cloning animals & humanscloning plants • humans have cloned plants for thousands of years •...
TRANSCRIPT
Cloning Animals & Humans
Joseph P. MartinoPro-Life Science & Technology
SymposiumMay 1, 2004
Cloning Plants
• Humans have cloned plants for thousands of years
• Every plant propagated by cutting is a clone of the original.
• Some animals can be propagated by cutting: earthworms, starfish
• For most animals, cutting kills them
Dolly, the first clone
Reproductive Cloning
• Produce genetic duplicate of original animal
• Remove genetic material from egg cell• Transfer genetic material from cell from
original animal• Stimulate cell division• Transplant to uterus of “mother”
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transplant
Exact Duplicate?
• Only chromosomal or nuclear DNA is transferred
• Mitochrondria remain in egg• “Clone” inherits some genetic material
from egg donor
Cloned Goats
• April 1999, Canada• Goat triplets
– Danny, Clint, Arnold
Male Mouse Clone
Cloned Mule
Cloned Horse
Cloned Deer
Endangered Species
• Save endangered species by cloning?• Clone “last survivor”
Cloned Pigs
Extinct Species
• Recreate extinct species by SCNT from frozen specimens
• Restore extinct species• Tasmanian Tiger
Cloned Banteng
Cloning Pets
• Pet dead?• Get a clone• Commercially available • $50,000 for up to six cats
First Cloned Cat
Success Rate
• Only live birth in 87 embryos implanted in eight surrogate mother cats
• Only other pregnancy failed• Three times worse than experience with
Dolly
Clone your pet
• Genetic Savings and Clone• Grow skin samples in culture• Transfer DNA to enucleated egg cell• Fuse electrically• Implant in surrogate mother cat• Result still not an exact duplicate
Cloning Humans
• Reproductive cloning• Therapeutic cloning• Efforts to ban both in US• Being done elsewhere• Frantic pleas: we’ll be left behind
scientifically
Reproductive human cloning
• Almost universal political objections• Turns humans into commodities• Seems to have no point• Normal human reproduction
– No capital equipment required– Undertaken voluntarily– Can be carried out by unskilled labor
Therapeutic Human Cloning
• Often described only in technical terms• Done to harvest embryonic stem cells• Promoted as having potential to cure
various diseases and conditions• So far no proof that it has any value• It still amounts to destroying a human
being
Korean Human Embryos
Do Clones Die Young?
• Dolly the sheep– Premature arthritis– Died at age 6– Genetic material already 6 years old when
she was conceived• All other clones seem to have health
problems
Summary
• Animal reproductive cloning– Clone prize animals– Recreate extinct species– Preserve endangered species
• Human therapeutic cloning– Requires killing an embryo– Potential alleged but not demonstrated