clinical physiology made ridic

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Clinical Physiology Made Ridiculously Simple

by Stephen Goldberg

Paperback: 160 pagesPublisher: Medmaster; 2007 edition (January 1, 2007)

ISBN-10: 0940780216

ISBN-13: 978-0940780217

Book DescriptionA brief, to-the-point presentation of the most important points in clinical

physiology. Enables the reader to see cardio-pulmonary-renal physiology aswell as immunology and other areas as a clear conceptual whole.

About the AuthorThe Made Ridiculously Simple Series was founded by Stephen Goldberg.A graduate of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, he subsequently

trained in Neurology, becoming Board Certified in Ophthalmology andFamily Medicine.

As a faculty member at the University of Miami School of Medicine,both in the Family Medicine and Cell Biology/Anatomy Departments,he has been involved in the education of medical students and residentsfor the past 25 years.Dr. Goldberg has received the George Paff Award for Teaching Excellenceat the University of Miami School of Medicine eleven times since itsinception in 1985.

He has authored a number of titles in the MedMaster series and has workedwith other authors in an editorial capacity. His first book,Clinical Neuroanatomy Made Ridiculously Simple has sold over 300,000English edition copies.



CONTENTS

Preface v

PART

I

CARDIO PULMONARY RENAL ELECTROLYTE

ACID BASE BALANCE

CHAPTER 1

CELL FUNCTION

1

CHAPTER 2

BLOOD PRESSURE 4

CHAPTER 3

ELECTROLYTES AND ACID BASE METABOLISM

22

CHAPTER 4

EVALUATION OF RENAL FUNCTION 34

CHA PTER 5. CARDIAC FUNCTION 36

CHAPTER

6. TH E RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

52

PART II: EVERYTHING ELSE

CHAPTER 7

RED BLOOD CELLS AND BLOOD COAGULATION

61

CHAPTER 8

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

66

CHAPTER 9

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

88

CHAPTER 10

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

122

CHAPTER 11

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 134

v



INDEX

c e l l - me d i a t e d i mmun i t y , 7 2 , 7 4

c e n t r a l ve nous p r e s s u r e . 16

c e r e be l l um, 10 6

cerebra l cor tex , 10 7

C h e d i a k - H i g a s h i s y n d r o m e , 8 3

Che yne - S t oke s r e s p i r a t i on , 5 5

chloride shift , 2 8 , 5 3

c ho l e c ys t ok i n i n , 125, 14 7

c ho r e a , 10 6

c ho r i on i c gona d o t r oph i n , 14 5

c h r omi um, 3 3

chronot ropic ef fec t , 51

c hy l omi c r ons , 12 3

c l a s s i c a l pa t hwa y , 67

c l e a r a nc e , 3 4

c l omi phe ne , 14 7

c lonal se lec t ion theory , 7 2

clot t ing fac tors , 62

d i a b e t e s m e l l i t u s , 8 1 , 1 4 2

d i a s t o l e . 3 6

d i a s t o l i c p r e s s u r e , 4

diffusion, 1

d i ge s t i on , 12 2

d i s t a l c onvo l u t e d t ubu l e . 11

d i u r e t i c s , 15

dromotropic ef fec t , 5 1

D u c h e n n e m u s c u l a r d y s t r o p h y , 9 6

dys t r oph i n , 96

e c h o c a r d i o g r a p h y , 51

E E G , 11 0

effective renal plasma flow. 3 5

ejection fraction, 51

e l a s t a nc e , 5 7

e l e c t r oc a r d i og r a m, 41

e l e c t r oe nc e pha l og r a m, 11 0

e l ec t r omy ogr a m , 9 6



c l o t t i ng t i me , 64

c oa gu l a t i on , 6 4

cobal t . 3 3

cochlea ,

1 19

cold agglut in in tes t , 85

c o l ony - s t i mu l a t i ng f a c t o rs , 69

color vision, 9 1 , 118

c o m p l e m e n t , 6 6

c ompl e me n t f i xa t i on t e s t s , 8 5

comple te hear t b lock, 44

c ompl i a nc e , 57

conduct ion ve loc i ty , 3 9 , 9 6

C o n n s s y n d r o m e , 14 0

c onne c t i ng t ubu l e , 11

c o n s e n s u a l r e f l e x , 100

C o o m b s t e s t , 8 5

copper , 3 3

c o r pus l u t e um, 13 7

cor t ica l col lec t ing duct , 11

c o t r a ns po r t , 3

c ouma r i n , 6 4

c o u n t e r t r a n s p o r t , 3

c r a n i a ) ne r ve s , 9 8

c r e a t i n i ne , 34

c r i s t a e , 12 0

Cus h i ng s d i s e a s e . 13 5

Cus h ing*s s ynd r om e . 13 5

CV P , 16

cystic fibrosis, 12 9

cys t i nu r i a 23

c y t ok i ne , 6 9

cytotoxic T ce l l s , 7 6 , 7 7

d e a d s p a c e v o l u m e , 5 9

de c ompr e s s i on s i c kne s s , 54

De Ge or ge s ynd r ome , 8 3

de l a ye d hype r s e ns i t i v i t y , 82

dendr i t ic ce l l s , 69

de po l a r i z a t i on , 37

d e t e r m i n a n t s , 72

d i a b e t e s i n s i p i d u s , 1 5 , 106

ELI S A t e s t , 85

E M G . 9 6

e ndoc r i ne s y s t e m. 13 4

endocytosis 3

e n d o l y m p h , 119

e n d o m e t r i o s i s , 146

endotoxic shock, 8 0

e n t e r ohe pa t i c c i r c u l a t i on , 12 7

e os i noph i l s , 7 0

epi lepsy , 11 1

e p i n e p h r i n e , 7, 15, 2 7 , 14 0

epi the l io id ce l l s . 6 9

epi topes , 72

E P S P , 8 8

e r y t h r ob l a s t o s i s f e t a l is , 8 7

e r y t h r o p o e t i n . 2 4 , 6 1 . 6 9

e s o t r op i a . 11 8

e s t r oge ns . 14 3

e xo t r op i a , 118

e xp i r a t o r y r e s e r ve vo l ume , 57

extrafusal fibers, 9 2

e x t r i n s i c pa t hwa y . 6 2

e ye mus c l e s , 113

eye ,

11 1

f a m i l i a l d y s a u t o n o m i a , 10 5

fasc icula t ions , 9 6

fer r i t in , 61

F E V l . 0 , 5 9

fibrillations, 9 6

fibrin. 6 2

fibrinogen, 62

fibrinolysin. 64

Kick principle, 19

first-degree he ar t blo ck, 44

fluoride, 3 3

f ol li cl e s t i m u l a t i ng ho r m one ,

137

f r e e wa t e r c l e a r a nc e , 3 5

F S H, 13 7

F T A - A B S t e s t , 8 4

149

functional residual capacity, 57

gamma motor f ibers, 92

gastrin, 124, 147

GFR. 34

glomerular filtration rat e. 34

glomerular membrane. 22

glomerulo-tubular balance, 25

glomerulus, 9, 12

glucagon, 143

Golgi tendon organs, 91

Goodpasture s syndrome, 81

granular cells, 12

granulocyte s, 70

granuloma, 69

Grave s disease, 81

growth hormone, 134

hapten, 72

Hart mp disease, 23

INDEX

immunity, 72

immunizations, 86

immunodeficiency, 82

immunogen, 72

immunonephelometry, 84

immunostimulation, 86

immunosuppression, 86

inflammation, 68

inhibin. 137

inotrop ic effect, 51

inspiratory capacity, 57

inspiratory reserve volume, 57

insulin, 141

interferon, 66

interleukins, 69

intrafusal fibers, 92

intrinsic factor. 61

intrinsic pathway, 62



HCG, 145,147

HDL, 126

hearing, 118

heart block, 44

hemagglutinin inhibition test, 85

hemiballismus, 107

hemochromatosis, 33

hemolytic anem ia, 61

hemophilia, 62

hemorrhagic disease of the

newborn, 133

Henle s loop, 11

heparin, 64

hereditary angioneurotic edema, 80 , 83

Hering-Breuer reflex, 53

heterophil antibody test, 84

Hirschp rung s megacolon, 106, 129

HLA, 75

homeostasis, 4

Horner s syndrome, 106

human chorionic gon adotrophin. 147

human leukocyte antigen, 75

humoral immunity, 72 , 74

hyaline membrane diseasek, 57

hydraulic pressure, 10

hyperaldosteronism. 15, 27

hypcrchloremic acidosis, 28

hyperopia, 115

hypokalemic alkalosis, 27

hypothalamus, 103

hypothalmic releasing hormones, 137

idio types , 74

IgA. 72 . 73

IgD, 72 . 7 3

IgE, 72 , 73

IgG.

72 .

73

IgM. 72 . 7 3

immune complexes, 78

immune tests, 84

iodide, 33

IPSP, 88

iron deficiency anemia, 61

iron, 33

isometric contraction, 50

isometric exercise, 18

isotonic contraction , 50

isotypes, 72

j ux t a g lom e r u la r a ppa r a tus , 12

ke m ic t e r us , 133

kinins, 69

Korotkoff soun ds, 5

Korsakoff s synd rome, 103

Kupffer cells, 69

lac tose intole ra n c e , 129

Langerhans cells, 69

Laplace equ ation, 51

lateral inhibition. 89

latex fixation test, 84

WL

126

LE prep, 84

leukocyte adhesion deficiency. 83

leukotrienes, 69

U ydig cells. 137

LH, 137

loop diuretic s, 15

lower motor neuron, 98

lupus erythematosis, 82

luteinizing h ormone. 137

lymphokine, 69

lysozyme, 66 , 69

macrophage ac t iva t ing fac tor , 75

macrophages, 69

macula densa, 11, 12

MAF. 75

magnesium, 32

major histocom patibility complex. 75

manganese, 33

mast cells, 70

150

INDEX

mean blood pressure, 4

mean circulatory filling pressure, 5

medu llary collecting duct, 11

Meissner s plexus, 122

melanocyte st imulating hormone, 137

melatonin, 139

memory cells, 76

menstrual cycle, 145

mesangial cells, 12, 2 2 . 71

metabolic acidosis, 31

metabolic alkalosis, 31

metarter ioles, 14

MIIC. 75

micelles, 12 3

microglia, 69

MIF. 75

migration inhibition fac tor, 75

mineralocorticoids, 140

P-R interval , 4 2

PAH, 35

Papez circuit, 10 3

para-aminohippura te (PAH), 35

parathyroid hormone, 32, 139

Parkins on s disease, 89

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglo binuria, 83

part ial thromboplastin t ime, 64

passive immunization, 86

pa tent du c tus a r te r iosus , 4 , 48

PEEP, 60

pemphigus , 8 1

perilymph, 119

periodic paralysis, 96

peripheral resistance, 5

peri tub ular capil lar ies, 11

pernicious anem ia, 8 1

phagolysosome, 69



minute respiratory volu me, 59

mitral insufficiency , 48

mitral prolapse, 48

mitral stenosis, 48

molybdenum, 3 3

monoclonal antibodies, 73

monocyte, 69

monokine, 69

motor end plate, 93

multinucleated gian t cells, 69

multiple myeloma, 81

m ur m ur s , 4 9

muscle contraction, 93

muscle spindles, 91

myasthenia gravis, 81 , 96

myenteric p llexus, 122

myocardial infarction, 46

myofibrils, 93

myopia, 115

myosin, 9 3 . 94

myotonia, 96

na tu r a l k i l l e r c e l l s , 7 1 , 76 , 77

neurot ransmit te r s , 88

neutrophils, 70

nickel, 33

nitric oxide, 15

nitroglycerin. 41

nodal tachycardia, 44

norepinephrine, 7, 15 , 1 40

o b s t r u c t i v e l u n g d i s e a s e , 59

opsonization, 68

osmolality, 8

osmotic diuretics, 16

osmotic pressure, 10

ovulation, 145

oxygen dissociation curve, 52

oxytocin, 13 9

P w a ve , 41

phagosome, 69

pheochrom ocy toma, 15

phosphate , 32

phosphate buffer, 29

pinhole lens, 115

pituitary gland , 103

plasma cell s, 72, 74

plasmin, 64

plasminogen, 64

platelet factor 3, 62

platelet ph ospholipids, 62

platelets, 6 1 ,7 1

podocytcs, 2 2

Poiseuille equation, 18

polyarteritis nodosa, 81

polyclonal activ ation, 82

post-streptococcal glo merulonephrit is , 81

precipitation tests, 84

preload, 4 1 , 50

premature vent ricular con tractions, 4 4

presbyopia, 11 5

primary hyperaldosteronism, 27, 140

primary immune response, 74

profibrinolysin , 64

progestero ne, 143

prolactin, 135

prostaglandins. 12, 14, 62, 69

prothrombin activator , 62

prothrombin ti m e, 64

prothrombin, 62

proximal tubule, 11

pseudobulbar palsy, 109

P T ,6 4

P I T , 64

pulmonary capil lary wedge pressure, 17 , 21

Purkinje fibers. 37, 3 9

PVCs, 44

Q -T in t e r v a l . 42

151

INDEX

QRS interval , 42

radionuc leo t ide ventr icu lography , 51

receptors, 8, 40

refraction,

113

refractory period, 38

renal corpuscle, 9

renal tu bula r acidosis, 23

repolarization, 38

residual volum e, 57

respiration, 52

respiratory acidosis, 31

respiratory alkalosis, 31

restrict ive lun g disease, 59

reticular activati ng system, 89

reticular cells, 72

reticulo-e ndothelial system, 69

retina, 111

Rh factor, 86

T lym phocy tes ,

72 , 75

T suppres sor cells, 77

T tubules, 93

T wave, 42

TBG, 137

temporal sum m ation, 88

testosterone, 145

tetany, 3 9 , 96

TGF-beta, 69

tha lamus, 106

thallasemia, 61

thiazide diuretics, 15

thomboxane A2, 6 1

thrombin, 62

thrombocytope nia, 62

thyroglobulin. 137

thyroid hormone, 139

thyroid st imulating hormone, 137



Rh incompatibility, 77

rheumat ic a r thr i t i s , 82

rheumatic fever, 81

Riley-Day syndrome, 105

Rosenbaum card, 115

S - T se gm e nt , 42

SA node, 39

saltatory conduction, 88

sarcoplasmic reticulum, 9 3

Schwar tzm an reaction, 80

scotomas, 99

second-degree heart block, 44

secondary hyperaldosteronism, 27, 140

secondary immune response, 74

selenium, 3 3

self-tolerance, 74

semicircular canals, 120

serotonin, 14

serum sickness, 81

shock, 20

sickle cell ane mia , 61

silicon, 3 3

silicosis, 3 3

sinus tachycardia. 44

sodium-potassium pump, 3 7, 3 9

somatosta t in , 14 3

spa t ia l summ at ion, 88

spinocerebellar tract , 97

spinothalamic tract , 97

spirometry, 57

spironolactone, 16

spli t t ing of hea rt sound s, 49

Starling s law, 12

s t rabismus, 118

surfactant, 57

Swan-Ganz catheter , 21

systole, 37

systolic pressu re,

4

thyroxine-bindin g globulin, 137

tidal volume, 57

TIP test , 84

t issue plasminogen activator , 64

total lung cap acity, 57

transferr in, 61

t ransplanta t ion, 87

TSH, 137

tubuloglomerular feedback, 25

tumor necrosis factor, 69

tympanic m e m br a ne ,

119

U wave , 42

upper motor neuron, 98

vas cular endothe l ia l ce l l s ,

71

vascular reacti vity, 15

vasopressin, 7, 104

venous pump, 15

ventricular fibrillation, 44

ventr icular hypertrophy, 46

vent r icula r tachycardia, 44

vision, 111

visual pathways, 99, 100

vital capacity, 57

vitamin B12 deficiency, 61

vitamin D, 3 2 , 139

vi tamins , 129

VLDL, 126

Von Willebrandt s disease. 6 2

W aldens trom s m acrog lobul incm ia ,

81

water clearance, 3 5

Weil-Felix t est, 85

Wernicke s sy ndrom e, 10 3

Western blott ing technique, 85

Widal test, 85

Wilson s disease, 33

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. 83

zinc, 3 3

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 129

52

clinical physiology made ridic

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