clonazepam relieve panic attacks iupac name: 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-7- nitro-2h-1,4-...
TRANSCRIPT
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Clonazepam relieve panic attacks
IUPAC Name: 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-7-nitro-2H-1,4- benzodiazepin-2-one
Molecular weight: 315.72
Appearance: light yellow crystalline powder
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lead compound discovery
• Nitrazepam --a type of benzodiazepine
The core structure of benzodiazepine
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They tried to modify benzodiazepine , one of which is the introduction of nitro group
There was a group of scientists : Sternbach and his collegues
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several nitro compounds were prepared and nitrazepam is one of the successful products
much more potent than chlordiazepoxide in both mice and cats.
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Molecular modification
• a chloro-nitrobenzodiazepine (a chlorinated derivative of nitrazepam)
• differs from nitrazepam with the substitution of a chlorine atom
nitrazepam
Clonazepam
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• IUPAC: 5-(2-chlorphenyl)-1,3-dihydro-7-nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one
• synthesized by derivatives of 1,4-benzodiazepines
• the acceptor nitro group (NO2) on C7 of the benzodiazepine system is introduced at the last stage of synthesis
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1. 2-chloro-2’-nitrobenzophenone → is reduced to 2-chloro-2'-aminobenzophenone by hydrogen over Raney nickel
2. amidated by 2-bromoacetyl bromide to give the bromacetamide
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3. converted into aminoacetamide upon reaction with ammonia
4. cycled into 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4- benzodiazepine-2-one
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5. nitration of the resulting product in mild conditions (potassium nitrate in sulfuric acid)
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Clonazepam VS Nitrazepam
Clonazepam
• longer half-life: 18–50 hours
• No carcinogenicity studies have been conducted
• faster onset of action and higher effectiveness rate: maximum plasma concentrations are reached within 1 to 4 hours after oral administration
Nitrazepam
• half-life :15-38 hours
• Long-term use will increase the risk of developing cancer.
• maximum plasma concentrations are reached within 3hours after oral administration
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Formulation development
• available as tablets, orally disintegrating tablets (wafers), oral solution (drops), solution for injection or intravenous infusion
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• inactive ingredients of Clonazepam tablet :– anhydrous lactose – colloidal silicon dioxide– magnesium stearate– microcrystalline cellulose– pregelatinized starch– sodium lauryl– colourings
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(IV)Safety tests and human trials
• (i) Aim: To study the deficiency diseases caused by the use of clonazepam during pregnancy
• (ii)Aim: To test the effectiveness of clonazepam in treating panic disorder
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1.5 mg/kg/day
Clonazepam was administered orally to pregnant rabbits
0.2 mg/kg/day
10 mg/kg/day
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Result 1• ALL babies show malformations : cleft palate, open eyelid, fused sternebrae or limbs
Fused legs
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Result 2• dosages of 5 & 10 mg/kg/day : reductions in maternal weight gain
• dosage of 10 mg/kg/day : reduction in embryo-fetal growth
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Conclusion
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fixed-dose study
• 9-week & 4 phases : • 1-week placebo lead-in• 3-week upward
titration,• 6-week fixed dose • 7-week discontinuance
phase. • doses of 0.5, 1, 2, 3 or
4 mg/day or placebo
• 6-week & 3 phases• 1-week placebo lead-in• 6-week optimal-dose • 6-week discontinuance
phase.
• doses range of 0.5 to 4 mg/day or placebo
• mean clonazepam dose during the optimal dosing period was 2.3 mg/day.
flexible-dose study
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Result : fixed-dose study
• 1 mg/day group shows the most significant effect
74% free of full panic attacks
placebo-treated patients : 56%
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Result: flexible-dose study
Patients receiving clonazepam 62% of patients : free of full panic attacks
of placebo-treated patients : 37%
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Conclusion:
• Clonazepam is significantly more effective than placebo in treating panic disorder on change from baseline in panic attack frequency.
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(V)Approval for marketing:
Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc
U.S. Food and Drug
Administration
August 3, 2005,