Cmns 130Cmns 130

Race and RepresentationRace and Representation

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Identification of ProblemIdentification of Problem

Politics of Representation:Politics of Representation: When minorities struggle for recognition/rights/sharing of When minorities struggle for recognition/rights/sharing of

power in political, cultural and media institutionspower in political, cultural and media institutions Presupposes a level of political organization: mobilization Presupposes a level of political organization: mobilization

around a social problemaround a social problem Discloses fundamental human need: drive for identity: to Discloses fundamental human need: drive for identity: to

escape the “psychic prison” of a world view that excludes or escape the “psychic prison” of a world view that excludes or denies( Fleras:307)denies( Fleras:307)

Presupposes media form an important function in:Presupposes media form an important function in: FramingFraming RecognizingRecognizing Representing Cultural/ethnographic groupsRepresenting Cultural/ethnographic groups

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Proof of ProblemsProof of Problems

In media:In media: Analysis of ownership & controlAnalysis of ownership & control Analysis of workers/work routines in news Analysis of workers/work routines in news

manufacturemanufacture Analysis media contents/reception ( latter scarce)Analysis media contents/reception ( latter scarce)

In societyIn society Socio economic studiesSocio economic studies Social dysfunctions ( conflict, threats to social Social dysfunctions ( conflict, threats to social

cohesion)cohesion) Anti social behaviors: stereotyping/hate/social Anti social behaviors: stereotyping/hate/social

exclusivenessexclusiveness

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Allegations Against MediaAllegations Against Media

Aboriginals, people of colour, immigrants and Aboriginals, people of colour, immigrants and refugees tend to be refugees tend to be underrepresented underrepresented InvisibleInvisible IrrelevantIrrelevant VictimizedVictimized TrivializedTrivialized

Or Or misrepresentedmisrepresented Race-Role Stereotyped ( Fleras: 286)Race-Role Stereotyped ( Fleras: 286) DemonizedDemonized ScapegoatedScapegoated Whitewashed/TokenizedWhitewashed/Tokenized

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What Social Responsibility?What Social Responsibility?

Charter of Rights and FreedomsCharter of Rights and Freedoms S. 15 (1) S. 15 (1)

No one is to be discriminated against, regardless of race or No one is to be discriminated against, regardless of race or ethnicityethnicity

In Broadcasting Act (1991): In Broadcasting Act (1991): Serve the needs and interests and reflect the circumstances Serve the needs and interests and reflect the circumstances

and aspirations of Canadian men, women and children, and aspirations of Canadian men, women and children, including equal rights, … and the multicultural and multiracial including equal rights, … and the multicultural and multiracial nature of Canadian society and the special place of aboriginal nature of Canadian society and the special place of aboriginal people in that societypeople in that society

In 1985 CRTC introduces Ethnic Broadcasting Policy: allows In 1985 CRTC introduces Ethnic Broadcasting Policy: allows entry of private sector stations catering to other language entry of private sector stations catering to other language groups( but access to fewer public subsidies )groups( but access to fewer public subsidies )

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Some Basic TermsSome Basic Terms

RaceRace EthnicityEthnicity IdentityIdentity StereotypeStereotype

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RaceRace

A socially constructed categoryA socially constructed category Classifies by human ancestry, relies on Classifies by human ancestry, relies on

differentiation by physical characteristicsdifferentiation by physical characteristics Colour of skinColour of skin Hair texture or colourHair texture or colour StatureStature Facial characteristicsFacial characteristics

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EthnicityEthnicity

Cultural identification with an ethnic groupCultural identification with an ethnic group Shared heritage, language, culture or Shared heritage, language, culture or

religionreligion

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IdentityIdentity

A subjective sense of belongingA subjective sense of belonging Continuity between sense of self, social Continuity between sense of self, social

group attachment, and larger political group attachment, and larger political contextcontext

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Layers of IdentityLayers of IdentitySelf IdentitySelf Identity

Social IdentitySocial IdentityPolitical IdentityPolitical Identity

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Self IdentitySelf Identity

Your life historyYour life history Explains why you do something, who you Explains why you do something, who you

want to be, and what to do about advancing want to be, and what to do about advancing your interestsyour interests

May be personal style, personal peer and May be personal style, personal peer and family identity ( notion of primary group)family identity ( notion of primary group)

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Social Identity TheorySocial Identity Theory

Importance of a person’s social identity in Importance of a person’s social identity in forming self-conceptforming self-concept

Group based aspects of an individual’s Group based aspects of an individual’s self-definition, derived from membership in self-definition, derived from membership in and identification with social groupsand identification with social groups

( black pride movement: hip hop ( black pride movement: hip hop subculture etc)subculture etc)

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Social IdentitySocial Identity

Associated with the rights,obligations and Associated with the rights,obligations and sanctions you enjoy in your social rolessanctions you enjoy in your social roles

Usual markers are age, sex, race ( immutable Usual markers are age, sex, race ( immutable social markers)social markers)

Primordial realms: immediate community of Primordial realms: immediate community of work or livingwork or living

Increasingly involving social causes/missionsIncreasingly involving social causes/missions Media are resources in finding social identities: Media are resources in finding social identities:

role assimilationrole assimilation

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New Ideas about IdentityNew Ideas about Identity

Refute notion of identity as fixed, universal or Refute notion of identity as fixed, universal or essentialessential

Sees TV as a major resource for the Sees TV as a major resource for the construction of cultural identities within the construction of cultural identities within the lived experience of everyday lifelived experience of everyday life

Accessible to virtually everybodyAccessible to virtually everybodySite of popular knowledgeSite of popular knowledge

Identity in continual contest and constructionIdentity in continual contest and construction

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StereotypeStereotype

From the Greek: From the Greek: stereos (solid) stereos (solid) and and typos ( mark)typos ( mark) What Walter Lipmann calls fixed pictures in the headWhat Walter Lipmann calls fixed pictures in the head A form of mental shorthand of associations with social A form of mental shorthand of associations with social

beings/ as sorted into social categories/ by traits real or beings/ as sorted into social categories/ by traits real or imaginedimagined

Minority critics often argue they are false or generalised, Minority critics often argue they are false or generalised, without regard for individual differenceswithout regard for individual differences

Generally carry embedded grains of social truthGenerally carry embedded grains of social truth ““blondes” etc.blondes” etc. “ “ white men can’t jump”white men can’t jump”

Media Stereotypes have greater effects if not countered by Media Stereotypes have greater effects if not countered by lived experience ( Hartman and Husband)lived experience ( Hartman and Husband)

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Questions about the Global VillageQuestions about the Global Village

Never more of a crisis than todayNever more of a crisis than today Liberals fear September 11 2001 has set back Liberals fear September 11 2001 has set back

international understanding: led to a new ‘cold war’ international understanding: led to a new ‘cold war’ among muslim and other countriesamong muslim and other countries

McLuhan’s thinking about the Global Village now McLuhan’s thinking about the Global Village now challenged– Jihad or McWorldchallenged– Jihad or McWorld

Are we growing together or apart? Do we respect other Are we growing together or apart? Do we respect other cultures or fear them? cultures or fear them?

Is cultural identity nostalgic– to be kept ‘pure’-- or Is cultural identity nostalgic– to be kept ‘pure’-- or adaptive: enlarged and enriched through intermixture?adaptive: enlarged and enriched through intermixture?

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New Theories of IdentityNew Theories of Identity

Multiple ( as citizen, buyer,as Cbinese, as Multiple ( as citizen, buyer,as Cbinese, as Canadian, as university student, as Canadian, as university student, as worker)worker)

Hybrid ( fusion of generational identity of Hybrid ( fusion of generational identity of immigrants) ( not simple assimilation)immigrants) ( not simple assimilation)

Rationalised in a coherent wholeRationalised in a coherent whole

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Dimensions of Cohesive IdentityDimensions of Cohesive Identity

Sense of belongingness-isolationSense of belongingness-isolation Inclusiveness-exclusivenessInclusiveness-exclusiveness Participation-non-participationParticipation-non-participation Recognition-rejectionRecognition-rejection Legitimacy-illegitimacyLegitimacy-illegitimacy

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Media and RacismMedia and Racism

Framing of raceFraming of race Stereotyping of raceStereotyping of race Exclusion of race in board rooms and Exclusion of race in board rooms and

senior managementsenior management Ghettoization of race: ethnic broadcasting Ghettoization of race: ethnic broadcasting

( third language TV for a fee and pay per ( third language TV for a fee and pay per service basis unlike aborginal TV etc)service basis unlike aborginal TV etc)

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StereotypingStereotyping

Having no individuality: as though cast from a Having no individuality: as though cast from a moldmold

Literally: in printing, the development of a type Literally: in printing, the development of a type metal cast for multiple reproductionmetal cast for multiple reproduction

Socially: a mental pattern or ‘image label’ which Socially: a mental pattern or ‘image label’ which simplifies and generalises about a people or simplifies and generalises about a people or minority or traitminority or trait

Short hand: a way of simplifying complexityShort hand: a way of simplifying complexity

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Stereotyping 2Stereotyping 2

Categorical: ignores differences among Categorical: ignores differences among individuals of the ‘out group’individuals of the ‘out group’

Found to be more prevalent among those or with:Found to be more prevalent among those or with: No interpersonal relationships to refute stereotypesNo interpersonal relationships to refute stereotypes Those with less formal educationThose with less formal education Less travel, less gregarious “out group” experimentation ( some studies Less travel, less gregarious “out group” experimentation ( some studies

suggest related to low self esteem, conservative/authoritarian suggest related to low self esteem, conservative/authoritarian personalities)personalities)

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Types of StereotypingTypes of Stereotyping

Overt:Overt: few faces and characters on screen are few faces and characters on screen are visible minoritiesvisible minorities

Of those represented, mostly in news, low Of those represented, mostly in news, low budget genresbudget genres

Where representedWhere represented: Kung Fu ( the Bruce Lee : Kung Fu ( the Bruce Lee syndrome)– presented in narrow, cliché rolessyndrome)– presented in narrow, cliché roles

CovertCovert: exclusion is interpreted to reflect lack of : exclusion is interpreted to reflect lack of power: minority statuspower: minority status

““affirmative action” now 30 years behind feminist affirmative action” now 30 years behind feminist movementmovement

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Silent on the SetSilent on the SetCultural Diversity and RaceCultural Diversity and Race

In English Canadian TV DramaIn English Canadian TV DramaA Study directed byA Study directed by

Dr. Catherine MurrayDr. Catherine MurraySchool of CommunicationSchool of CommunicationSimon Fraser UniversitySimon Fraser University

August 2002August 2002SRA 587SRA 587

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BackgroundBackground

Arose out of policy concern with developing indicators to Arose out of policy concern with developing indicators to measure cultural diversity, changing forms of cultural measure cultural diversity, changing forms of cultural participation and civic engagementparticipation and civic engagement

Eurofiction 2000:Eurofiction 2000: Guest Canadian feature in Council of Europe annual monitoringGuest Canadian feature in Council of Europe annual monitoring An analysis of supply and viewing of domestic drama: An analysis of supply and viewing of domestic drama:

www.sfu.ca/communication/ecfwww.sfu.ca/communication/ecf::

StarWarsStarWars

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Research QuestionsResearch Questions

Are our Canadian TV casts from culturally diverse backgrounds?Are our Canadian TV casts from culturally diverse backgrounds? Are roles specific or non-specific in cultural background?Are roles specific or non-specific in cultural background? Do English Canadian TV stories dramatize the creative tensions Do English Canadian TV stories dramatize the creative tensions

( positive and negative) arising from cultural diversity?( positive and negative) arising from cultural diversity?

Cmns 130Cmns 130

MethodMethod

Content Analysis & In depths with key informantsContent Analysis & In depths with key informants Sample: 69 hours of prime time english- language Sample: 69 hours of prime time english- language

Canadian drama produced from 1999 or later (*not all Canadian drama produced from 1999 or later (*not all first run) which was exhibited between January to April first run) which was exhibited between January to April 20022002

Licensed first for conventional networksLicensed first for conventional networks CBC 26%CBC 26% CTV 42%CTV 42% Global 6%Global 6% CHUM 6%CHUM 6% Showcase 20%Showcase 20%

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Drama Episodes SampledDrama Episodes Sampled

The AssociatesThe Associates Cold SquadCold Squad Trailer Park BoysTrailer Park Boys TradersTraders Degrassi: Next GenerationDegrassi: Next Generation NikitaNikita Blue MurderBlue Murder Emily of New MoonEmily of New Moon Random PassageRandom Passage TrudeauTrudeau Joanne Kilbourne MysteriesJoanne Kilbourne Mysteries

Mysterious WaysMysterious Ways Da Vinci’s InquestDa Vinci’s Inquest Tom StoneTom Stone Power PlayPower Play Drop the BeatDrop the Beat PSI FactorPSI Factor Wind at My BackWind at My Back Jinnah On Crime: Pizza 911Jinnah On Crime: Pizza 911 Tagged: Jonathan WambackTagged: Jonathan Wamback

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Content ProtocolContent Protocol

Developed with a peer jury a plan for measurementDeveloped with a peer jury a plan for measurement Two goals:Two goals:

Ratio of visible minorities to whiteRatio of visible minorities to white Traditional presence, role, share of depiction dataTraditional presence, role, share of depiction data Innovation:Innovation:

Time on screenTime on screen Context ( a proxy for the rounded development of a character)Context ( a proxy for the rounded development of a character) Markers of cultural difference (accent, music, clothes, food)Markers of cultural difference (accent, music, clothes, food)

Quality of representationQuality of representation Centrality of character to narrativeCentrality of character to narrative Analysis of dramatic treatmentAnalysis of dramatic treatment Inter-racial interaction ( like UK and Australia examples)Inter-racial interaction ( like UK and Australia examples)

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Units of Analysis ( Multiple Bases)Units of Analysis ( Multiple Bases)

Episode( caution: what may be equally if not more Episode( caution: what may be equally if not more important is character development in a series)important is character development in a series)

Plot LinesPlot Lines All CharactersAll Characters All Visible Minority CharactersAll Visible Minority Characters

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Key DefinitionsKey Definitions

Visible Minorities:Visible Minorities: Visible minorities is a term used to describe people of colour or Visible minorities is a term used to describe people of colour or

racial minorities. The term itself refers to an official government racial minorities. The term itself refers to an official government category of persons who are native or foreign-born, non-White category of persons who are native or foreign-born, non-White or non-Caucasion, including Chinese, African and so on. In the or non-Caucasion, including Chinese, African and so on. In the 1996 Census ( the only available at time of writing) 11.2 percent 1996 Census ( the only available at time of writing) 11.2 percent of Canada’s population identified themselves as visible of Canada’s population identified themselves as visible minorities. Source: minorities. Source: Silent on the Set, page 48.Silent on the Set, page 48.

Cmns 130Cmns 130

ValidationValidation

IntersubjectiveIntersubjective Use peer juriesUse peer juries Tested sub sample for reliability:Tested sub sample for reliability:

82% ( fairly reliable for a pilot)82% ( fairly reliable for a pilot) Discrepancies resolved by majority voteDiscrepancies resolved by majority vote

Greatest variance found:Greatest variance found: Non speaking partsNon speaking parts Speaking timeSpeaking time Age inferencesAge inferences

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Main FindingsMain Findings

A SHALLOW DRAMATIC PRESENCEA SHALLOW DRAMATIC PRESENCEEpisode ProfileEpisode Profile 20% of all episodes had no visible minority present20% of all episodes had no visible minority present 80% had at least one BUT80% had at least one BUT Only 20% of episodes present ethnicity or colour in a narrative Only 20% of episodes present ethnicity or colour in a narrative

contextcontext

Plot ProfilePlot Profile

-on average, there are three plot lines in the average hour-on average, there are three plot lines in the average hour

-43% of all plot lines featured at least one visible minority-43% of all plot lines featured at least one visible minority- Number of story lines featuring visible minorities? 1.3.Number of story lines featuring visible minorities? 1.3.

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Conclusion: Presence on SetConclusion: Presence on Set

- These data suggest a “shallow level of inclusion- while These data suggest a “shallow level of inclusion- while visible minorities would appear to walk on the set in story visible minorities would appear to walk on the set in story lines in rough approximation to their incidence in the lines in rough approximation to their incidence in the urban Canadian population, their contribution to the story urban Canadian population, their contribution to the story line is minimal” : page 33line is minimal” : page 33

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Share of Character DepictionShare of Character Depiction

- AN INCIDENCE ROUGHLY IN LINE AN INCIDENCE ROUGHLY IN LINE WITH STATISTICS CANADA NATIONAL WITH STATISTICS CANADA NATIONAL ESTIMATES (1996)ESTIMATES (1996)

- Total: of 1200 characters ( or about 17 a Total: of 1200 characters ( or about 17 a show)show)

- 12% are visible minorities ( n=139)12% are visible minorities ( n=139)

- Half male and half femaleHalf male and half female

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Problem with Measuring RolesProblem with Measuring Roles

- Found Visible Minorities are only slightly Found Visible Minorities are only slightly more likely to be supporting (18% of all more likely to be supporting (18% of all supporting) than principal ( 13% of all supporting) than principal ( 13% of all leads) BUTleads) BUT

- Average length of speaking part reveals Average length of speaking part reveals Visible Minorities on screen only between Visible Minorities on screen only between 3 and 4 minutes3 and 4 minutes

- or about 8% of speaking time if based on or about 8% of speaking time if based on 48 minutes per scripted episode.48 minutes per scripted episode.

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Conclusion: Share of DepictionConclusion: Share of Depiction

- RELATIVELY SILENT ON THE SETRELATIVELY SILENT ON THE SET

- ““Visible minorities stay on the set only a very small Visible minorities stay on the set only a very small proportion of the time” ( page 34)proportion of the time” ( page 34)

- And speak little: ‘And speak little: ‘second order invisibilization’second order invisibilization’

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Ethnic BackgroundEthnic Background

- DISPROPORTIONATELY BLACKDISPROPORTIONATELY BLACK

- Half of visible minorities are black ( 6%)Half of visible minorities are black ( 6%)- Reflecting the Toronto milieu of productionReflecting the Toronto milieu of production- Desire for export?Desire for export?

- Balance (4%) is South or Pan AsianBalance (4%) is South or Pan Asian

- Latinos ( 1%)Latinos ( 1%)

- All others(1%)All others(1%)

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Aboriginal BackgroundAboriginal Background

-ABORIGINAL CHARACTERS ABSENT-ABORIGINAL CHARACTERS ABSENT

Conclusion: Aboriginal characters were virtually non-Conclusion: Aboriginal characters were virtually non-existent in mainstream TV dramaexistent in mainstream TV drama

Loss of the public broadcasters’ role in North of 60 has Loss of the public broadcasters’ role in North of 60 has devastating consequences for excluding any aboriginal devastating consequences for excluding any aboriginal role in this drama samplerole in this drama sample

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Ethno Cultural CharacteristicsEthno Cultural Characteristics

PORTRAYED WITHOUT CULTURAL CONTEXTPORTRAYED WITHOUT CULTURAL CONTEXTMost: 70% spoke with no distinguishable accentMost: 70% spoke with no distinguishable accent 90% spoke only English90% spoke only EnglishLatinos and South Asians more likely to speak with an Latinos and South Asians more likely to speak with an

accentaccentCultural markers avoided:Cultural markers avoided:

Clothing or music distinctions present in just 12 % of all visible Clothing or music distinctions present in just 12 % of all visible minority representation. Least often present: religious custom minority representation. Least often present: religious custom ( 7%), food 3%( 7%), food 3%

But where present, strongly linked to stereotypical or negative But where present, strongly linked to stereotypical or negative treatment*treatment*

Cmns 130Cmns 130

SettingSetting

LIMITED SPHERES OF INTERACTIONLIMITED SPHERES OF INTERACTION Mostly UrbanMostly Urban In the WorkplaceIn the Workplace Rarely social (27%) or Rarely social (27%) or At Home ( 15%)At Home ( 15%) ( page 36)( page 36) Professionals, students, upper class, blue collar and Professionals, students, upper class, blue collar and

some criminals( 4%)some criminals( 4%)

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Dramatic RoleDramatic Role

Of all visible minority characters ( n=139):Of all visible minority characters ( n=139): 34% protagonist/heroes34% protagonist/heroes 9% villains/antagonists9% villains/antagonists 9% victims---either of their own racial group or of whites9% victims---either of their own racial group or of whites Witnesses, walkons or sidekicks ( 14%)Witnesses, walkons or sidekicks ( 14%) A significant plurality ( 34%) just ancillaryA significant plurality ( 34%) just ancillary

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Quality of Narrative InteractionQuality of Narrative Interaction

FEW DRAMAS INVOLVE VISIBLE FEW DRAMAS INVOLVE VISIBLE MINORITIES IN PLOTMINORITIES IN PLOT

12 of 69 episodes feature visible minorities 12 of 69 episodes feature visible minorities with a direct influence on plotwith a direct influence on plot

9 of those actually dramatize conflict9 of those actually dramatize conflict

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Quality con’tdQuality con’td

8 feature Visible Minorities in constructive roles 8 feature Visible Minorities in constructive roles resolving the conflictresolving the conflict

Do these characters share responsibility for Do these characters share responsibility for resolving conflict? resolving conflict? Half the timeHalf the time

No simple assimilationist framework (where VMs No simple assimilationist framework (where VMs must assume full responsibility: i.e. consonant must assume full responsibility: i.e. consonant with the injunction ‘just fit in’)with the injunction ‘just fit in’)

Infrequent portrayal of identity struggle. Date or Infrequent portrayal of identity struggle. Date or cultural circumstance for immigration to this cultural circumstance for immigration to this country are not often a dramatic story context or country are not often a dramatic story context or plot lineplot line

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Quality of Narrative PortrayalQuality of Narrative Portrayal

50:50 hung jury on character evaluation50:50 hung jury on character evaluation As equally negative as positive(1 in 5 each):As equally negative as positive(1 in 5 each):

21% negative21% negative 23% stereotypical23% stereotypical 29% neutral29% neutral 21% positive21% positive 6 % other6 % other

Student coders found judgement on the character base Student coders found judgement on the character base as too difficult, and elected to move to either the story as too difficult, and elected to move to either the story line or episode as the correct unit of analysisline or episode as the correct unit of analysis

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Summary of EpisodesSummary of Episodesn=18 or 27%n=18 or 27%

Progressive depiction of racial diversit y(2):Progressive depiction of racial diversit y(2): Drop the BeatDrop the Beat Jinnah on Crime: Pizza 911Jinnah on Crime: Pizza 911 Both feature diverse representations, minority leads, Both feature diverse representations, minority leads,

multiple complex motivation and social settingsmultiple complex motivation and social settings

Provocative depiction(2)Provocative depiction(2) Random PassageRandom Passage as Scarlet Letter ( apologies to as Scarlet Letter ( apologies to

Hawthorne)Hawthorne) May challenge through negative depiction (taboo of May challenge through negative depiction (taboo of

interracial sex)interracial sex)

““Designer” depiction(8)Designer” depiction(8) 8 episodes8 episodes Rainbow walk-on: no context to race or ethnicityRainbow walk-on: no context to race or ethnicity

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Summary Cont’dSummary Cont’d

Negative depiction (5)Negative depiction (5) 5 episodes ( 8% of total)5 episodes ( 8% of total) Problematic: Problematic: Mysterious Ways CTVMysterious Ways CTV Suppressed: Suppressed: Tagged: Jonathan Wamback StoryTagged: Jonathan Wamback Story

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Comparative BenchmarksComparative Benchmarks

Representative Studies:Representative Studies: Children Now: Fall Colours 2001-2002Children Now: Fall Colours 2001-2002 Harvey May (2000) Cultural Diversity and Australian Harvey May (2000) Cultural Diversity and Australian

Commercial Television DramaCommercial Television Drama G. Cumberbatch et al (2001) Top Ten TV: Report for the UK G. Cumberbatch et al (2001) Top Ten TV: Report for the UK

Commission on Racial EqualityCommission on Racial Equality Tuning into Diversity: April 2002.Tuning into Diversity: April 2002. Feature significantly different measuresFeature significantly different measures

Survey of the creators behind the scenesSurvey of the creators behind the scenes Multiple genresMultiple genres Different definitions of roles: major, minor, incidental Different definitions of roles: major, minor, incidental

( Cumberbatch)( Cumberbatch) Different definitions of backgrounds ( eg. Non english speaking: Different definitions of backgrounds ( eg. Non english speaking:

May)May)

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Policy ImplicationsPolicy Implications

Foster creative control by minorities: Foster creative control by minorities: Revise point system and shift focus to marketing Revise point system and shift focus to marketing

and promotion of creative opportunities: awardsand promotion of creative opportunities: awards Debate Normalization as a strategyDebate Normalization as a strategy Debate Standards of fair portrayalDebate Standards of fair portrayal Sponsor Training Seminars: scripts with creative Sponsor Training Seminars: scripts with creative

risksrisks Monitor the portrayal of racial diversity regularly by Monitor the portrayal of racial diversity regularly by

an arms-length consortium of CSOsan arms-length consortium of CSOs Pioneer ‘measures’ which blend quantitative and Pioneer ‘measures’ which blend quantitative and

narrative/discourse analysisnarrative/discourse analysis

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Research Questions & AnswersResearch Questions & Answers

Are our Canadian TV casts from culturally Are our Canadian TV casts from culturally diverse backgrounds?diverse backgrounds?

Findings: Yes, but their role is relatively silentFindings: Yes, but their role is relatively silent

Are roles specific or non-specific in cultural Are roles specific or non-specific in cultural background?background?

Findings: Non-specificFindings: Non-specific

Do English Canadian TV stories dramatize the Do English Canadian TV stories dramatize the creative tensions ( positive and negative) creative tensions ( positive and negative) arising from cultural diversity?arising from cultural diversity?

Findings: in general, No, although a few exemplars existFindings: in general, No, although a few exemplars exist

Cmns 130Cmns 130

Recommended SourcesRecommended Sources

Frances Henry and Carol Tator, Frances Henry and Carol Tator, What Colour is Democracy?What Colour is Democracy?

Stuart Hall: Film on Race and Stuart Hall: Film on Race and Representation in the libraryRepresentation in the library

Simon Cottle, Simon Cottle, Ethnic Minorities Ethnic Minorities and the Mediaand the Media