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+ A great achievement

Stephen Hawking was born in Cambridge in 1942. Hawking (1) known to millions of peopleall over the world (2) his best-seliing science book 'A Brief History Of Time', (3)~ __ ----:_-:---:-_ has helped to bring about a revival of popular interest (4) science.Diagnosed as having motor neuron disease (5) he was only twenty-one, Hawking has hadto overcome many obstacles. Motor neuron disease causes gradual paralysis and by 1970 Hawking could (6)_______ walk norwrite. Fortunately, the disease does (7) affect the parts of thebrain which control thought and memory, so he has been (8) to continue with his researchinto the origins of the universe. Now in (9) fifties, Hawking weighs less (10)_--,- -:-- + 40 kilos and is almost completely paralyzed. But, (11) he can onlyspeak by means of a computer and voice-synthesizer, his attitude to life remains the same - cheerful (12)___ -:-:--_:---:- positive. Hawking, who is considered (13) many to be the world'sgreatest living scientist, (14) achieved far (15) than most able-bodiedpeople could ever accomplish. Or, for that matter, would ever dream of accomplishing.

1

Friday the 13th

Fear of Friday 13th,and the number 13 generally, is \ common than you might expect. Arecent survey carried out 1. Britain revealed that 41% of British people feel uncomfortableabout Friday 13th while 4% live in dread of it. The unwillingness o'superstitlops sailors to sail on Friday 13thwasonce considered to !> reached such a levef that in 1791., govemmentattempted to prove that the superstition was both ridiculous and false. Construction t startedon a new ship on Friday 13th;she was named HMS Friday; she was lC!}lnchedon a Friday...;.' _she began her first voyage from London on a Friday. Neither the ship the crew was everheard of again. Richard Hall, from Sheffield, has' . involved in four crashes on Friday 13th.Hehas also broken several bones, fallen , ariver, been knocked down \0 . amotorbike and walked through a glass door. Now he never gets our \\ bed on that day. Friday

\\13thinterferes with hospital schedules'1. many patients refuse to have operations on that date....,..- -:---=--:- it does not seem to be the case that ,., accidents happen on Friday 13ththan on any other Friday. However, experts claim that the number 13 is not really as unlucky as people say. What

\ej really brings is surprises, which can\, good as well as bad.

-f' The history of the Chunnel

The Channel tunnel, which joins Britain to mainland Europe' the first time, was officiallyopened in 1994, but the history of the 'Chunnel', back nearly two hundred years, At thebeginning of the 19thc~ntury, a British politician went to France to discuss closer trade links'3_-=-=-_:--_:--_the two countries. The of a tunnel wfs mentioned in talks with Napoleon. A French engineerprepared plans for a tunnel in two sections, meeting at an island build in the middle of theEnglish Channel. Another plan involved the laying of air-filled wooden ~bes at the ~ ,of thesea. These1 schemes were abandoned when war out between Britainand France. In 1875 a Tunnel Committee was formed, and a Convention was 3 . The BritishChannel Company bought I. , near Denver and started digging. There were still argumentsabout whether there should be a tunnel. The British were against the idea, saying that once the tunnel was\1 , Britain would no longer be an island. Publicll. was increasingly hostileand in 1884 all work stopped. In the early zo" century the idea was\~ again but was soonlorgotten when the First World War began. Thr~ughout the twenties and thirties the idea was always" because of security andI worries. After that, it was not

lC the 1960s that the two governments started talking seriously again about the tunnel.

Mini Televisions

Scott Newman wouldn't be without his pocket-size TV,1 he mainly watchesin bed. 1'ILonly watch programmes which last about 2 hour, as any longer::::.."Ji strains my eyes," I use the TV for general entertainment, though it is also really good for

, . .' ..," , keeping 3 with current affairs. The main problem with the set is that il' s not. " loud 4 , even when you use headphones. The reception is all right

5 IORg*nothing moves in front of the aerial.d Scott admits that he is a bit'of a gadget man, bu}.·doesn' t regret buying the set since he uses 6 . nearlyevery day.Retired engineer Paul Hardcastle 7 owned a pocket TV for a number8 years. l'tI use it mostly in the bathroom. I wanted to use it outdoors,9 the trouble is that in bright light you 10 see the picture. I

...,,_~e res..~J,g,ea.ble"b.atterie§as..omj,p~ ong,~ld""f}~J.ac~m~~~~Aha~~is!$'0i',,,t>~f~~' =-1----- .._-- could be improved 11 the screen was slightly bigger and it didn't use up

batteries 12 quickly: he can only get hali an hour' s viewing 13

______ the batteries run out.

FIT FOR SPORTS

It's not always easy to decide which sport to (O) take up. When choosing, it isimportant to remember that excellence in sports resuits (1) a number offactors. For some sports, the body shape and structure with (2) you are bornare important. Top runners are typical examples of individuals (3) haveselected a sport because of their natural body type. Many other sports are more dependent(4) training and technique, and anyone following a well-structured andappropriate training programme should do well.

The aim of all sports training (5) . to improve fitness and skills, and todevelop training programmes that are both safe (6) effective. To do(7) properly, an understanding of (8) physical demands ofsport is needed. All sports require a combination of strength, speed, endurance, agilityand flexibility to varying degrees. (9) is important is how these elements arecombined to build up the skills of the sport (10) question. Other factors to be(11)' into account in a training programme are diet, the importance ofavoiding injuries, your general state of health, and the nature and role (12) _other team players,

Bearing (13) considerations in mind, anyone prepared to work(14) it can expect to progress to a very reasonable competitive level, even(15) only a few people will go on to break world records.

The first known mention (O)J!L the Italian tomato in Italy dates back to the year1544.It was then (1) the herbalist Matioli called it 'Pomodoro', (2) _means 'Golden Apple', (3) possibly to the golden colour of the originalyellow vegetable known at that time. Tomatoes were then cultivated into bright redvarieties and (4) to Matioliwere first eaten fried in oil with salt andpepper.In 1811,the Italian cook FilipoRe discovered that if tomatoes (5) crushed,cooked and (6) dried in the sun they turned (7) a dark red paste.Thiswas an ideal (8) of preserving the tomato throughout the year,allowing (9) preparation of many dishes such as sauces and stews. Aroundthe 1840s(10) product started to be commercialised and sold in markets,(11) it was cut into slicesand served on fresh fig leaves.(12) was recognised that the tomato w-aspacked (13) of manyprecious qualities such as vitamins (14) other substances contained in theseeds, (15) with a low calorie count and a vast number of culinary uses.The initiai technology for preservation (16) the various forms that we nowknow was created, (17) tomatoes to be used throughout the year. In the(18) one hundred years the tomato became second (19) to thepotato (20) the most popular vegetable in the world.

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I. Finish eachof thejolloJlJingsentencesin stich a lVQY that it means EXACILY THE SAi.\1Eas the sentenceprintedbefore ito

1. They gave me a place to stay and they elidn't want any money in return.Not only _

2. 'I elidn't try to kill my wife,' the defendant said.Thedekndantderued~--------------------------

3. They are throwing away the opportunity to improve the situation.Theopporrrmity _

4. Crossing the border nowadays is very easy.Nowadays it _

5. He climbed the tree, feli down and now he won't be able to join the team.If _

6. It seems that Bill spent most of his time enjoying the sociallife of Paris.Billseans _

7. It is not certain that they can repay the Ioan.Theymay _

8. Although he has lost a lot of money, he is still rich.l)espite _

9. I borrowed most of the money from the bank.Thebank _

10. It was impossible for John not to notice that Joan had a new dress.Jolill _

11. Peter and Amanda met last year, feli in love and gat married.If _

12. 'Let's go together!' she said to us.She suggested _

13. W1ehired a decorator to rearrange our living room.\Ve _

14. Having read through the recipe, he felt confident that he could cook it.W~en _

15. I told her my darkest secret but she betrayed my trust and told it to everyone.Ifon~---------------------------------------------------

16. There are several ways of controlling malaria.Malaria _

17. The measures must be sustained ar they do more harm than good.If _

/I. Complete/he sentences with mE CORRECTFOR}.II rifjhewords in capitals:

1. There is a of hostels in London. (SHORT)2. If they had in scoring a goal, they would've won the

championship. (SUCCES)3. He had to come home at 2 a.m. (TO PERl'vfIT)4. Our Foreign Minister was one of the in the conference. (PART)5. There are no major between men and women in this respect.

(TO l)IFFER)6. You helped me a lot in this project. I'm to you. (DEBT)7. They claim that these chemicals are , which means we can use them.

(HARl"\1)8. She went on working in . (SILENT)9. This dress isn't for such a fonnal occasion. (SUIT)10. His a father and husband. Bis wife could wish for no-one better.

(CARE)

III. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Put the correct CAPITAL letter into the table below.

1. It was a terrible experience to her and it put her flying forever.A off B out C away D through

2. W'hen I got back, they had eaten the whole cake and just a few were left on the plate.A grains B drops C crumbs D shreds

3. It to be seen whether I've made the right decision or not.A remains B continues C stands D keeps

4. It was such a funny sight that I couldn't keep a face.A plain B smooth C straight D level

5. \\lhen our original plan failed, we had to think of something to do _A otherwise B instead Cor else D in place

6. Sleeplessness produces a number of effects.A beside B part C relative D side

7. The excavation revealed the oval of the building.l\ outcome B oudetC outline D outlook

8. The children were to play football in the garden.A banned B forbidden C prevented D stopped

9. She uses cream to obtain her lovely o

A aspect B complexion C feature Doudine10. \V'e ctept doser to the wild animal, try1ngnot to it by making a noise.

A dread B shake C shiver D startle11. You're to for the children's bad behaviour. You spoilt them!

A accuse B blameC fault D guilt12. If he had go of the branch, he would have fallen.

A dropped B let C lost D made13. He's guite happy in the factory because he's got a good o

A employment B job C task D work14. Wby were you so angty? Wbat made you loseyour ?

A feeling B moodC nerves D temper15. The river is so polluted that of the species of fish is safe to eat.

A anyone B no one C none D one16. The murder weapon had been in the grass for several days.

A laid B Iain C laying D lying17. Are you going to pay by chegue ar ?

A by cash B in cash C by money D in money18. Competition in sport is so fierce that it is a hard life for the players at the _

A crown B top C height D roof19. She alittle sugar on the top of the cake to make it sweeter.

A flung B poured C spilt D sprinkled20. Rest that we will do everything possible to help.

A assured B insured C guaranteed D reassured

1. 5. 9. 13. 17.

2. 6. 10. 14. 18.

3. 7. 11. 15. 19.

4. 8. 12. 16. 20

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1,MTASK -Reading

Read the article about working mothers. Match statements1-9 with paragraphs A-D. When more than one answer isrequired, this is indicated next to the statement.

A So the shine has come off Supermum. According toa Cambridge University report published this week,enthusiasm for equality in the workplace peaked in the905 and is now waning. More people now think that awoman who works does so at the expense of her family.Who is or was Supermum anyway? I am a woman whoworks, and who also has a small child. Ninety per centof the time these two things hang together, and I am inno way super - never have been, never will be.

B I meant to wear high heels yesterday, but never changedout of my cycling shoes. My one-year-old daughterwent to nursery in her pyjamas, and I couldn't get herto stand stilllong enough to brush her hair. But theseare details: looking at the big picture, it pretty muchworks out. Of all the many myths about motherhood,the one that says you can't hang on to ademanding jobis the worst. I remember worrying in the early months ofpregnancy that, some time around the six-month mark,my mind would go to mush and all judgment desert me- because everyone said it would. And it didn't happen.You can be a mother and not lose your mind. You canalso be a mother and work, and still not lose your mind.

C I recently heard a senior executive in the City shrug offthe fact that there were only two female company chairsin the top 100 companies. She said that some womenwere sensible and stayed at home to look after theirkids; others were a bit crazier and pursued eat-you-alivejobs and didn't have children. It was a sad opposition,and one that was very revealing about the City's all-or-nothing male work ethic. Nearly- alU[le women I knQ.Wwho didn't go back to work after having childrenworkedIn the City - as lawyers, traders, ban kers. You could saythey made their own choices; I would argue that theirhands were powerfully forced.

D What does nobody teil you about being a workingmother? That it can be a lot offun. Life feels incrediblyfull, and often in a good way. So don't count yourselfout because everyone tells you it can't be done andsomething will have to give, and that that somethingwill be vou. And most importantly, don't count yourselfout because without you in the workplace the situationwon't keep improving - which it is. As a colleague toldme after I returned from maternity leave, ves, there willbe days when you have to make big decisions afterbeing up all night - but you have had hangovers before,and lived, and on those days when it does work, beinga working mother is the best thing in the world. It's whatthe suffragettes chained themselves to the railings for.Let's not quit while we're ahead.

(!)1.:."",;••..,' .i;.

In which paragraph does the writer say the following?

1 Some jobs aren't compatible withhaving children.

2 Some people sav that employed womenneglect their families.

3 I don't always manage to do everything theway I wish to. __ ,.~ _

4 Working mothers can have a challenging job.

5 According to some people it is not importantthat there are few women in some industries.

6 Some people say the interest in being equalto men in the workplace is decreasing.

7 Some people claim that reasonable womenstop working after they give birth.

8 Working mothers are admired less now.

9 It's worth having a job despite occasionaldifficulties.

,.

"',

1 Complete the text with sultable words, using one wordonly in each gap. k

1 ~Some people create a wonderful picture of tlife would be like ifvirtual reality 2 available tto everybody. You could attend a friend's wedding in the iCaribbean,listen to the music, feel the warmth of the ~sun on your skin, and enjoy the taste of the food ~3 served - all this while sitting in your home ~in Reykjavik on a chilly winter morning. ~

1\

Supporters believe virtual reality will not 4_~ ~

enhance entertainment, but also open new educational ~horizons and contribute to the development of science ]and the arts, It will 5 - many of our tasks ~

simpIer, and allow people to express 6 ~

creativity in many new ways. ~;;.~

Others, however, think that the long-term effects of :~virtual reality may be much 7 beneficial. They ~

point to problems 8 physical and mental that ~~people who use the technology experience, 9 ~

eyestrain and nausea. These are just temporary effects, ~~i;is

but scientists fear that prolonged use of virtual reality ~may cause permanent changes, especially in children,'-10 brains are developing.

~~-,,1.g> ••

Read the artic\e below and for questions 1-4 choose theanswer A, B, C, or O that fits best according to the text.

How 1 travelled through different culturesto same acquired tastesWhat happens when we try foreign dishes for the first time?

~~. More often than not it is like finding ourselves in circumstances" different from what is comfortably familiar. We balk and declare

them unacceptable. Yet there are no universal standards forgood cuisine, there's only badly cooked food. We may not likesame foreign dishes but that has nothing to do with their beinginferior ar superior. It has everything to do with how removedthey are from what we know. ,A few years back I wasn't particularly fond of Indian disheswith their strong spices. Then an Indian family moved innext door and I immediately became friends with the lady.Being very hospitable people they kept asking me over.Seeing as I had no choice, I gave in, went over and waitedin horror. They served a lot of strange-looking dishes,whose aroma was inviting enough for me to succumb andsample them. And boy, was I sorry I did. My tongue felt likeit was on fire! But I saw it through to the end so as not toendanger our nelghbourly relationship. Needless to sav,I was asked to come back for more. It took a few months,but I have actualiy come to love same hot Indian curries::J% and overly honeyed desserts.

~ In contrast, American steaks and burgers now strike me asdownright dull, although I used to devour them. Then there'sJapanese cuisine, which I associated with a smelly sushi barnext door until I went on a trip to Japan. I was served dishesof suspicious od our day in day out and, although they didn'tseem particularly delectable, upon my return home I foundmyself repeatedly wandering into that sushi bar around thecorner. The smeli I had thought disgustingly fishy before nowseemed familiar and mouth-watering. However, IstilI can'tstand the sight of tofu and have yet to muster up the courageto try what might be considered the most exotic of theirdishes, but I will get there one day.

In short, I have acquired the taste for same foreign dishesbut not for all the food of any particular cuisine. In away,the ability to acquire the taste for new foods has to do witha person's abilitv to assimilate a culture. The 'acquiredtaste' for food goes beyond ataste bud experience. It hasa lot to do with what a person associates the food with,like friendly neighbours or a memorable journey. Similarly,many of us find our mother's cooking incomparable. Butthat isn't necessarily because of our mother's superiorkitchen skills but because we associate her cooking withthe warmth of home,

The Indian ia:,':i!yA was very curious about the author.B scared the author very much.C made pleasant smeliing dishes.D got an apology from the author.

2 Concernlng Japan and Japanese food, the authorsays thatA she loved Japanese food from her first day in Japan.B on her trip she wasn't served traditional food very often.C she was surprised at her actions after she returned home.D she has grown to like the taste of the most exctic

Japanese dishes.

3 According to the last paragraph, acquiring new testesA is a sign of how open-minded a person is.B depends on how sensitive your taste buds are,C is like making new friends ar going on a journey.D is easier if your mother wasn't a great cook.

4 Which of these staternents best summarises the overalimessage of the artiele?A Traveliing is the best way to acquire new tastes.B The more exotic the food, the more difficult it :5 to like it.C The smelis and sight offood are often misleading.D. ~xperiences are cruciai in determining food

preferences.

CoLOZ'Cq., Jr Comptete the text with suitabte words.

To be perfectly honest, browsing 1__ the shops is

something to 2_ people occupied white stranded inan anonymous airport.

Many items bought at airports are just gimmicks but

one seems to 3_ found a friend among business

travellers: bright coloured buckled straps that go around

your suitcase. With so manv suitcases looking identical

4 days, a strap 5__ this will help you pick

your bag out at a hundred metros, saving vita I seconds

at the baggage carousel. They also help hold your case

together Q'thelocks spring open, a not uncommonexperience. . '.

A cheaper alternative, and also adevice 6 __ will

have a million and one 7_ uses too, is a roll of duct

tape,8, known as gaffer tape. This Super sticky

plastic-backeq stuff can bind your luggage tog:ether, tape

trickybuckles out of the way and can also be used to

mend 9- sorts of artieles that 10 break. Even

mobile phones and laptops have been spotted on flightsheld togetherwith this arnazing stuff.

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A Nearly 3,000 Tuvaluans already live overseas, and il

government programme is now relocating 75 more every ,,~ayear. ' , b

B The neighbouring state of Kiribati has dozens of uninhabited . ~"~,islands, but it is facing its own population pressures. , d

( It seems, however, they will have to leave their ' S- 10homeland very soon. a alwayswould a Over

D The most recent figures suggest that Tuvalu's sea levels -b even might b Whitehave risen nearly three times as fast as the world average , ,cever cQulde; Iri,over the 12P5,LcL~~ade,.MI.Qarenow 5cm higher_than in 199L-~__>d neverwill.J,. ,.::::O.l....f~__ "- _-, - -- -- ,- ---------

< "'" ',' ' c - ~~. z. " , &.o 'S 'After pulling him 7 . an~ ~-raYing his bag, the::, Complete the textwlth suitablewords, c: ", officers confirmed their suspicrons: the softmaterial bag

Customs officers suspected there Was something adl '~ontained a double bottom, in 8_,__ 2.74 kg of herain

1_ the twenty-year-old Bulgarian the moment they lay wrapped in two layers of black plastic.

spotted him 2~ ~ Prague's Ruzyne:Alrport. For airport customs officers, this seizure was 9__

The man, who had fustarrived on a.dtrect cornmerclal ' secand major herain haul in as many months. In December,

fltght fromIstanbul, was edgy and uncertain, and 3_ ' a Romanian man in his twenties had been stopped, also

awkwardbehavlour suggested that he had never really arriving on a direct commercial flight from Istanbul, with

travelled 4__ . Even 5__ theairport's security 2.5 kg of heroin concealed in the reinforced back of his

camera monitor, customs officers 6 sense that rucksack. With a street value of 10__ 800 to 1,000Kč

his trendv clothes and carry-on bag belied his provlncial (€30-€40) per gram, officials estimate the value of

demeanour. heroin 11__ man was carrying to be in the millions of

Czech crowns.

Read the article. Complete the text by matching sentences(A-G) to the gaps in the text (1-6). There is one sentencewhich you do not need to use.

(t,Disappearing countryFaced with the prospect of being swamped by rising sealevels, the Pacific island nation ofTuvalu is consideringevacuating its 9,300 residents. With a highest point just

five metres above sea level, Tuvalu is one of the world's

lowest-Iying countries. 1_ _ With global sea levels

predicted to rise by more than 80 cm over the next century,

,Tuvaluans are living on borrowed time. The government's

solution is to transport the entire population overseas.

'We don't know when the islands will be completely

covered,' says Tuvalu government secretary Panapasi

Nelesone. 'But we need to start working on this now.'

2 But Tofiga Falani, the president of the Tuvalu

church, says that more urgent action is needed. 'We must

know that someone will provide land for us, before astorm washes our islands away altogether,' he said. He

!s lobbying Australia to set aside land to serve as a new

home for Tuvalu's people when they finally quit their nine

inhabited atolls. 3 Until recently, the data collected

from monitoring Pacific Ocean levels showed that there

had been no significant changes around Tuvalu for ten

years. Some analysts even suggested that the aftermath of

El Nino could cause sea levels in the area to drop by up to

30 cm in the future. That view is changing. 4-'Tuvaluans are used to seeing islets vanish beneath the

wave s with cyclones, but their country is likely to becameuninhabitable long before the waves finally elose overthem. 5__ But the seepage of salt water into farmIand

has destroved crops and made the people dependent on

canned imports.

luvalu's Polynesian people arrived in the Islands 2,000

years ago by way ofTonga and Samoa. 6_

~" Complete the text with the torrect words a-d.

Thirty years ago, at 7.30 a.m. on a Tuesday, t.stood' __

a roomful of restless pre-adolescents. Unexpectedly, Ihad been placed in front of 70 of them with the instructions: ,

c'They can't use the playground becauseofthe Ja in. Keep

thern busy untit2_,_teachers get here.'!looked out over their faces, 3_.__ ten per cent

hopefulness that [4__ something interesting, and

-90 per centcyn iciim that any adult 5__ , _. Theirbodies

werestumped.their anus were folded. They were 6__ :

cme to entertain them, ,.

N6t kndwin~whatersetodo, f began to 7__ . _.. astory;

· Within'.moments"theirpbstures changed. Their fates

·relaxed. Theireyes,rolled slightly back. Best of aH,they

rernalnedentranced throughout the fifteen rninutes"8__ the storv.

IhC!d.DO way 9_' _._',it,but those fifteen mirlute$'-ChalT~eq.·

rnylife: 10_,_'_. the nextfewvears, I fcillowedt~e,.storY·

response' of children and adults> outof rnYfeachingjob,

· into fr~elanEeperfoJming, and.flnallv intorny rbl~'aš"; ~ ..···~torytelling·coach.

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Read the following article about the genetic modificationof food. Same parts of the text have been removed. Corn-plete the text by matching the sentences (A-G) with thegaps in the text (1-6). There is one sentence which you donot need to use.We were told that the genetic modification of food wouldlead to the use of more chemical sprays. 1__ Geneticaiiymodified (GM) cotton growers in India, Australia and Chinaare spraying less than half as much pesticide on their crops;GM corn growers in the United States are spending less thanbefore on insecticide. British growers of GM sugar beet arespraying herbicide once instead of-five times. 2__

Of course, the organic farming lobby argues that lt, too, canbring back wild life. 3__ Because organic crops requirenitrogen grown elsewhere rather than manufactured fromthe air in a factory, organic farming is land-hungry.The economist Indur Goklany has calculated that if the worldtried to feed its current population, of six billion people usingthe (mainly organic) technologies and yields of 1961, itwould require 82% of the world's land area to be cultivatedinstead of 38%. 4__ Speaking of food, in Europe it iscommon to hear the argument that the world now producesenough food without GM foods. Yes, but how did it achievethis? By rapidly adopting fertiliser, pesticides and high-yielding varieties. This 'Green Revolution' depended ongenetically new varieties created by artificial mutation using

nuclear radiation and chemical mutagens.

Pessimists might sav that despite the Green Revolution,there is still poverty and malnutrition. But for the pastcentury the world has got steadily better for most people.You do not believe that? I am not surprised. You are ted sucha strong diet of news about how bad things are that it mustbe hard to believe they were once worse. 5__ Longevity

is increasing faster in the poor south than in the rich north.Infant mortality is lower in Asia than ever before. 6__

Here at home, we are healthier, wealthier and wiser thanever before. Pollution has declined; prosperity increased;

options open ed.All this has been achieved primarily by that most hated oftricks, the technical fix. By invention, not legislation.

A The birds, butterflies and flowers are coming back intothe fields where GM crops are grown.

B But choose any statistic you like and it will show that thelot of even the poorest is better today than it was in 1903.

C The opposite proved true.

D That means ploughing up the Amazon, irrigating theSahara and draining the Okavango.

E Decade by decade per capita food production is rising.

F However, the green revolution did not solve all povertyand malnutrition.

G But only at a price,

ExAM TASK - Use of English

1 Complete the text with suitable words.

The Mava arernysterious. This is how this ancient culture1 always been portrayed, and recently a longseries of documentaries has presented a picture of apeople with practices and a world view that is verydifficult for modern people 2 understand. Lotsof researchers have decided to study Mayan culture andhistory and it seems that events of a mystical nature haveguided everyone 3 has taken up the study of

the Maya.

The most extraordinary example in 4__ __ historyof Mayanism is probably the story of Knorozov who wasguided to the translation of the Mayan script. His story isworth recounting.

During World War II Yuri Kn'orozov was a young student inLeningrad 5 - he was drafted into the Red Army.In the final assault on Berlin he saw the National Library6 _ f1ames and so rushed in and 7 _

randorn grabbed a book to save it. The book turned out tobe a facsimile of the only three surviving Mayan Codices8 _were known at the time. Back in Russia he

was encouraged to take on breaking the Mayan codeand seven years 9_ _ he published the solutionin a Russian journal of linguistlr s It tnok sorne thirtyadditional years for this solution to be accepted in theWest I can only imagine that he himself !".

have concluded that grabbing that particular book was a

mystical event as it determined his mission in life.

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Flying in Sti'le,/,

(O) ,. days commercial airliners are becoming larger,"(13) makes flying cheaper but in many ways moreimpersonal. Perhaps (14) a response to this, amore old-fashioned way of taking to the air is gaining popularity in Britain.(IS) , number of companies today oHer charter flights in smallaircraft. You hire the plane and pilot, just as you might hire a chauffeur-driven car, and (16) , are yours for the day.

If you are flying on ashort trip (17) Britain to the continent, .a light plane can get you (IS) almost as quickly as ajet:airliner. In fact, the whole journey takes far (19) time, sinceyou don't need to be at the airport hours (20) advance. Andif you share the cost with friends, it can be chea per tha.n a scheduled flight.

The atmosphere (2l) board is relaxed and friendly, withformalities (22) .... ..... .. passport control and customs, if not entirelyeliminated, at least kept (23) .. a minimum. Instead of walkingfor (24) seems like miles through a vast airport terminal, .

\;)/,,""·"'..t\..,-,j~

(2S) it's time to take off, you simply stroll over and ease(26) into the plane. Even the flight itself is more fun, as(27) .. as the weather is fine. And if you want to descend andtake a closer look at something on the ground, just ask the pilot; you're the

boss!

.'s,. dl'·'· ''. IP'" i.e:e' ,,' ,r.rm(l~t, !

Arecent proposal to limit the speed cars (O) reach is provinq:

controversial. The idea, put (13) by the Institute for- Road;

Safety, involves fitting vehicles with a communications box containirig a

digital map of the road network. (14) a car is in motion, the.

communications box - which knows (15) fast the vehicle is,

legally permitted to traveion a particular section of road - automatically :

regulates the car's speed. (16) therefore becomes

impossible for a vehicle fitted with (17) .. adevice to exceedthe speed limit.

There are plans (18) charge motorists to drive into the centre

of major cities, and a communications box could be used to identify vehicles

that enter this zone. At present, (19) time a vehicle does so, :

its number plate is photographed. (20) .. the number is

compared cqoinst a list of authorised vehicles, but this system is costly and

(21) from foolproof.

The system (22) be put in place quickly if the gover'nment

wished as part (23t ; the technology has already been

developed for another purpose. Electronic vehicle identification is unpopular

with so me people, who regard it (24) an infringement of

-the'ir rj·ghts. (25;) would certainly object to the plan to restrict

the speed of their car's, (26) may make the government

hesitote to go through with ito But by forcing drivers to slow

(27) .. , the scheme would save lives, and this is likely to be

populor with the general public.

A new look at the Midd1e AgesThe Institute for Medievql Studies is holding a series of lectures to (O) ~.(.~~terest ina period of history which is all too often (1)... . It is hoped that these lectures will(2) some of the misconceptions that (3) . to this day about the long andeventful span of time between the crowning of Charlemagne and the Renaissance.

It is true that Europe was (4) by the plague in the latter part of the fourteenthcentury, while the terrorsof the Inquisition east a grirn shadow over the continent.Living (~) .... for the majority of people were appalling by modern standards, andlife (6\ ... " was low, The peasants suffered under a brutal feudal system and the(7) of learning was open only to the clergy and the small minority who wereliterate.

However, these (8) negative aspects of medieval life cannot be properlyevaluated unless they are viewed in the broader (9) . .The Middle Ages saw theconstruction of the magnificent cathedrals thatgrace so many European cities and the(10) . of a rniddle class. Many institutions we think of as modern were a(n)(11), ,part of medieval-Iife, Progress was being made in science and technoloqv,and artists were forging styles that had a powerful and (12) ,inf'luence on

'subsequent centuries.

r r --:ć~:--'-r- .. ~'..\~.~_.::: .._ ..__...__ -;,._~ _Va,llilla ;:S9rprise .-._--..--.--------..---co ;V w--. <> ~

Vanilla is such a(n) (O) flavour that it comes as a surprise to learn that it is also,one of the world's most expensive cro ps. The vanilla plant is a(n) (1) . of the;Americas. Its flowers grow in (2) , and in nature they are pollinated byhummingbirds and bees. The (3) I, seed pods resemble oversized French beans,and develop their (4) flavour and fragranee 'during the curing process. Afterhar:vesting, the beans are treated with heat or hot water and are plaeed in the sunevery day for many weeks. When they have (5) to a fifth oftheir original size, theyare (6) aeeording to size and quality.

Like other spiees that we (7) for granted today, vanilla has a faseinating history.In the sixteenth eentury, the Spanish imported the spiee to Europe. However, attemptsto grow vanilla in other loeations (8) with failure: the plants would not producepods, and it was only when away was found to pollinate the flowers artificially thatthe commerciai exploitation of this valuable erop (9) ~..... under way.

Today vanilla is used in the manufacture of perfumes andeosmeties as well as in theculinarv arts, where it is often a(nl (10) of puddings. Recentlv; it has also beenused in more (11) ways. Lobster and vanilla is now a popular dish in certainrestaurants --:provingthat ehefs can (12) up with amazing ideas to tiekle the tastebuds.

1 A neglected B abandoned C subdued O deserted 1 A resident Baborigine C native O inhabitant2 A respond B refuse C reetify O revive 2 A groups B bouquets Cteams O bunches3 A insist B persist C eonsist O desist 3 Aderiving B resulting C produeing O arising4

A .~'\"t4Beliminated C wcftfi:;ued O ravaged 4 A distinetive B appetising C tastefulinjure O potential

5 A state s B circumstanees C eonditions O situations 5 A reduced B shrunk C diminished O lessened6 A estimate B forecast C prediction O expectancy 6 A classed B split C divided "psorted

A pursuit B chase C desire p PtI • 7 A consider B do tOltake;l O quest ::} \let· C make)1.\{' ;\.,{'.h·" ,,'

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