CLINICAL CHEMISTRYDefinition: FBS- fasting blood sugar- used to monitor the glucose sugar on blood. Cholesterol- evaluates the risk for arteriosclerosis, myocardial occlusion and coronary arterial occlusion. HDL- used to assess CAD risk and monitor persons with known low HDL levels. LDL- specifically done to determine CHD risk Trigylcerides- the test evaluates suspected atherosclerosis and measures the bodys ability to metabolize fat Sodium- determinations of plasma sodium levels detect changes in water balance rather than sodium balance. Potassim: measures serum levels of potassium, a major intracellular action that helps maintain osmotic equilibrium; regulates muscle activity, enzyme activity, and acid base balance and influences renal function.

Purpose: to obtain serum level of the above mentioned blood components and body metabolic requirements and products.

Preparation: obtain a 5ml venous blood sample. Fasting is done for the FBS. Date of Examination: 091612

ResultsNormal ValuesSignificance

FBS5.10 mmolL4.1-5.9 mmolLPossibly due to increasing age, the utilization of glucose by the skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle cells are reduced resulting to slightly increase in the serum blood glucose after fasting

Cholesterol5.62 mmolL1.3-5.2 mmolLPossibly due to hypertension which is common in patients with increased trigylcerides and cholesterol levels.

Triglycerides4.70 mmolL0.17-1.20 mmolLIncreased trigylcerides are usually associated with conditions common to older adult such as hypertension. Also, usually common in adults due to decrease pancreatic secretions.

HDL0.66 mmolL0.90-1.55 mmolLWithin normal limits

LDL2.82 mmolL0.3-9 mmolLWithin normal limits

Date of Examination: 091712

ResultsNormal ValuesSignificance

Sodium143.9 mmolL135-145 mmolLWithin normal limits

Potassium3.89 mmolL3.5-5.3 mmolLWithin normal limits

Name of Examination: Gram StainDefinition: An empirical method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (Gram Positive and Gram Negative) based on the chemical, primarily the presence of high levels of peptidoglycan, and physical properties of their cell walls. Performed on body fluid or biopsy if infection is suspected.Purpose: To differentiate bacterial species into two large groups (Gram negative & Gram positive)Specimen: Vaginal DischargePreparation: Obtain a swab of vaginal discharge and gently roll it over a glass slide. Apply a primary stain (crystal violet) to the heat fixed smear of bacterial culture. Add a trapping agent (Grams iodine). Decolorize with ethanol and counterstain with safranin.Date:ResultNormal ValuesSignificance

Some pus cellsFewer than 5 leukocytesNormal

Many squamous epithelial cellsNormal

Many Gram-negative bacilliShould consist predominantly of lactobacilli (large Gram-positive bacilli)Indicator of Bacterial Vaginosis caused by G. Vaginalis.

Few Gram-positive cocci, singlyNormal

No demonstrative extracellular nor intracellular Gram-negative diplococci.No demonstrative extracellular nor intracellular Gram-negative diplococci.Normal. Otherwise, presence of intracellular Gram-negative diplococcic should indicate Gonococcal Conjunctivitis.