cloud computing basics - presentation 1

7/29/2019 Cloud Computing Basics - Presentation 1

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Cloud Computing Basics


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Introduction

Cloud computing is the delivery ofcomputing asa service rather than a product, whereby sharedresources, software, and information are

provided to computers and other devices as ametered service over a network (typicallythe Internet)

Computing cloud provide computation, software,

data access and storage resources withoutrequiring cloud users to know the location andother details of the computing infrastructure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing


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End users access cloud based applications througha web browser or a light weight desktop or mobileapp while the business software and data are stored

on servers at a remote location. Cloud application providers strive to give the same or

better service and performance as if the softwareprograms were installed locally on end-user computers.

At the foundation of cloud computing is the broaderconcept of infrastructure convergence (or ConvergedInfrastructure) and shared services. This type of datacentre environment allows enterprises to get their

applications up and running faster, with easiermanageability and less maintenance, and enables IT tomore rapidly adjust IT resources (such as servers,storage, and networking) to meet fluctuating andunpredictable business demand.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converged_Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converged_Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converged_Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converged_Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converged_Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software


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Comparison

Autonomic computing Computer systems

capable ofself-management. Clientserver model Clientserver

computing refers broadly to any distributed

application that distinguishes between serviceproviders (servers) and service requesters (clients).

Grid computing "A form

of distributed and parallel computing, whereby a

'super and virtual computer' is composed of a

cluster of networked, loosely coupled computers

acting in concert to perform very large tasks."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-management_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-management_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-management_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-management_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_computing


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Mainframe computer Powerful computers

used mainly by large organizations for critical

applications, typically bulk data processing

such as census, industry and consumer

statistics, police and secret intelligenceservices, enterprise resource planning, and

financial transaction processing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer


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Utility computing The "packaging

ofcomputing resources, such as computationand storage, as a metered service similar to atraditional public utility, such as electricity.

Peer-to-peer Distributed architecturewithout the need for central coordination,with participants being at the same time both

suppliers and consumers of resources (incontrast to the traditional clientservermodel).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computing


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CharacteristicsCloud computing exhibits the following key

characteristics: Empowerment of end-users of computing

resources by putting the provisioning of thoseresources in their own control, as opposed to the

control of a centralized IT service (for example) Application programming interface (API)

accessibility to software that enables machines tointeract with cloud software in the same way the

user interface facilitates interaction betweenhumans and computers. Cloud computingsystems typically use REST-based APIs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowermenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowerment


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Cost is claimed to be reduced and in a public cloud deliverymodel capital expenditure is converted to operationalexpenditure. This is purported to lower barriers to entry, asinfrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does

not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequentintensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basisis fine-grained with usage-based options and fewer IT skillsare required for implementation (in-house).

Device and location independence enable users to accesssystems using a web browser regardless of their location orwhat device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile phone). Asinfrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party)and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from

anywhere.

Virtualization technology allows servers and storage devicesto be shared and utilization be increased. Applications can beeasily migrated from one physical server to another.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_expenditurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost


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Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources and costsacross a large pool of users thus allowing for: Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower

costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)

Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer forhighest possible load-levels)

Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems thatare often only 1020% utilized.

Reliability is improved if multiple redundant sites areused, which makes well-designed cloud computingsuitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.

Scalability and Elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained,

self-service basis near real-time, without users havingto engineer for peak loads.

Performance is monitored, and consistent and looselycoupled architectures are constructed using webservices as the system interface.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitenancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(computer_networking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_continuityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_performancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_continuityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_continuityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_continuityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(computer_networking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitenancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitenancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitenancy


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Security could improve due to centralization of data,increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns canpersist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, andthe lack of security for stored kernels. Security is often as

good as or better than other traditional systems, in partbecause providers are able to devote resources to solvingsecurity issues that many customers cannot afford. However,the complexity of security is greatly increased when data isdistributed over a wider area or greater number of devices

and in multi-tenant systems that are being shared byunrelated users. In addition, user access to security auditlogs may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installationsare in part motivated by users' desire to retain control overthe infrastructure and avoid losing control of informationsecurity.

Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier,because they do not need to be installed on each user'scomputer and can be accessed from different places.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_loghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_loghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_loghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_loghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_loghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_loghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_loghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security


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History The term "cloud" is used as a metaphor for the

Internet, based on the cloud drawing used in thepast to represent the telephone network, and laterto depict the Internet in computer networkdiagrams as an abstraction of the underlying

infrastructure it represents. The ubiquitous availability of high capacity

networks, low cost computers and storage devicesas well as the widespread adoption

of virtualization, service-orientedarchitecture, autonomic, and utility computinghave led to a tremendous growth in cloudcomputing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network_diagram


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The underlying concept ofcloud computing datesback to the 1960s, when John McCarthy opinedthat "computation may someday be organized as

a public utility." Almost all the modern-daycharacteristics of cloud computing like elasticprovision, provided as a utility, online, illusion ofinfinite supply, the comparison to the electricityindustry and the use of public, private,

government, and community forms werethoroughly explored in Douglas Parkhill's 1966book, The Challenge of the Computer Utility.Other scholars have shown that roots of cloud

computing go all the way back to the 1950s whenscientist Herb Grosch (the author ofGrosch's law)postulated that the entire world would operateon dumb terminals powered by about 15 largedata centers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Parkhillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Parkhillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Groschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosch's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosch's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosch's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosch's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Groschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Groschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Groschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Parkhillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Parkhillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Parkhillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)


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The actual term "cloud" borrows from telephony in

that telecommunications companies, who until the

1990s offered primarily dedicated point-to-point

data circuits, began offering Virtual Private

Network (VPN) services with comparable quality of

service but at a much lower cost. By switching traffic

to balance utilization as they saw fit, they were able

to utilize their overall network bandwidth more

effectively. The cloud symbol was used to denote the

demarcation point between that which was the

responsibility of the provider and that which was theresponsibility of the user. Cloud computing extends

this boundary to cover servers as well as the network

infrastructure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephony


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After the dot-com bubble, Amazon played a

key role in the development of cloud

computing by modernizing their data centers,which, like most computer networks, were

using as little as 10% of their capacity at any

one time, just to leave room for occasional

spikes. Amazon initiated a new product

development effort to provide cloud

computing to external customers, and

launched Amazon Web Service (AWS) ona utility computing basis in 2006.
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In early 2008, Eucalyptus became

the first open-source, AWS API-

compatible platform for

deploying private clouds.

In early 2008,OpenNebula,

became the first open-source

software for deploying privateand hybrid clouds, and for the

federation of clouds.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenNebulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenNebulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_(computing)


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By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity

for cloud computing "to shape the

relationship among consumers of ITservices, those who use IT services and

those who sell them" and observed that

organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to

per-use service-based models" so that the

"projected shift to cloud computing ... willresult in dramatic growth in IT products in

some areas and significant reductions in

other areas."


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LayersOnce an internet protocol connection is established among several computers, it is possible

to share services within any one of the following layers.


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Client

Users access cloud computing using networked

client devices, such as desktopcomputers, laptops, tablets and smartphones.Some of these devices - cloud clients - rely oncloud computing for all or a majority of their

applications so as to be essentially uselesswithout it. Examples are thin clients and thebrowser-based Chromebook. Many cloudapplications do not require specific software onthe client and instead use a web browser tointeract with the cloud application. With AJAXand HTML5 these Web user interfaces canachieve a similar or even better look and feel asnative applications.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_clientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_and_feelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_and_feelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_and_feelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_and_feelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_and_feelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_and_feelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_and_feelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_and_feelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_clientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_clientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_clientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computers


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Application Cloud application services or "Software as a Service (SaaS)"

deliver software as a service over the Internet, eliminating

the need to install and run the application on thecustomer's own computers and simplifying maintenanceand support.

A cloud application is software provided as a service. Itconsists of the following: a package of interrelated tasks,

the definition of these tasks, and the configuration files,which contain dynamic information about tasks at run-time. Cloud tasks provide compute, storage,communication and management capabilities. Tasks can becloned into multiple virtual machines, and are accessible

through application programmable interfaces (API). Cloudapplications are a kind of utility computing that can scaleout and in to match the workload demand. Cloudapplications have a pricing model that is based on differentcompute and storage usage, and tenancy metrics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Service


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What makes a cloud application different from otherapplications is its elasticity. Cloud applications have theability to scale out and in. This can be achieved bycloning tasks in to multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet the changing work demand.

SOA is an umbrella that describes any kind ofservice. Acloud application is a service. A cloud application is a

SOA application that runs under a specificenvironment, which is the cloud computingenvironment (platform). This environment ischaracterized by horizontal scalability, rapidprovisioning, ease of access, and flexible prices. While

SOA is a business model that addresses the businessprocess management, cloud architecture addressesmany technical details that are environment specific,which makes it more a technical model.
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Platform Cloud platform services, also known as platform as a

service (PaaS), deliver a computing

platform and/or solution stack as a service, oftenconsuming cloud infrastructure and sustaining cloudapplications. It facilitates deployment of applicationswithout the cost and complexity of buying and managingthe underlying hardware and software layers. Cloud

computing is becoming a major change in the computingindustry, and one of the most important parts of thischange is the shift of cloud platforms. Platforms letdevelopers write certain applications that can run in thecloud, or even use services provided by the cloud. There

are different names being used for platforms which caninclude the on-demand platform, or Cloud 9. Regardless ofthe nomenclature, they all have great potential indeveloping, and when development teams createapplications for the cloud, each must build its own cloudplatform.

I f t t
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_service


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Infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure services, also known as

"infrastructure as a service" (IaaS), delivercomputer infrastructure typically a platform

virtualization environment as a service, along

with raw (block) storage and networking. Rather

than purchasing servers, software, data-centerspace or network equipment, clients instead buy

those resources as a fully outsourced service.

Suppliers typically bill such services on a utilitycomputing basis; the amount of resources

consumed (and therefore the cost) will typically

reflect the level of activity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_virtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_virtualization


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Server

The Layers contain both hardware and

software, these are the layers on the server.

products that are specifically designed for the

delivery of cloud services, including multi-coreprocessors, cloud-specific operating systems

and combined offerings.


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Cloud Computing Types


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Public cloud

A public cloud is one based on the standard

cloud computing model, in which a service

provider makes resources, such as

applications and storage, available to thegeneral public over the Internet. Public cloud

services may be free or offered on a pay-per-

usage model.


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Community cloud

Community cloud shares infrastructurebetween several organizations from a specificcommunity with common concerns (security,

compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whethermanaged internally or by a third-party andhosted internally or externally. The costs arespread over fewer users than a public cloud

(but more than a private cloud), so only someof the cost savings potential of cloudcomputing are realized.


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Hybrid cloud

Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more

clouds (private, community, or public) that

remain unique entities but are bound

together, offering the benefits of multipledeployment models. It can also be defined as

multiple cloud systems that are connected in a

way that allows programs and data to bemoved easily from one deployment system to

another.


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Private cloud

Private cloud is infrastructure operated solely fora single organization, whether managedinternally or by a third-party and hostedinternally or externally.

They have attracted criticism because users "stillhave to buy, build, and manage them" and thusdo not benefit from less hands-on

management, essentially "[lacking] the economicmodel that makes cloud computing such anintriguing concept".


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Architecture Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of

the software systems involved in the deliveryof cloud computing, typically involves

multiple cloud components communicating

with each other over a loosecoupling mechanism such as a messaging

queue. Elastic provision implies intelligence in

the use of tight or loose coupling as applied tomechanisms such as these and others.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_architecture


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Cloud Computing Sample Architecture


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The Intercloud

The Intercloud is an interconnected global

"cloud of clouds" and an extension of

the Internet "network of networks" on which

it is based.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet


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Cloud engineering

Cloud engineering is the application

ofengineering disciplines to cloud computing. Itbrings a systematic approach to the high level

concerns of commercialization, standardization,

and governance in conceiving, developing,operating and maintaining cloud computing

systems. It is a multidisciplinary method

encompassing contributions from diverse areassuch as systems, software,

web, performance, information, security, platfor

m, risk, and quality engineering.

I P i
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_analysis_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_analysis_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering


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Issues - Privacy The cloud model has been criticized by privacy

advocates for the greater ease in which the

companies hosting the cloud services control,

thus, can monitor at will, lawfully or unlawfully,

the communication and data stored between the

user and the host company. Instances such asthe secret NSA program, working with AT&T,

and Verizon, which recorded over 10 million

phone calls between American citizens, causesuncertainty among privacy advocates, and the

greater powers it gives to telecommunication

companies to monitor user activity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_641Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT&Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT&Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_641Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_641Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_641Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_641Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_641Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-EU_Safe_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-EU_Safe_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-EU_Safe_Harbor


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While there have been efforts (such as US-EU

Safe Harbor) to "harmonies" the legal

environment, providers such as Amazon stillcater to major markets (typically the United

States and the European Union) by deploying

local infrastructure and allowing customers to

select "availability zones." Cloud computing

poses privacy concerns because the service

provider at any point in time, may access the

data that is on the cloud. They couldaccidentally or deliberately alter or even

delete some info.

I C li
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-EU_Safe_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-EU_Safe_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-EU_Safe_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-EU_Safe_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-EU_Safe_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-EU_Safe_Harbor


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Issues - Compliance In order to obtain compliance with regulations

including FISMA, HIPAA, and SOX in the United States,

the Data Protection Directive in the EU and the credit cardindustry's PCI DSS, users may have toadopt community or hybrid deployment modes that aretypically more expensive and may offer restricted benefits.

Many providers also obtain SAS 70 Type II certification, butthis has been criticized on the grounds that the hand-picked set of goals and standards determined by theauditor and the auditee are often not disclosed and canvary widely. Providers typically make this information

available on request, under non-disclosure agreement.

Customers in the EU contracting with cloud providersestablished outside the EU/EEA have to adhere to the EUregulations on export of personal data.

Issues Legal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FISMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIPAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIPAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FISMA


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Issues - Legal

As can be expected with any revolutionarychange in the landscape of global computing,

certain legal issues arise; everything from

trademark infringement, security concerns to

the sharing of propriety data resources.

Issues Open Source
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_in_cloud_computing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_in_cloud_computing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_in_cloud_computing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_in_cloud_computing&action=edit&redlink=1


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Issues Open Source Open-source software has provided the

foundation for many cloud computingimplementations, one prominent example

being the Hadoop framework.

In November 2007, the Free SoftwareFoundation released the Affero General

Public License, a version ofGPLv3 intended

to close a perceived legalloophole associated with free

software designed to be run over a

network.

I O St d d
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Hadoophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affero_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affero_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_technicalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_technicalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_technicalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_technicalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_technicalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affero_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affero_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affero_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affero_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affero_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affero_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affero_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Hadoophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Hadoophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Hadoophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software


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Issues Open Standards

Most cloud providers expose APIs that are

typically well-documented (often undera Creative Commons license) but also unique

to their implementation and thus not

interoperable. Some vendors have adopted

others' APIs and there are a number of open

standards under development, with a view to

delivering interoperability and portability.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface


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Issues - Security

As cloud computing is achieving increased

popularity, concerns are being voiced about

the security issues introduced through

adoption of this new model. The effectivenessand efficiency of traditional protection

mechanisms are being reconsidered as the

characteristics of this innovative deploymentmodel differ widely from those of traditional

architectures.

Th l ti it f l d ti i i


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The relative security of cloud computing services is acontentious issue that may be delaying its adoption. Issuesbarring the adoption of cloud computing are due in largepart to the private and public sectors' unease surrounding

the external management of security-based services. It isthe very nature of cloud computing-based services, privateor public, that promote external management of providedservices. This delivers great incentive to cloud computingservice providers to prioritize building and maintaining

strong management of secure services. Security issues havebeen categorized into sensitive data access, datasegregation, privacy, bug exploitation, recovery,accountability, malicious insiders, management consolesecurity, account control, and multi-tenancy issues.Solutions to various cloud security issues vary, fromcryptography, particularly public key infrastructure (PKI), touse of multiple cloud providers, standardization of APIs,and improving virtual machine support and legal support.

Issues Sustainability


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Issues - Sustainability Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of

"green computing", there is as of yet no published study to

substantiate this assumption.

Siting the servers affects theenvironmental effects of cloud computing. In areas whereclimate favors natural cooling and renewable electricity isreadily available, the environmental effects will be moremoderate. (The same holds true for "traditional" datacenters.) Thus countries with favorable conditions, such asFinland, Sweden and Switzerland, are trying to attractcloud computing data centers. Energy efficiency in cloudcomputing can result from energy-aware scheduling andserver consolidation. However, in the case of distributedclouds over data centers with different source of energies

including renewable source of energies, a smallcompromise on energy consumption reduction could resultin high carbon footprint reduction.

Issues Abuse
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing


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Issues - Abuse

As with privately purchased hardware,

crackers posing as legitimate customers canpurchase the services of cloud computing for

nefarious purposes. This includes password

cracking and launching attacks using the

purchased services. In 2009, a banking

trojan illegally used the popular Amazon

service as a command and control channel

that issued software updates and malicious

instructions to PCs that were infected by the

malware.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)


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Research

In October 2007 the Academic Cloud ComputingInitiative (ACCI) was announced as a multi-universityproject designed to enhance students' technicalknowledge to address the challenges of cloudcomputing.

In April 2009 the St Andrews Cloud Computing Co-laboratory was launched , focusing on research in theimportant new area of cloud computing. Unique in the

UK, StACC aims to become an international centre ofexcellence for research and teaching in cloudcomputing and will provide advice and information tobusinesses interested in using cloud-based services
http://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/stacchttp://www.tclouds-project.eu/


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In October 2010, the TClouds (Trustworthy Clouds) projectwas started, funded by the European Commision's 7thFramework Programme. The project's goal is to research

and inspect the legal foundation and architectural designto build a resilient and trustworthy cloud-of-cloudinfrastructure on top of that. The project also develops aprototype to demonstrate its results.

In December 2010, the TrustCloud research project wasstarted by HP Labs Singapore to address transparency andaccountability of cloud computing via detective, data-centric approaches encapsulated in a five-layer TrustCloudFramework. The team identified the need for monitoringdata life cycles and transfers in the cloud, leading to thetackling of key cloud computing security issues such ascloud data leakages, cloud accountability and cross-national data transfers in transnational clouds.
http://www.tclouds-project.eu/http://www.tclouds-project.eu/


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In July 2011 the High Performance ComputingCloud (HPCCLoud) project was kicked-off aimingat finding out the possibilities of enhancing

performance on cloud environments whilerunning the scientific applications - developmentof HPCCLoud Performance Analysis Toolkit whichwas funded by CIM-Returning Experts

Programme - under the coordination of Prof. Dr.Shajulin Benedict.

In June 2011 the Telecommunications Industry

Association developed a Cloud Computing WhitePaper, to analyze the integration challenges andopportunities between cloud services andtraditional U.S. telecommunications standards.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Association

cloud computing basics - presentation 1

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