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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTIONS

Preface:

Over the past several years, the construction industry has seen enormous changes. From an

industry steeped in conservative practices and narrowly scoped services, construction has moved

to the forefront of the design and construction profession. From general contracting to

construction management to project management and program management, the method of

servicing the industry has evolved to be more varied and comprehensive. This requires students

alike understand the many aspects of the world of owners, designers, tenants, regulatory agencies,

community agencies and subcontractor. Each participant brings political, professional and

personal motivation to the process, and each has the ability to place constraints on the project. To

effectively navigate in this environment, the successful project manager must recognie the role

of each participant, understand the nature of the project itself, and effectively use management

tools to bring the project forward in a timely and cost effective manner.

!n this project, we have decided to choose "uala #umpur $ity $enter %"#$$& as our

group scope of study. This project will e'plore the people involved in the design and construction

process, the principal phases of a project, the bidding and procurement process and the tools

required to effectively manage the people and the project.

Objectives:

Objectives of this project are(

i. to e'plore the people involved in the design and construction of "#$$

ii. to e'plore the principal phases during "#$$ construction

iii. to know the bidding and procurement process related to "#$$

iv. to evaluate the tools required to effectively manage the people and the project.

CHAPTER II

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BACKGROUND OF KLCC

Itr!"#cti!s:

The )etronas Twin Towers were designed to be the centrepiece of a larger comple' called

the "uala #umpur $ity $entre %"#$$&, a mi'ed*use development with a site area of +.+- acres,

which includes the towers, two other office towers, underground parking and service facilities.

The project site is well located in the heart of the commercial district of the city, the /olden

Triangle0. Each of the twin towers is eighty*eight storeys high and contains 1+2,333 square

metres of floor space. 4ising -1 metres, the towers were certified the world0s tallest buildings by

the $ouncil of Tall 5uildings and 6rban 7abitat in +889. The two towers are connected by a sky

bridge at the forty*first and forty*second floors : the sky lobby levels : to facilitate inter*tower

communication and traffic. ; multi*storey shopping and entertainment galleria connects the office

towers at their bases, integrating the entire comple'. Other public functions within the comple'

include the )etroleum


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Tower and thirty*story Esso Tower together will provide +.B million sq. ft. of office space, while

a+.- million sq. ft. shopping center will bring retail activity to much of the ground area of the

development.; + million sq. ft. hotel will occupy another thirty*eight*story tower in the Corth

Dest ymphony 7all will occupy a space immediately beneath the

towers. ;n 23,333 sq. ft. mosque,a utility plant that will service the entire district, and more than

fifty acres of park space are also includedin this first phase of construction.

!n >eptember +881, the site for the )etronas Towers was moved 133 ft. to the southwest

after the resultsof more thorough geotechnical studies were known. The e'istence of a

subterranean porous limestonecliff, which dropped in elevation from near the surface to a depth of

more than B8- ft. over the span of thesite, made the location of piles e'tremely difficult in the

original location.

Pr!ject Ti%e&ie:

Pr!cess 'ear

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street level

Aanuary,+889 Fit*out of interiors

$ommencement of fitting out the interiors with furniture

=arch,+889 Aacking up of pinnacles The spire of Tower One was jacked up on 9 =arch +889

The spire of Tower Two was jacked up on ++ =arch

+889

October,+889 Elevators

Fifty*eight sets of high*speed double*decker lifts travel

up to 9.3 metres per second

$ompletion Aanuary,+88H First batch of )etronas personnel moved in

Total projected occupancy is ,-33 per tower

Iisitor population +,-33 per day

=ay,+882 Opening of >uria "#$$

;ugust,+882 Opening of


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CHAPTER III

PRO(ECT PARTICIPANTS

Itr!"#cti!:

The people in construction cover a wide range of skills and e'perience. From apprentice

carpenters to company e'ecutives, the one thing that they share is their passion for the built

environment. The building industry is a tough one( risks are high, working conditions are often

harsh, conflicts arise because of financial pressures, and safety is always concern. !nteractions

among the people on the job can determine whether the project succeeds or fails. Thus, it is

important to understand who these people are and what their motivations will be when they come

to job.

The industry is changing. Co longer are the roles of individuals distinct and understood by

all participants. 5ecause of the sophistication of some modern projects, owners desire to minimie

risk, and the professionaliation of the construction industry, these roles are shifting and merging.

Owners can have large in*house design and construction groups.


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They included "ohn )ederson Fo', Aohn 5urgee, ;ldo 4ossi, 7elmutAahn, ""> from Aapan, and

$esar )elli and ;ssociates. !n >eptember +88+, $esar )elli won the design competition and was

chosen as ?design consultant@ for the project. ; team comprised of many of the top architects in

=alaysia had been organied by "#$$ 5hd. to be the local ?architect of record@ for the )etronas

building. This temporary firm was made up of roughly si'ty architects and was named the

;rchitectural chlaiter, the selection of ;damson ;ssociates from Toronto

resultedfrom the unusual nature of the work environment.

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The fact that "#$$ 5hd.Ks architectural division, asproject architects, would be taking

responsibility for the stamping of the drawings while at the same timelooking for a ?mentoring@

relationship meant that fle'ibility would be required of the production architect.

Pers! Iv!&ve" i KLCC Desi)i) a" C!str#cti! Pr!cess:

Owner ( "uala #umpur $ity $entre 7oldings >dn. 5hd.

;rchitect ( $esar )elli ;ssociates

elangor

>tructural engineers ( Thornton*Tomasetti Engineers, Cew LorkM 4anhill 5ersekutu>dn.

5hd.,"uala #umpur

=E) engineers ( Flack N "urt, Cew LorkM "T; Tenaga>dn. 5hd., "uala #umpur

$onsultants

!nterior designer ( >T6, >an Francisco

4etail ( Dalker /roup, $C!, Cew Lork

#ighting ( 7oward 5randston )artners, Cew Lork

$urtain wall ( !srael 5erger ;ssociates, Cew Lork

;coustics ( >hen, =ilsomDilke, !nc., Cew Lork

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Iertical transportation( "at


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CHAPTER I+

PRO(ECT GRO,TH

Itr!"#cti!:

The life of a facility goes through many phases. !t starts out as an idea. The idea is

combined with money, and a project is born. The project is developed as drawings and

specifications. !t is then built. Dhen it is complete, it is turned over to the owner as a finished

facility and is occupied, maintained and repaired as it ages and eventually dies. ; facility can last

for hundreds of years, but the period in which it is actually designed and built is very small.

=any people are involved in the life cycle of a building. First are those who analye the

need for the facility and decide whether it is economically and programmatically feasible. Then

the project enters the designbuild phase. ;rchitects are hired to design it. $onstruction

professionals are hired to carry out the actual assembly and erection process. ;ll parties, no

matter what the contractual arrangement, need to work in harmony to fulfill the many functions

that must be performed.

Iitiati! P$ase:

!nitiation phase is the first stage for most projects. =ost attention and effort during a

project is focused on the end point or final delivery. !f projects were managed more carefully

during the initiation stage, we might have fewer problems in the final stage. "#cc construction

management as we knew had a big collaboration of internationals agencies,constractors and also

consultants. To answer this initiation phase, we will look what the objectives behind the decision

taken before because it answer our questions why government awarded this project to

international company

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For "#$$, what had been done at initiation phase was to decide to whom should the

tender be awarded to. 5ased on the Dawasan 1313 at the beginning , government tried so hard to

push forward local contractors and also building industry members. Thus, one of the objectives in

the construction of "#$$ were to create an engineering decision that will challenge local

industries.

Otherwise, they also meant to develop local industries to permeated all levels of the

international design and construction process. ;long with this initiation phase, it been decided

that they wanted a combination of local and international firms in bidding.

Furthermore, they want to create innovative engineering and construction strategies like a

proposal to built a skybridge that connected 1th and +stfloor from each tower. Other e'ample

regarding this was a decision to frame a buiding of this scale using a high*strength concrete that

had never been implemented at any construction in =alaysia. This is due to success of $hicago

Tower implemented the same type of concrete.

5ecause of their decision to use high strength concrete, they want to create a technology

that can be use to pump up the mi' to this height which led to testing of two different concrete

delivery system.

#ast but not least was the irregular condition of the soils demanded the use of detailed

geotechnical studies to carefully sie and position each aspect.

Feasibi&it- St#"-:

Feasibility study is an advance assessment towards a project to make a rational decision

whether the project should proceed or not.!t consists of - major aspects(

i. Technical

* The best two contractor from korean and japan were need to present

their technical capacities include labour and technologies aspect.

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* !n pumping up the concrete,each of them had presented the best

technology they can provide for this construction.The "orean team had

use the powerful /erman*enngineered pums,breaks the world record

for the highest continuous pump. On the other hand, Aapanese team had

use the imported technology of the high*speed hamper hoise from 6>;

to lift concrete to an intermediate pumping platform.

* ;ccording to their decision of using the high strength concrete,it is a

problem to find a supplier that can provide on*site batching plant.

Fortunately, after carefully searching, a supplier from ;ustralia was

chosen to provide on*site batching plant. ; backup plan had been use

that was support from local production of the structural concrete helped

avoiding any delays.

* These aspects of technical preparation made the team confident to

proceed this project

ii. Financing

* total cost of "#$$ construction at that time was +.2 billion. 4egarding

where to money came from is a bit too private and confidential for

public e'pose. 5ut, at that time, =alaysia economic growth had reach

at its peak time when we also in a line to increase outside

investors,thus,their contribution through money spending also make our

country able to provide a proper financing for "#$$

iii. Economical

* it is related what is the return after the completion.

* at that time,a research found that it can attract multinational companies

to allocate their office in both towers since "#$$ itself located at a

very strategic location.

* not just that,feasibility studies also shown that it can increase

international investors on shopping center located at the base of the

tower.Furthermore, it can also attract tourists from all over the world

and at the same time increase the our tourism industry.

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iv. !nstitution

* for this it is more relate to what institution will get benefits the most

from the project.

* a studies shown that it can increasestrengthen the economic institution

for the return from investors.

v. )olitical and social benefits

* in political aspects, "#$$ construction bring a good impact for our

country name.;lthough we are still catogoried as a developing

country,but we0re capable to invest in such projects

* otherwise,it also strengthen Tun =ahathir0s name as a good leader that

not only can lead malaysia towards a better economic growth,but also

towards a world class facilities.

* in social aspect,it was e'pected to open more job chances to our people

for them to grow in line with the economy and facilities.

Desi) !f t$e Pr!ject:

This stage develops the selected option as a single costed business solution. Options for

the main system elements are selected and developed to create concept design drawings and

related documents.

>ubsequently, the design elements shall be developed and integrated to provide the build

and operate design solution. $onsideration of the interfaces between different elements using

multi*disciplinary reviews is key to successful integration.)roject design stage involves(

i. 5rief design

ii. $oncept design

iii. >chematic design

iv.


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The design processes of "#$$ start on >eptember +88+, when $esar )elli won the design

competition and was chosen as ?design consultant@ for the )etronas Twin Tower project. ; team

comprised of many of the top architects in =alaysia had been organied by "#$$ 5hd. to be the

local ?architect of record@ for the )etronas building. This temporary firm was made up of roughly

si'ty architects and was named the ;rchitectural


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The glass that was used, which had a slight green tint because of its low*E coating,

allowed the tower to become quite transparent. This transparency allowed the human scale to be

perceived from outside the building.

>tainless steel louvers that projected past the surface of the building were carefully

engineered to shade the window surfaces while ma'imiing views from the interior.The e'istence

of the e'ternal louvers has also reportedly improved the psychological character of the interior

spaces by offering a level of reassurance to inhabitants.

The eighty*eight story towers, connected by the skybridge at levels forty*one and forty*

two, define a space that )elli describes as a portal that ?symbolies the threshold between the

tangible and the spiritual worlds.

The use of stainless steel as a cladding material was also unique for a project of this scale.

The towers, which )elli refers to as ?cosmic pillars@ and )ickard has called ?columns of light,@

owe much of their lightness to the integrated use of clear glass and stainless steel in the cladding

system.

Throughout the initial design phases, members of the "#$$ architectural division rotated

into the Cew 7aven office of $esar )elli and ;ssociates, some staying for as long as a year.

Figure Typical #ower Floor )lan, based on the rotating !slamic 2*point star.

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Pr!c#re%et P$ase:

)rocurement is defined as the overall process of finding and purchasing the materials

called for in the contract and hiring the best subcontractors to build the project. )rocurement

phase focuses on that part of the projectKs scope of work which will be bought from another

organiation.>ometimes the result of company teaming arrangements, but most typically resulting

from contracting or subcontracting project scope.

)rocument phase for "#$$ project adopting the


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The circular pattern rises consistently to the top of the building, while getting

smaller and smaller in circumference. There are also two smaller, 3*story circular

bustles attached to each building for additional office space.

ii. $onstruction

* Foundation )rofiling

The contract was awarded on =arch +88B. The foundation contracting

team consists of


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teams are referred as Team Aapan and Team "orea. Throughout the

construction of the towers, members from each team were permitted to

enter the construction site of the other team only during scheduled tour,

which took place every Dednesday. This tours are well attended and

tremendous amount of information was e'changed during these encounters.

The e'tensive construction supervision provided by the engineers,

architect, and management teams was also an acknowledge conduit for

information transfer between the towers.

Each tower is supported by a ring of si'teen cylindrical columns of high*

strength reinforced concrete, placed on the inner corners of the star*shaped

plan to form a soft*tube0, with the columns linked by slightly arched ring

beams, also made by structural concrete. The columns are nearly 1. meters

in diameter at the base of the building, but the taper as they rise through the

floors, as well as sloping towards the center of the towers, enhancing the

building0s svelte profile. ;t the centre of each tower is an appro'imately

1B*by*1B*metre concrete core. $oncrete outrigger beams tie the perimeter

columns to the cores at the thirty*eighth and fortieth levels, to provide

additional stiffness to the structure. The core and cylindrical tube frame

system is constructed entirely of in*situ high*strength concrete, as aretwelve smaller perimeter columns and ring beams around each bustle0.

The cores create two virtually ?solid@ walls running north*south and east*

west. >tructural steel was used for typical long span floor beams supporting

concrete*filled metal deck slabs, and each of the curved or pointed bays

cantilevering beyond the perimeter columns is steel*framed.

* =echanical >ystems

The mechanical systems incorporated in the )etronas Towers are

unprecedented in =alaysia. ;n advanced P*cool recovery0 system is used

to save energy. ;dvanced fiber*optic networks are in place to facilitate data

transmission. ; carefully organied elevator system was needed given the

height of the towers.

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; unique fire control system was also developed to respond to the specific

needs of such a tall building and the limitations of the "uala #umpur

infrastructure.

The consistent heat and humidity of this tropical city necessitated an

innovative cooling system for the )etronas Towers. To maintain a high

level of air quality within the project, the consulting mechanical

engineering firm of Flack and "urt stressed the importance of a high

turnover rate of fresh air. The e'ceedingly warm climate of "uala #umpur

made this an e'pensive proposition. To minimie the cost of cooling the

inflow air, Flack and "urt incorporated energy recovery wheels into the

air handling system. Corman "urt, a principal of Flack and "urt, noted

that although this technology had been available for almost twenty years,

?its application in an office building near the equator is unique.@+- The +1*

ft.*diameter wheels rotate slowly as the supply and e'haust air streams pass

over them. The heat from the incoming e'terior air is transmitted through

the wheel into the cooler e'haust air. >imultaneously, a dessicant in the

wheel absorbs humidity from the inflow air and discharges it into the

e'haust air to help minimie the load on the building0s dehumidification

equipment. This system reportedly drops the humidity of the supply airfrom 83 percent to H3 percent and reduces the fresh air cooling load by as

much as -3 percent.

The fire control system needed to be developed in accordance with the

highly specific demands placed upon it by the height of the towers and the

congestion of downtown "uala #umpur. The inability of fire apparatus to

navigate the traffic of the city center made it essential that any fire in the

comple' could be controlled locally. To meet this demand, e'tensive

sprinkler, pressuriation, and smoke e'haust systems have been integrated

into the building.

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5ecause of the difficulty of egress in towers of this scale, it was important

to incorporate pressuried safe ones throughout the comple'. !n the wake

of the Oklahoma $ity terrorist bombing, a number of changes were made to

the buildings security and safety systems that were already under

construction. Emergency generators, located on the premises of the towers,

were relocated away from the building. ;ll parking was removed from

beneath the towers and more backup fire controls were added. The

skybridge came to be seen as a key path for emergency egress between the

towers.

* $ladding

The fabrication of the e'terior cladding system was carried out locally by a

limited partnership organied by 7armon, a curtain wall fabricator from

=innesota. The large*scale investment in machinery and personnel that

7armon had already committed to projects in =alaysia made the company

a clear choice for the curtain wall contracts. This commitment aligned with

the secondary goals of information transfer, and a number of facilities

organied and constructed for the )etronas project have continued

production following the completion of the towers.

The locally manufactured stainless steel curtain wall system consisted oflarge low*E coated glass panels held in a stainless steel frame. >tainless

steel louvers projected out from the surface of the panels to help eliminate

solar gain from high sun angles. The panels were designed and produced to

navigate three slope changes that occur because of the stepping back of the

tower profiles. !nter*story drift, calculated to be as much as . inches per

floor, had to be accommodated by the panel connections. 5efore the

production of the B+,333 panels to be used in the towers, three full*scale

9-.9*ft.*square panels were tested e'tensively at $onstruction 4esearch

#aboratories in =iami, Florida

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* >kybridge

The skybridge is an essential functional component linking the Twin

Towers to facilitate movement between the two towers. The -2. meters

double*decked skybridge is located at levels + and 1 joining the sky

lobbies situated in both towers. >tructures Engineering


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Dhen the Towers move side*to*side in opposite directions, or when they

KtwistK, the arch spring points twist on the spherical bearings and bridge end

bearings slide in opposing directions guided by Ksliding keeperK blocks on

bridge center line. !n the event that it loses its arch support, the bridge

structure would not collapse but deflect and stay in position.

* ;ssembly of >kybridge

Fabrication

The skybridge was fabricated and shop assembled by >amsung

7eavy !ndustries of >outh "orea. The fabrication works complied

with some of the most stringent industry standards and codes such

as those maintained by the ;merican >ociety for Testing and

=aterials %;>T=&, 5ritish >tandard %5>&, and ;merican !nstitute

of >teel $onstruction %;!>$&. The fully assembled bridge was then

dismantled and shipped to "uala #umpur in 8B pieces %-1.9

tonnes&. To facilitate putting it into place, the skybridge was pre*

assembled into five main components comprising the two legs, two

end blocks and the centre section.

$entre >ection

The B3H parts of the frame for the centre section of the skybridge

were fully assembled and bolted. The centre section of the

skybridge frame, measuring + metres in length, over - metres in

width and nine metres in height, was assembled at the concourse

level. The centre sectionKs internal floors and roof at level +, 1

and B were constructed in metal decking. ;fter the roof level

concrete slab was placed, the whole assembly was painted and the

e'ternal building maintenance equipment for the legs installed. >kybridge #egs

The two inclined legs are appro'imately 1.9 metres long and

weigh about 93 tonnes each The five sections of each set of legs

were completely assembled and checks on the whole dimension,

camber and alignment were made before bolting.

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Tuned mass dampers have been engineered for the legs. These

dampers have been designed after a complete wind tunnel test to

accommodate the comfort level by dampening any effects of

unusual wind conditions and possible long term fatigue due to

resonance of the legs. This pendulum operated dampers were field

tested and inserted to the centre section of the legs just prior to final

assembly.

End 5locks

5oth end blocks of the skybridge were assembled at concourse level

with main girders, cross beams and horiontal bracing. The two end

blocks are appro'imately 2.B metres long and weigh about B3

tonnes each. ;fter the whole dimension and alignment of the end

blocks were checked, they were ready to be lifted.

#ifting of >kybridge

I># 7eavy #ifting, a specialist in this field, was appointed for the

lifting of the skybridge studies and preparation for the lifting was

carried out for more than a year in several countries including the

6nited >tates and >outh "orea, simulating various wind and

weather conditions including those based on actual load data over

the past -3 years. There are nine main steps in the lifting of the

skybridge.

* )innacle

The two +-3*ton stainless steel pinnacles were fabricated off*site and

installed upon completion of the structural frame of each tower. The

installation was a clear e'ample of the competition between the teams as

well as the opportunity for information transfer.%Fig. +-& ;lan Caspinskicompared the installation techniques employed by the two teams when he

said, ?De were concerned that having the mesh ball attached to the

pinnacle as it was hoisted would complicate the installation. Therefore, we

chose to install the ball after the pinnacle had been set in place. The "orean

team installed the ball prior to hoisting.

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* Elevator

!n office buildings the sie of the )etronas Towers, it is important that there

be an efficient elevator system that can handle the large numbers of people

that use the elevators simultaneously.

>ince the towers are each 22 stories high, it is inefficient in terms of

money, space, and time to have single elevators traveling directly from the

bottom to the top of the building. This prompted the builders to design

high*speed double*deck elevators.

The organiation of double*deck system involves two elevators occupying

one elevator shaft, but servicing different floors. The bottom elevator

travels from the ground floor to the sky lobby on the forty first floor, while

the top shuttle services floors 1 through 22. To further increase

effectiveness, the elevators each carry 19 people and are designated to

service only even or odd numbered floors. Dith each tower boasting 18

double*deck elevators moving at speeds between B.- and H meters per

second, there are shorter waiting times and less traffic.

Dhen building these shuttles, the designers were concerned with speed

along with the effects that such elevators have on passengers. >tudies have

shown that during long descents, high*speed elevators can cause earaches,and, therefore, the elevatorsK speed should not e'ceed 1333 feet per minute.


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; smaller circular bustle0 or anne', rising forty*four storeys, was added to each of the towers in

order to provide more usable space. The towers are connected at the forty*first and forty*second

levels storeys by a sky bridge to facilitate communication and traffic between the towers.

Organied around this interchange are shared facilities such as the surau %prayer room&, the

=alaysian )etroleum $lub %=)$& and e'ecutive dining rooms.

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CHAPTER +

BIDDING AND PROCURE/ENT

It!"#cti!:

5id can be defined as an offer to perform the work described in contract document at a

specified cost.


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;lthough the appointment of the architectural team, prior to the arrival of #ehrer=c/overn, had

involved a relatively informal negotiating process, the competitive bidding for the big*

ticketcontracts was a highly formal and controlled undertaking.

Every bidding company was asked to submit two entirely separate and highly detailed bid

packages. Thefirst package, called the ?technical proposal,@ was used to determine the capability

of the company tocomplete the work satisfactorily. ; highly organied process set out the

guidelines for this technicalreview. ;fter signing in, the members of the review board were given

the equipment they would need toanalye the technical proposal. The technical review board then

submitted a technical review booklet tothe steering committee with its recommendations. ;ny

firms that were judged incapable of the work werethen omitted from the second stage of the

bidding process.

To determine this, about ten questions wereasked, including(


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;ccording to 5ruce >chlaiter, the project manager from #ehrer =c/overn,the makeup of the

international teams and the care with which local contractors were integrated into thegroup was an

important factor in the final decision. Of the nine international teams that submitted bids,two were

eliminated after the review of the technical proposals. The evaluation of the commercial

bidsrevealed that there were only nominal benefits from contracting the entire project to one team.

Theproject management team decided that they didn0t want one really large contracting group

setting thepace and quality level for a project of this scale. !n addition, concerns about the depth

of financialresources that the project would require supported their decision to split the contract.

The Tower Onecontract was awarded to a team that included 7aama $orporation and =itsubishi

$orporation fromAapan, A.;. Aones $onstruction $ompany, !nc. from $harlotte, Corth $arolina,

and the local =alaysian ==$ Engineering and $onstruction $ompany. This would come to be

known as the Aapanese team.

The contract for Tower Two and the skybridge was awarded to >"F, a joint venture of

three firms, >amsung Engineering and $onstruction, "uk


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and Thornton*Tomasetti. !n most cases,some alterations were made as a result of these

inspections to assure that e'pectations could be met.

#ehrer =c/overn0s e'perience from the $anary Dharf project as well as their assessment

of thecongestion of local roadswhich only appeared to be worsening as the project progressedled

them torealie that it would be necessary to produce the required concrete on*site. The grade 23

high*strengthconcrete specified for much of the buildings0 structural system had never been

produced in =alaysia. !twas therefore important that the engineers and project management teams

be able to maintain a highlevel of quality control. "#$$ and #ehrer =c/overn put the concrete

supply job to bid and )ioneer, aconcrete company from ;ustralia, in partnership with a local firm,

was chosen. !nstead of a contract alicensing agreement was drawn up. #ehrer =c/overn set up an

agreement that the contractors coulduse any supplier of concrete as long as they could

demonstrate cost savings e'ceeding - percent by notusing the on*site facility. 5oth teams were

supplied by )ioneer.

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CHAPTER +I

CONCLUSSION

$onstruction management is the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project

from beginning to completion. $onstruction management is aimed at meeting a clientKs

requirement in order to produce a functionally and financially viable project

The importance of construction management in construction is to eliminate higher costs

and to eliminate any delay as well as value engineering.


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Frederick E./ould and Cancy E.Aoyce. 133B. $onstruction )roject =anagement.)earson

Education,!nc. Cew Aersey.

>piro )ollalis. 1331. The )etronas Tower, "uala #umpur, =alaysia, !nternational $ooperation

and !nformation Transfer in the 4ealiation of the Dorld0s Tallest 5uildings, 7arvard chool, =ass ;ve.

/alal ;bada. 133. )etronas Offices Tower, "uala #umpur, =alaysia. /alal ;ga "han ;ward

for ;rchitecture0

http(www.klcc.com.my>howcase)TTpsRpttRoverview.htm

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