cloning ppt
TRANSCRIPT
REPRODUCTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC CLONING
Paul Kubler, Emily Kontra, Emily Turturici
Cloning Terms
Oocyteunfertilized egg
Zygote-recently fertilize, first stage of an individual
DifferentiationCells specialize and always remain the same kindKeeps cells from becoming a blob of unspecialized turns zygotes into animals
Nuclear transfer 2 step process
Nucleus removed to create enucleated oocyte which will not divide or differentiate new nucleus put into the enucleated oocyte New cells act like zygotes by dividing and differentiating just like a normal embryo
Cell cycleCell divides into two daughter cells which both live, eat, grow, copy their genetic materialDivide again producing two more daughter cellsHappens again and again
QuiescentCell which has left the cycle( has stopped dividing)M ay return to the cycle later or remain forever
Tissue cultureArtificial situation used to grow large number of cells in bottlesAllows scientists to fiddle and alter characteristics
DNA Cloning
Circa 1970’s and common in biology labs today DNA from one organism transferred to a self
replicating element, DNA can be bred in a foreign host cell
Scientists multiply genes and other pieces of chromosomes for identical material for further study
advances in stem cell research allow scientists to regenerate virtually any tissue in the body (Sorry, you’re soul just died)
(Human Genome Project)
Related Technologies Gene therapy
Virus vectors that carry corrected copies of faulty genes introduced into host organism cells to treat certain genetic conditions
Genetically Modified Foods and Oraganisms Genes from different organisms that
improve taste and nutritional value or provide resistance to particular types of disease can be used to genetically engineer food crops
Genome sequencing Fragments of chromosomal DNA
must be inserted into different cloning vectors to generate fragments of an appropriate size for sequencing.
(Human Genome Project)
Genome Sequencing
Cloning Process
Cloning-an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material (Human Genome Project)
Bacteria most often used as the host cells for recombinant DNA molecules, but yeast and mammalian cells also are used
DNA fragment with gene of interest isolated from the chromosomal DNA and united with a plasmid
Chromosomal DNA fragment joined with its cloning vector (recombinant DNA molecule)
Then able to be reproduced along with the host cell DNA
(Human Genome Project)
Reproductive Cloning
Animal with same nuclear DNA as existing or previously existing animal created Dolly the sheep
Not an identical clone of the donor animal Same nuclear DNA as donor Some genetic materials come from the mitochondria in the
cytoplasm of the enucleated egg Expensive and ineffective, likely to remain so for the
foreseeable future (Don’t Clone Humans) With improvement:
Clones can be used to study human disease Efficient ways to reproduce specially qualified animals can be reliably
developed Repopulate endangered animals or animals that are difficult to breed
(Human Genome Project)
The Reproductive Cloning Process
Known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) Genetic material from donor adult cell
transferred from nucleus to egg with removed nucleus
Reconstructed egg with donor cell DNA treated with chemicals or electric current to stimulate cell division
Cloned embryo transferred to uterus of host to continue development until birth
(Human Genome Project)
Creation of Dolly the Sheep Scottish Blackface ewe ooctye
removed from nucleus Nucleus from quiescent mammary
cell injected into enucleated ooctye Tiny electric pulse used to fuse
enucleated ooctye cytoplasm with the new nucleus and kick start cells into dividing
New fused cell transferred into the reproductive chamber of a blackface ewe
Process repeated 276 time After 148 days, Dolly was born Since birth, successful cloning has
been reported in mice, cattle, goats, and pigs
(The Cloning of Dolly)
Therapeutic Cloning
Also called "embryo cloning” Produces human embryos for research in
human development and disease treatment animal genes have been added to certain embryos
to increase their physical endurance or resistance to disease (Sorry, you’re soul just died)
Not meant to clone human beings Someday will produce whole organs from single
cell or healthy cells to replace damaged in degenerative diseases (Sorry, you’re soul just died)
Therapeutic Cloning Process
Stem cells can be used to generate virtually any type of specialized cell in the human body
Stem cells extracted from blastocyst Extraction process destroys the embryo Researchers hope stem cells can one day
serve as replacements cells for organ transplant and to treat: heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer, and other diseases
Results have limited success
Powerpoint Citations
Stem cell picture- http://hsb.iitm.ac.in/~jm/ARCHIVES/July-Aug05/articles_files/stem_files/stem_html_m778e4c94.jpg
Organ picture- http://www.pycomall.com/images/P/organ.jpg
Cloning terms- http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/labpics/Acute%20Lymphocytic%20Leukemia%2060x.jpg
Scientist-http://blog.lib.umn.edu/zerot001/architecture/scientist.gif
DNA- http://puesoccurrences.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/dna_500.jpg
Pamphlet Citations
http://robby.nstemp.com/about.htmlhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/whyclone/http://www.shiftwits.com/pros-and-cons-of-human-cloning/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-cloning.htmlhttp://www.clonesafety.org/cloning/facts/process/
Pamphlet Picture Citations
http://sirenschronicles.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/49dossier97.jpghttp://clonning.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/human_cloning.jpghttp://www.clonesafety.org/cloning/facts/process/http://www.millerandlevine.com/cloning/dolly-fig-13-13.jpghttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_QqyrPAPvIxc/SbX6VyeQvCI/AAAAAAAAApQ/x3ASqpziMfk/s320/human_cloning.png&imgrefurl=http://www.rightklik.net/2009/03/stem-cell-research-and-cloning.html&usg=__g5ftIE2gm6okZbPE4MWufuKdGZ4=&h=266&w=253&sz=141&hl=en&start=156&sig2=MQEoR4BatJBPR5Obw6Tk5w&um=1&tbnid=-IY_BLmAZYYahM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcloning%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN%26start%3D140%26um%3D1&ei=_RDdSsjmIJWkMKubjfMN&safe=activehttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/_rk6VXqa3IMU/SROFUYqjJ_I/AAAAAAAAAQo/yGqnSQEsr1w/s400/dolly+the+sheep.jpghttp://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/06/0604_decade_of_disappointments/image/cloning_getty.jpghttp://clonning.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/human_cloning.jpghttp://www.cairns.com.au/images/uploadedfiles/editorial/pictures/2008/05/30/tropical-fruit.jpg