmental design and development. [THEME3] [10] 6. Some criticism has been levelled at the general deterrence value of punishment. Explain this statement. [THEME3] [10] 7. General deterrence represents the classical theory of general prevention. Substantiate this statement in one paragraph. [THEME 3] [10] 8. Distinguish between the concepts of “individual” and “general” prevention of crime through punishment. [THEME3] [5]

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