clinton-obama civil rights. bill clinton, 1993-2001 domestic policy *cut federal spending, raised...
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CLINTON-OBAMACIVIL RIGHTS
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BILL CLINTON, 1993-2001
DOMESTIC POLICY*Cut Federal spending, raised taxes on wealthy*Proposed health care reform; failed to pass*CONTRACT WITH AMERICA—Newt Gingrich proposes
smaller government/ more responsible to people*Computer industry success helps with economic
prosperity*IMPEACHMENT (Monica Lewinsky trial; denial of
relationship)FOREIGN POLICY*NAFTA—Trade agreement between U.S., Canada, Mexico:
lowered tariffs *War in KOSOVO; U.S. forces sent in as part of NATO
coalition to stop “ethnic cleansing”*Helped China join the World Trade Organization (WTO),
butfailed to end human rights abuses
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THE AMERICAN DREAM—FOLLOWING TOQUEVILLE’S IDEAS OF INCREASED FREEDOM AND OPPORTUNITY IN AMERICA…
BILL GATES—FOUNDER OF MICROSOFT. AMONG FIRST TO RECOGNIZED POTENTIAL OF PERSONAL COMPUTER. TODAY MICROSOFT’S SOFTWARE IS A PART OF NEARLY EVERY PERSONAL COMPUTER IN THE WORLD
SAM WALTON—STARTED HIS OWN FIVE-AND-DIME STORE IN ARKANSAS IN 1962. HE CREATED A CHAIN OF STORES OFFERING A LARGE VARIETY OF PRODUCTS AT LOW PRICES.
WALMART AND SAM’S CLUB HAVE GROWN TO BECOME THE WORLD’S LARGEST RETAILER.
ESTEE LAUDER—A JEWISH NEW YORKER, SHE FOUNDED A COSMETICS COMPANY WITH HER HUSBAND, PIONEERING THE “GIVEAWAY PROMOTION.” MUCH OF HER EARLY SUCCESS WAS “WORD OF MOUTH” ADVERTISING, THEN SHE CHANGED TO BEAUTIFUL MODELS.
ROBERT JOHNSON—FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN BILLIONARE FOUNDED BLACK ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION. THIS BECAME THE FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN MANAGED COMPANY ON THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE. HE SOLD IT FOR $1.5 BILLION IN 1998 AND IN 2003
BECAME THE OWNER OF THE CHARLOTTE BOBCATS (NBA)
LIONEL SOSA—IDENTIFIED THE POTENTIAL IN THE HISPANIC MARKET AS A TARGET FOR ADVERTISING AND POLITICS. HE FOUNDED THE LARGEST HISPANIC ADVERTISING AGENCY THE U.S.. HE MOTIVATED HISPANICS TO “COMPETE AND WIN.” HE HAS ALSO ADVISED SEVERAL REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTS AS A POLITICAL ADVISOR.
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GEORGE W. BUSH, 2001-2009
ELECTION OF 2000 Florida vote so close, recount required by lawSupreme Court decision in Gore v. Bush gives Florida
election toBush which makes him winner of the electionTERRORIST ATTACK 9/11/2001 (World Trade Center;
Pentagon)*Bush declared GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR*Created DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY*Sponsored the USA PATRIOT ACT
WAR IN IRAQ: Coalition forces invade Iraq to find weapons of mass destruction
*Saddam Hussein removed from power
FINANCIAL CRISIS OF 2008*Housing market crashed, setting off sharp decline
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BARACK OBAMA, 2009-
OBAMA WINS ELECTION Beat John McCain (Republican)*First African-American elected President*Gained endorsement of Oprah Winfrey (millionaire talk
showhost/media figure)
*Promised great change*AMERICAN RECOVERY AND INVESTMENT ACT
passed to stimulate economyAFFORDABLE HEALTH CARE ACT (OBAMACARE)
SONIA SOTOMAYOR First Hispanic (3rd woman) appointed to Supreme Court
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CIVIL RIGHTS
PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896)*Allowed “separate but equal” facilities
BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION (1954)*Ended segregation in public schools*Separate facilities are inherently unequal
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT*Montgomery bus boycott (1955)—Rosa Parks refuses to
move*Integration of Little Rock High School (1957)
troops sent in to protect 9 students*Civil Rights Act (1957)—to increase African-American
voting*Civil Rights Act (1964)*Sit-ins and Freedom Rides (1960s)*Voting Rights Act (1965)*Affirmative Action (1965)
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DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.
MAJOR BELIEFS/TEACHINGS*Nonviolent, civil disobedience*Modeled actions after Thoreau and Gandhi
MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT (1955)*started with Rosa Parks refusal to give up seat*Ended segregated buses in Montgomery
MARCH ON WASHINGTON (1963)*Delivered his “I Have A Dream” Speech*Helped lead to passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964
“LETTER FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL”*King explained why African Americans could no long wait
for equality
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OTHER IMPORTANT PEOPLE/GROUPS TO KNOW
THURGOOD MARSHALL*NAACP ATTORNEY*First African American on the Supreme Court
ROSA PARKS: Her arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott
SOUTHERN GOVERNORS WHO RESISTED INTEGRATION:*George Wallace (Alabama)—stood in door to University*Orval Faubus (Arkansas)—ordered National Guard to
prevent integration in Little Rock
*Lester Maddox (Georgia)—former restaurant owner
BLACK POWER MOVEMENT:*Malcolm X*BLACK PANTEHERS (more militant)
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BATTLE IN THE COURTS
MENDEZ v. WESTMINSTER (1947)*No segregating Mexican-American children without a
specific state law*(California) also extended to Chinese and Japanese
HERNANDEZ v. TEXAS (1954)*Convicted of murder by all white jury*Fourteenth Amendment violation*Race cannot be excluded from juries
DELGADO v. BASTROP ISD (1948)*Segregation of Mexican American children illegal in Texas
EDGEWOOD ISD v. KIRBY (1984)*State must revise school funding system
SWEAT v. PAINTER (1950)*UT law school could not have a segregated “separate but
equal” law school
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CIVIL RIGHTS EXTENDED…
CHICANO MOVEMENT (Mexican Americans)*Sought to correct past discrimination and racism* Mural movement brings attention and pride*Leaders:
Hector Garcia (challenged discrimination; GI Forum)
Cesar Chavez (organized farm workers using non-violent methods)
Delores Huerta (farm workers, women’s rights, environoment—Medal of Freedom winner)
AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM) *”Red Power”: Raise respect for Native Americans* Occupation of Alcatraz/Wounded Knee*Bring attention to plight of their people
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WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
CHALLENGED TRADITIONAL ROLES OF WOMEN
BETTY FRIEDAN* Wrote The Feminine Mystique (not all housewives happy)*Helped form Nation Organization of Women (NOW)
TITLE IX *Promoted gender equality in high school and college
education*Guaranteed girls in school the same opportunities as boys
(forexample in sports)
EQUAL PAY ACT *Requires companies to pay women the same wages as
men for the same work.