clin aud i handout

Clin Aud I Handout of 41

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card fld "Info" Syllabus for Clinical Audiology I, CD 5701

Instructor: Robert de Jonge, Ph.D., Martin 58

Text: Audiology: Diagnosis, RJ Roeser, M Valente, and H Hosford-Dunn (eds).

Exams: There are three exams, all multiple choice. The final is not comprehensive and will also have a practical component based upon obtaining a valid masked audiogram (using a simulator).

Attendance: Class attendance policy is consistent with University policy. In addition, four absences are allowed for whatever reason (approved or not, at your discretion). Beyond this the final grade is reduced by 1/4 of a letter grade for each additional absence. The final grade will be increased by 1/4 for each of the allowed absences that is not used. Perfect attendance improves performance by one full letter grade.

Exam 1: Masking (Section I)Exam 2: SISI, ABLB, OAEs, Tone decay, Békésy (Section II)Exam 3: Diagnostic uses of speech audiometry, introduction to ABR, and functional testing

(Sections III-V)

Topics

In general it is assumed that you understand the basic evaluation. Also, It's helpful to learn about hearing disorders and the "gold standard" for identifying acoustic nerve tumors (MRI and CT scans). As an introduction, read Chapters 11 (Pure Tone Tests), 5 (Disorders of the Auditory System), and 6 (Radiographic Imaging in Otologic Disease).

I. Clinical Masking. We will discuss the methods for obtaining a valid masked audiogram: normal procedures, (valid) shortcuts, dilemmas, and masking for speech and other special procedures. Also, we will investigate the theoretical basis of masking as it relates to the clinical setting.

• Read Chapter 12 (Clinical Masking)

II. Behavioral and physiologic site-of-lesion tests specifically related to cochlear pathology: loudness and the difference limen for intensity (SISI, ABLB, MLB) and the direct evaluation of OHC functioning (OAEs). Behavioral tests related to neural function, the phenomenon of adaptation: tone decay procedures and Békésy audiometry.

• Read Chapters 1 (Diagnostic Procedures in the Profession of Audiology), 21 (Otoacoustic Emissions).

III. Diagnostic uses of speech audiometry/central evaluation: the extrinsic redundancy of speech vs. intrinsic redundancy of the auditory system.

• Read Chapters 13 (Speech Audiometry), 15 (Diagnosing Central Auditory Processing Disorders in Children), 16 (Diagnosing Central Auditory Processing Disorders in Adults)


IV. Basics of the auditory brainstem response (ABR). The focus will be upon the use of the ABR in detecting retrocochlear pathology. Also, some attention will be given to the ABR for threshold estimation.

• Read Chapter 19 (The Auditory Brainstem Response)

V. Pseudohypoacusis, the test procedures for evaluating non-organic hearing loss.• Read Chapter 14 (Audiologic Evaluation of Special Populations), the section on

Pseudohypoacusis p. 329-333.

card fld "Introduction…"Introduction

•The major focus of the class is on diagnostic audiometry -identifying what is wrong with the system -which facilitates appropriate management

•Objectives… -understand the theory behind the procedures -be able to implement, interpret procedures (protocols) -feel free to practice on your own, use clinic materials

Background

•Audiology began as a field with a focus on rehabilitation -Carhart, WWII veterans

•Advances in otology in the 1950s and 60s spurred interest in precise assessment of the auditory periphery -tympanoplasty for reconstructing ears ravaged by inflammatory disease -eliminating conductive component of otosclerosis via fenestration, stapedectomy -early identification and surgical excision of acoustic neuromas

•Distinguishing conductive from cochlear from retrocochlear was very important — Different sites imply different surgical procedures.

•Importance of valid (masked) audiometric thresholds for establishing cochlear reserve was appreciated

•The 1960s saw the development, or refinement of many behavioral, psychoacoustic tests for site of lesion… -ABLB, recruitment -SISI, difference limen -Békésy and tone decay, adaptation -speech recognition testing

•1970s was the era of impedance audiometry -objective technique for evaluating middle ear status, cochlear, retrocochlear status -tympanogram -acoustic reflex threshold, decay

•1980s saw measurement of auditory evoked potentials (especially ABR) become clinically feasible -ABR, the audiologic test of choice for detecting acoustic neuromas -ABR for threshold determination in difficult to test


•1990s will, perhaps, be the decade of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) -objective measure of OHC function -audiometric screening (problems with OAE screen missing auditory neuropathy) -site of lesion: While OAEs seem to be the ideal tool for identifying VIII N. tumors (i.e., SN hearing loss in the presence of normal OAEs), OAEs are absent in many tumor patients. -confounding effect of middle ear pathology

Some issues…

•A general trend toward replacing subjective procedures with objective

•Sensitivity/specificity and (now) cost are key issues

•The impact of high resolution imaging system (CT scans, MRI) on the need for audiologic procedures

-cost/benefit analysis provides rationale for using less sensitive tests (like ABR) — especially considering that VIII N. tumors grow slowly and are not a medical emergency -what role exists for even less sensitive procedures (e.g. ABLB, SISI)? -conventional MRI measures structure, not function, ABR abnormalities can be good corroborating evidence -fMRI can measure function (oxygenated blood images differently from deoxygenated blood), but not very quickly

card fld "Cochlear Reserve"•Cochlear reserve is a euphemism for how well the hair cell/nerve fiber population is preserved. Good cochlear reserve implies normal cochlear functioning.

•Bone conduction has routinely been used to estimate cochlear reserve, but bone thresholds are "contaminated" by middle ear effects — as illustrated by Carhart's notch in stapedial fixation.

•The SISI test and ABLB were developed, in part, as alternative methods for estimating cochlear reserve.

card fld "Sensitivity - Specificity"•Sensitivity… The percentage of abnormals identified by the test as being abnormal

•Specificity…The percentage of normals identified as being normal (or, non-abnormals identified by the test as not being abnormal)

•A perfect test has 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity

•Generally, as sensitivity of a test increases, the specificity decreases (and vice-versa)

card fld "Other Assignments…"Masking

•A major goal of the class is to make certain that you can obtain a valid masked audiogram. To facilitate this, two stacks have been developed…

-Masking Model -Audiometric Simulator


•Audiometric Simulator will help you practice masking techniques during the remaining 2/3 of the semester

•A portion of the final exam will be a practical exam on masking

•See the text Clinical Masking Procedures by WS Yacullo -It contains the same information as lecture and readings, but expanded -It contains many examples

Central auditory evaluation

Testing for CAPD is often difficult…

•Many different tests with involved protocols

•Interpretation of the results is more ambiguous than other audiologic tests (like ABR, OAEs, ABLB, etc.)

•Meaningful recommendations often involve a team approach (e.g., SLP, neuropsychologist, classroom teacher)

You should find the following text very useful:

Bellis, Teri James, Assessment and Management of Central Auditory Processing Disorders in the Educational Setting: From Science to Practice, Singular Publishing Group, Inc., San Diego - London, 1996.

Otoacoustic Emissions

•We have software which simulates OAE testing with the ILO88, and contains many examples of actual cases from the Rhode Island project on infant hearing screening.

•See the 486 computer in the ear impression lab. The software is in a program group accessible via Windows 3.1.

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card fld "ABLB Protocol"Protocol for the ABLB

Purpose:•To determine how loudness in the variable ear (ear with hearing loss) changes relative to the reference ear (ear with normal hearing)

•To place the ear with hearing loss into one of the categories: 1. No recruitment (normals, conductives, ? retro) 2. Complete recruitment (cochlear) 3. Partial recruitment (? cochlear) 4. Decruitment (strongly retrocochlear) 5. Hyper-recruitment (strongly cochlear)

Requirements:•one ear with normal hearing (< 25 dB HL)•other ear with hearing loss (> 25 dB HL)•more that a 20 dB separation between ears•2 channel audiometer (or, independent levels)

Procedure:1. select (any) frequency, instruct patient

2. alternate tone between ears, 3 times •present 20 dB SL tone to reference ear •present ? dB SL tone to variable ear

3. obtain patient judgement about variable ear •softer •equally loud •louder

4. repeat #2 to #3 until •you have covered range from softer to louder •obtain point of equal loudness

5. repeat #2 to #4 until •you have covered dynamic range •20, 40, 60, 80, perhaps 100 dB SL

Note:•You can shorten the ABLB significantly by defining the normal hearing ear as the variable ear, the "bad" ear as the reference ear

•How cochlear vs. conductive's losses respond to loudness on the ABLB is very similar to differences in performance on the √ABR latency-intensity functions √Acoustic reflex sensation levels


•Should you mask with the ABLB? Probably not: √the loudness of the tone that has crossed over is negligible when combined with the loudness of the tone in the impaired ear √this small increase in loudness could not create a test result suggesting recruitment

Protocol for the MLB

•exactly the same for the ABLB, but•tones are administered to the same ear•exchange reference tone for reference ear•exchange variable tone for variable ear

A major problem with the test•people have trouble ignoring pitch differences and attending to loudness

Theories of Recruitment

•Originally, Schuknect believed that two conditions are necessary for recruitment 1. Damage to the hair cell population 2. Relatively intact neural supply to cochlea

•Tonndorf related recruitment to a loss of hair cell ciliary stiffness

•Relevant considerations: √Loudness is encoded as the total number of neural impulses (spikes) √OHCs are primarily responsible for sensitivity in the 0 to 40 dB HL range (boosting the input to the IHC) √95% of the afferent supply innervates IHC population

So, √A 40 to 50 dB loss can still have near normal total number of neural impulses for more intense signals — complete recruitment (Killion's Type I hearing loss). √Losses > 40-50 dB cannot produce a normal number of neural impulses for more intense stimuli — partial recruitment (Killion's Type II hearing loss).

The End

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card fld "Instructions"Tell me when you think the tone in your left ear is… •louder •softer •the sameas the tone in your right


card fld "Info"•Turn the audiometer on, select the "Alternate" button, and simulate a loudness balance

•Where you depress the interruptor switch has a lot to do with the result of the loudness judgment

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card fld "Info"Question:

How much insertion gain (for a hearing aid) would be required to normalize loudness for the impaired ear?

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card fld "Phon"Psychoacoustics

•The study of our internal representation of external stimuli

•Don't ask a guy who has been operating a jack hammer for 15 years — without HPDs — if he's exposed to loud noise.

Loudness (phons & sones)

Phon scale•Loudness level in phons (Lp) used for making relative loudness judgements

•reference: A 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB SPL has a loudness level of 40 phons -a 57 dB SPL 1000 Hz tone = 57 phons -a 80 dB SPL 1000 Hz tone = 80 phons

√Compare loudness of a car horn to the loudness of a 1000 Hz tone, say 82 phon √Compare loudness of a door bell to the loudness of a 1000 Hz tone, say 63 phon √Compare loudness of a door bell to the loudness of a car horn (19 phon difference)

•Equal loudness contours

-The 80 phon contour, for example, shows all combinations of frequency/SPL judged to be equally loud

-Loudness contours are like isobar maps used in meteorology, or elevation contours around mountains

•The 0 phon contour is usually described as the threshold sensitivity curve, assuming 0 dB SPL is threshold at 1000 Hz — but it isn't.

•The 4.2 phon contour is approximately the threshold senstivity curve (binaural) in the sound field (MAF). The equivalent contour under headphone is the MAP curve. The MAP curve defines normal hearing and is used to calibrate audiometers.

•One goal of a successful hearing aid fitting is to restore normal loudness perception for as large a frequency range as possible.

card fld "Sone"Sones

•The sone scale is used for making absolute loudness judgements

•The reference is… a 1000 Hz tone, 40 dB SL re: threshold for a normal hearing person has a loudness of 1 sone

-SL is sensation level (the number of dB above threshold)

•How does loudness change with SPL?

-For every 10 dB increase in SPL the loudness doubles (approximately)


___________________________________Loudness phons Loudness in sones Lp Ls___________________________________ 20 0.25 30 0.5 40 1 50 2 60 4 70 8 80 16 90 32 100 64

Ls = 2^((Lp - 40)/10)

•This is useful for performing a listening check of the calibration of an audiometer

•Also notice how rapidly loudness is changing between 80 and 100 dB SPL (PEL = 90 dBA, AL = 85 dBA)

Recruitment

•Recruitment is usually described as an abnormal rate of loudness growth that is associated with cochlear pathology (i.e., damage to the hair cells)

•For example, compare the results for a normal hearing person, a 40 dB HL conductive hearing loss, and a 40 dB HL cochlear hearing loss. Each person judges the tone to be equally loud

Normal 80 dB HL Conductive 120 dB HL Cochlear 80 dB HL

•Ears with recruitment don't hear soft sounds very well, but hear more intense sounds normally

-This makes it difficult to fit hearing aids. Amplification that makes the soft sounds audible makes the more intense sounds too loud.

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Card number_____ 15card fld "SISI Protocol"The SISI test developed from difference limen (Latin for threshold) testing: the minimal difference in stimulus magnitude needed for the listener to perceive a difference between two stimuli. DLs were commonly measured for frequency and intensity. The DL is probably a reflection of the fundamental process initially used for analyzing the speech signal.

Protocol for the SISI

Purpose:•To determine if the pure-tone DL for intensity is ≤ 1.0 dB at a 20 dB SL (the modified SISI uses a different SL)

About the increments -the increments have a 50 msec rise-decay time, 200 msec at plateau -they occur at 5 second intervals -they are presented at a 20 dB SL re: threshold

•To place the ear with hearing loss into one of the categories: 1. Negative SISI (normals, conductives, retro) 0 - 20% 2. Questionable SISI (?) 25 - 65% 3. Positive SISI (cochlear) 70 - 100%

Requirements:•can be used with bilateral hearing loss•can test any frequency•audiometer with SISI mode

Procedure:1. select (any) frequency, instruct patient •caution them that the "jumps" will be small •listen carefully

2. Training phase •present carrier tone @ 20 dB SL •present 5 dB increment to elicit response •present 4, 3, 2 dB increments

3. Actual test •present 20, 1 dB increments (10 increments can be used if the patient


exhibits all-or-none behavior)

4. Check response behavior •if first 5 identified, present an empty trial •if first 5 missed, present a larger increment to elicit response

5. Score test •5% for each increment identified correctly

1. Negative SISI (normals, conductives, retro) •0 to 20% 2. Questionable SISI (?) •25 to 65% 3. Positive SISI (cochlear) •70 to 100%

Note:•the probability of obtaining a positive SISI is related to the amount of hearing loss•positive SISI scores are more often found for higher frequencies

Modified SISI•Generally, everything is the same except for the 20 dB SL

•the carrier tone is increased to a dB HL (usually around 75 dB HL) high enough to elicit a positive SISI

•negative SISI responses suggest retrocochlear pathology, especially if -hearing in the suspect ear is fairly good -the other ear has a positive SISI (i.e., there is ear asymmetry)

Do the SISI and the ABLB measure the same thing?•Owens (1965) found that of 72 ears with recruitment, 70 (97%) had positive SISI

•Martin (1970) used a group of unilaterals to perform the SISI at 4000 Hz under 2 conditions:

1. 20 dB SL in good ear & equal loudness in poorer ear (a lower overall loudness level) 2. 20 dB SL in poorer ear & equal loudness in better ear (a higher overall loudness level)

-SISI scores were not the same in each condition, despite the fact that loudness level was the same-He concluded that ABLB & SISI probably measure different aspects of cochlear physiology-the tests are not duplicative

Does tone decay invalidate the SISI?•when the carrier tone fades away, the increment appears to "pop out of nowhere"

The End

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card fld "card field id 9"from Pratt & Egan (1968): Otosclerosis

•Group A: post-op air was better than pre-op bone, "over-closure" of the ABG (60 patients)•Group B: post-op air equal to or poorer than pre-op bone (6 patients)•Group C: post-op air equal to or poorer than pre-op bone (9 patients)

card fld "Point"The main point:

•A +SISI (other tests, too) is an indication of cochlear pathology.

•An ear with cochlear pathology may be more "fragile" and not able to withstand the trauma of surgery — the result being additional damage which may manifest as poorer post-op word recognition.

•Consider options before operating on an ear with evidence of cochlear pathology.

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Otoacoustic emissions…

•OAEs are sound, measured with a sensitive microphone sealed in the ear canal

√measurement assembly is much like an impedance probe assembly

√the spectrum of the OAE gives information about hearing

•OAEs can occur spontaneously (SOAEs) or they can be evoked by different stimuli…

√by a single, long duration frequency (SFOAE) √by a brief tone, a tone burst (TBOAE) √by a transient, a click (TEOAE or CEOAE) √by the distortion product associated with two long duration frequencies (DPOAE)

-f1 and f2, f2 > f1 -f2 is usually 1.25*f1

-the SPL of the distortion product is measured, the frequency of the DP is 2*f1 - f2, the cubic distortion product -the origin of the OAE is associated with the geometric mean of f1 and f2

•Site of origin is within the cochlea, the OHCs. As the OHCs change in length: mechanical energy is imparted to: the basilar membrane, the fluid within the cochlea, to the footplate of the stapes, through the middle ear, to the eardrum which radiates acoustic energy into the ear canal.

√the OHC response is preneural, no latency, present if the VIII is severed

√the strength of each OHC response is proportional to the stimulus strength

√the OHC response is nonlinear, it is a distortion product. In a linear system, if two frequencies (or more) enter the system, the same two frequencies (or more) exit the system. In a nonlinear system, additional frequencies are present in the output.

√the acoustic spectrum of the OAE corresponds to the place and strength of the OHC response. For example…

-if energy is present at 1000 Hz in the OAE, it originated from OHCs at the "1000 Hz" place on the basilar membrane

-a larger SPL at 1000 Hz in the OAE is associated with a more vigorous OHC response at the "1000 Hz" place

-the strength of the OHC response is directly related to the intensity of the stimulus, and to the number of functioning OHCs

-the number of functioning OHCs is directly related to the audiogram threshold in the range from 0 to 40-50 dB HL

- see DPOAE Scatterplots.JPG

•A complete absence of OHCs results in a hearing loss of approximately 50 dB, and results in an absent OAE

√lesser amounts of hearing loss (thinning of the OHC population) result in a lower SPL for the OAE


•So, by reducing stimulus intensity, and observing the diminution of the response, you should be able to predict threshold. But,

√predicting audiogram threshold from the OAE is, however, difficult and often unsuccessful due to variability in…

-transmission loss through the middle ear -variation in ear canal size -noise in the measurement -perhaps surviving OHCs with absent IHCs

-see OAE 25% - 75% Dist 1.JPG and OAE 25% - 75% Dist 2.JPG

-see Interpreting OAE SN.JPG

•Neonatal ears produce OAEs with a much higher SPL than children, and especially adults — probably because neonates have smaller ear canals.

•Conductive hearing loss can obliterate OAEs. The stimulus is attenuated by the ABG, the response is attenuated by the ABG

•OAEs can be used to document normal cochlear functioning in cases where the hearing loss is produced by retrocochlear damage (as in auditory neuropathy, brainstem pathology)

√no point in using a hearing aid

•OAEs are sometimes present, sometimes not in ears with acoustic nerve tumors. Robinette (1992) found: Of 61 acoustic neuromas…

√TEOAEs were present in 31 (51%) √only 12 (20%) had OAEs despite mild to moderate hearing loss (i.e., a good part of the hearing loss should have been neural, not cochlear) √OAEs were only 20% sensitive to VIII N. lesions √acoustic neuromas affect cochlear function

•The presence of OAEs indicates no more than a slight cochlear loss (provided the stimulus level is chosen appropriately, not too high)

√assuming the rest of the auditory system is normal (not a correct assumption with auditory neuropathy)

•The absence of OAEs indicates more than a mild cochlear hearing loss

√but does not tell you the magnitude of the hearing loss (identify magnitude of loss with ABR)

√providing there is no conductive lesion

•OAEs are effective in detecting higher frequency cochlear hearing loss, but usually not effective in detecting low frequency cochlear hearing loss

√noise is a major problem below 1000 Hz √stimulus energy is often low below 1000 Hz √with transients, energy may be low for high frequencies, > 4 kHz


•OAEs can be useful for identifying pseudohypacusics

•OAE can be useful for evaluating special cases, for example:

√a perilymphatic fistula was suspected in a case of sudden, profound unilateral hearing loss √presence of OAEs did not support a peripheral site of lesion √final diagnosis was multiple sclerosis

•TEOAEs show great promise for the screening of neonates (day 1 or day 2) before hospital discharge

√presence of OAEs to 80 - 85 dB clicks indicates hearing levels 30 dB HL or better

•TEOAEs and DPOAEs are believed to derive from the same cochlear mechanism

√the two procedures are generally equivalent in providing information about hearing loss

√Gorga et al. (1993) found CEOAEs better at 1000, 2000 Hz. DPOAEs better at 4000 Hz. -they found a poor correlation between OAE SPL and audiogram threshold -presence of noise obscures the relationship

√which procedure is better depends upon the signal-to-noise ratio of the OAE √both procedures ineffective at 500 Hz due to noise contamination.

•Stover and Norton (1993) found that aging had little effect on the OAE, providing effects of hearing loss were removed

•Equipment: √ILO88, ILO92, ILO288 (Institute of Laryngology and Otology, David Kemp's research) √Virtual (out of business) √CUBDIS (Etymotic Research) √Biologic Scout/AudX √Grason Stadler GSI-60

•From Robinette (1992) √ILO88 TEOAEs √Results for 105 men, 160 women, 20 to 80 years of age (mean 42 years), normal hearing (T < 25 dB HL, 0.5 to 6 kHz)

√80 µsec pulses, 50/sec, 80 dB pe SPL √nonlinear clicks presented in blocks of 4: 3 condensation, 1 rarefaction, 3x larger -summed ear canal response is 0 for each block -nonlinear response remains (OAE)

√2 stimulus sets of 1040 pulses (260 blocks) each are averaged (A and B buffers)

Mean SD Range Stimulus peak SPL 81.0 dB 2.7 75.0- 93.0TEOAE SPL 8.6 dB 4.3 0.1- 22.3Reproducibility 84.5% 13.4 31.0- 99.0Canal noise 32.4 dB 1.6 28.8- 40.3Test time 63.0 sec 2.0 59.0-197.0


card fld "Missouri Legislation"PERFECTED

HB 401 -- SCREENING FOR HEARING LOSS IN NEWBORNS (Barry)

Effective January 1, 2002, this bill establishes a screeningprogram for hearing loss in newborn children and children lessthan 3 months old who are born in Missouri.

Authorized facilities, physicians, and other persons providingpediatric care to newborns are required to provide parents orguardians of newborns with information from the Department ofHealth about screening for hearing loss and implications fortreatment or non-treatment before the examination is conducted.The bill also specifies the type of hearing technology to beused; the facilities, physicians, and other persons who arerequired to ensure that the screening test was completed andreported to parents and the department; and regulationsregarding the exemption of newborns.

If the newborn fails the screening test, authorized facilities,physicians, and other persons are required to provideeducational information to parents or guardians promotingfurther diagnostic assessments and the identification ofcommunity resources. Authorized facilities, physicians, andother persons who voluntarily provided screening examinations tonewborns prior to January 1, 2002, are required to report theresults to the department.

The Department of Health is required to provide administrativeand technical assistance to facilities implementing thescreening program. The department is also required to establishand maintain a newborn hearing screening surveillance andmonitoring system for newborns reported with a hearing loss andto establish follow-up, referral, and reporting procedures fornewborns reported with a possible hearing loss. The departmentcan disclose confidential information to authorized persons andagencies for follow-up examinations without parental or guardianconsent.

The director of the Department of Elementary and SecondaryEducation in conjunction with Part C of the Individuals withDisabilities Education Act data system is required to monitorand to annually report the results of early interventionservices to the Department of Health. The bill authorizes theestablishment of a non-compensated, 12-member, Newborn HearingScreening Advisory Committee and specifies the composition ofthe committee. The committee is to advise and assist theDepartment of Health in the operation and evaluation of thehearing screening program.

Various health insurance policies are required to provide


coverage for hearing screening examinations and additionaldiagnostic examinations. Co-payments and deductible amounts arerequired to remain similar to other health care servicescontained in the policies. Newborns eligible for other medicalassistance or the children's health insurance program will alsobe covered. Specific insurance policies are excluded from therequirement to provide coverage for the hearing loss screeningtests as stated in the bill.

FISCAL NOTE: Estimated Net Cost to General Revenue of $164,144to Unknown in FY 2000, $178,686 to Unknown in FY 2001, and$359,576 in FY 2002. Estimated Net Income to InsuranceDedicated Fund of $14,450 to $28,900 in FY 2000, $0 in FY 2001,and $0 in FY 2002. Estimated Net Cost to Highway Funds of $0 inFY 2000, $0 in FY 2001, and $41,177 in FY 2002.

Card number_____ 23card fld "card field id 2"Tone Decay and Békésy Audiometry

•Two procedures based upon adaptation (abnormal tone decay)

•TD is a reflection of the inability of the cochlear nerve to maintain a constant firing rate in response to a continuous, pure tone

General description of a tone decay procedure (Carhart's, 1957 original procedure)

1. Instruct the patient to respond as long as the tone is heard

2. Present the tone (continuously on) below threshold, increase level in 5 dB steps until patient responds.

3. Begin timing. If tone is heard for full minute, discontinue test, and report 0 dB of tone decay.

4. If subject loses tone, record duration for which tone was heard, immediately increase level 5 dB, reset stopwatch to zero, continue timing.

5. The test is terminated when •the tone is heard for 1 full minute, or •30 dB SL re: Starting Level is reached

6. The amount of TD is the dB SL where the tone is heard for 1 full minute.

7. Excessive amounts of TD associated with VIII N. pathology

Characteristics of adaptation…

Adaptation (tone decay) is similar to fatigue (noise-induced temporary threshold shift, TTS) in that the presence of the stimulus causes poorer hearing. But the underlying processes are quite dissimilar.


•adaptation occurs only for pure tones that are continuously on

•adaptation does not occur for pulsed tones, narrow-band noise, broad-band noise, speech

√fatigue occurs for all types of signals

◊◊◊•adaptation occurs very rapidly, within seconds; it must be measured while the tone is on

√fatigue can be measured after the stimulus is off

◊◊◊•adaptation can be very large (90 dB even) within a very short period (1 minute)

√fatigue requires hours to produce fairly low levels (20 to 40 dB, typically)

◊◊◊•adaptation recovers very rapidly, within 200 milliseconds, approximately (the off-time of the Békésy pulsed tone; no adaptation occurs for the the pulsed tone)

√fatigue can take up to 14 hours to recover

◊◊◊•a stimulus producing adaptation does not cause damage, the tissue is not harmed

√a stimulus producing fatigue can cause permanent damage

◊◊◊•adaptation is a neural phenomenon, usually associated with compression, or stretching of the auditory nerve

√fatigue is a sensory, end organ process, associated with TTS, or permanent NIHL

The End

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Card number_____ 26card fld "card field id 2"A Brief History of Tone Decay

•1881, in March, Lord Rayleigh demonstrated to Helmholtz how a high frequency 10 kHz tone (gas bag driving a bird whistle) would soon disappear. Waving your hand in front of it would cause it to return!

•1890 Corradi found this phenomenom occurred for bone conduction

•1893 Gradenigo, using a "telephonic audimeter," measured TD by gradually increasing dB level as perception faded. TD was marked in cases of trauma, or compression (neuritis) of the VIII N.

•1905 Shafer insisted that not everyone has decay. He could hear Rayleigh's bird whistle indefinitely.

•1944 K. Shubert "rediscovered" TD, but was not optimistic about its clinical value

•1957 Carhart develops his TD procedure. Still used essentially unchanged (when used) today.

The End

Card number_____ 27card fld "card field id 2"Various Tone Decay Procedures


Following Carhart's TDT there were many modifications: -Allow or disallow a rest period? -Duration of tone/total test -Check for audibility or tonality? -Begin at threshold or higher dB SL? -Measure the amount of time tone is audible at each presentation level?

•Hood (1956), similar to Carhart's (1957) procedure √if tone becomes inaudible, give a 60 sec rest period √continue increasing level until patient hears tone "indefinitely"

•Rosenberg's (1958) modification (MTDT) of Carhart's procedure √entire test lasts 60 seconds, do not restart stopwatch

•Sorenson (1962) √patient must hear tone for 90 seconds

•Green (1963) modification of Rosenberg's procedure, evaluates "tone perversion" √increase level to maintain constant tonality and audibility √instruct patient to put arm vertical (tonal), at 45° (perverted), down (inaudible)

•Owens (1964) measured duration of decay √20 second rest period √terminated test after 20 dB SL reached √classified TD into Type I (normal & conductive), II (cochlear), and III (neural) √Type II: tone heard for longer durations at increased dB SL √Type III: tone heard for same, relatively short duration at increased dB SL

•Palva, Karja, and Palva (1967) modification of Rosenberg's procedure √3 minute duration, sometimes longer

•Sung, Goetzinger, and Knox (1969) KU TDT √modified Békésy procedure √subjects tracked tone for 2 minutes, maintaining constant loudness & tonality

•Olsen & Noffsinger (1974) modification of Carhart's TDT √initial tone presented at 20 dB SL √found same results as with Carhart's TDT

•Jerger & Jerger (1975) STAT procedure √a 110 dB SPL tone presented for 60 seconds √tone fading to inaudibility was STAT+

The End

Card number_____ 28card fld "card field id 2"Tone Decay: General Principles

•TD is greater when…


√the presentation level of the tone is greater √the duration of the tone is greater √the frequency of the tone is higher

•By manipulating variables to increase sensitivity of the test (to find more VIII N. lesions), you reduce the specificity (classify cochlears as VIII N. lesions).

•TD is basically a neural phenomenom, but mild to moderate amounts will occur for cochlears. But √cochlears hear the tone longer (than VIII N.) at greater dB SLs

•False positives are more likely at higher audiometric frequencies √TD at 500 or 1000 Hz is more significant

•TD can be reversible, when the lesion is healed.

•TD is generally greater with larger tumors, but it is not the tumor size that is important. The important factor is how the tumor is affecting (compressing or stretching) the nerve.

•TD is greater with greater amounts of hearing loss. Controlling for hearing loss, tumor size does not affect the amount of TD.

•Other lesions (eg., vascular loops) can produce tone decay

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Card number_____ 29card fld "card field id 2"Békésy Audiometry

•Began in 1947 with Békésy's description of a new audiometer. Békésy is still popular in industrial hearing testing

√the audiometer was subject controlled

√the signal could be fixed in frequency, or slowly varying

√the dB level continuously increased (2 dB/sec in 2 dB step sizes) until the subject pressed a button, then the level would decrease (as long as the button was pressed)

√a plotter tracked the subjects responses resulting in a saw tooth pattern

√the midpoint of the tracings were equal to conventional audiogram threshold

√normal tracking width is approximately 6 to 9 dB (ranging from 5 to 20 dB)

•Békésy noted that tracking width was reduced (2 to 3 dB) in cases with recruitment


√he felt this reflected a reduced DLI, and could be useful as a site-of-lesion tool

Early research with Békésy (1947 - 1960)…

1. Relationship between Békésy and conventional thresholds √found good correlation

2. Relating tracking width to presence of recruitment

√found good trends in group data

√too many confounding variables to make it clinically useful -attenuation rate, -subject reaction time, and -recruitment/DLI

3. Do Békésy tracings reflect adaptation? That is, will tracings become poorer with time?

√Conclusion… yes, if the equipment would vary level in fine enough step size

√Békésy's original equipment used a 2 dB step size

√the Grason-Stadler E-800 used a 0.25 dB step size

Later research… from 1960

•Jerger in 1960 changed Békésy interpretation

√Subjects traced thresholds for 2 tone types: continuous and interrupted

√interrupted pulsed 2 times per second, duration of 250 msec, 50% duty cycle

√adaptation would occur for continuous, but not interrupted

√emphasized site-of-lesion

Original Békésy types…

•Type I

√C & I interweaved √normal, conductives, some cochlears

•Type II

√C & I interweaved at lower frequencies √curves separated (about 5 to 20 dB) at higher frequencies √at higher frequencies, tracking width was reduced √cochlear pathology

With revised type II, curves can separate anywhere, but there is less than 25 dB separation

•Type III


√Continuous curve plummets to the limits of the audiometer √retrocochlear pathology

•Type IV

√C & I separate below 1000 Hz √retrocochlear

With revised type IV, curves can separate anywhere, but there is more than 25 dB separation

•Type V (added in 1961)

√C is better than the I √kind of a reversed type IV √malingering

The End

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card fld "Info…"•Roll-over is determinded by obtaining a performance-intensity function for phonetically balanced words (PI-PB)

√usually, % correct as a function of dB SL, at 10 dB intervals re: SRT

•PBmax, the maximum word recognition score (WRS) is usually obtained at 30 to 40 dB SL, or at a level close to MCL in cases with poor threshold and reduced dynamic range

•PBmin, the poorest WRS is obtained at the highest SL testable, usually the UCL, or 5 dB less

√you can shorten the test by just presenting words at two levels

•When comparing VIII N. with Ménière's patients

√convention WRS showed too much overlap between groups

√PBmax - PBmin showed less overlap, but still too much to be clinically useful

√(PBmax - PBmin)/PBmax showed the least overlap

•Jerger and coworkers, and Dirks found a roll-over index RI ≥ .45 as a good indication of retrocochlear pathology

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card fld "Info…"Central Auditory Evaluation•definite organic pathology (tumors, CVA, trauma, etc.) ◊MRI, CT scan excellent locators of structural change


◊CAE provides functional information

•central auditory processing disorders (learning disabilites), CAPD, LD ◊ADD, attention deficit disorder ◊ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ◊auditory selective attention, figure-ground, sequencing, memory: listening skills ◊hyperacousis? hyperacusis? hypersensitivity? ◊Is middle ear pathology a factor? -conductive attenuation creates sensory deprivation -lack of stimulation causes CANS development to lag (see ABR & OME pic) -mice raised with surgically created unilateral conductive losses show smaller diameter neurons in most brainstem nuclei

Some points about CANS pathology•Loss in pure-tone sensitivity is not associated with CANS pathology

•Conventional speech recognition ability is often normal ◊not challenging enough

•Symptoms are usually (except in very low brainstem pathology) contralateral

•Some lesions can be imaged, some cannot

•Aging produces significant effects ◊the young system myelinates, matures, in a caudal to rostral fashion ◊the elderly system deteriorates

The CANS defined•periphery ◊cochlea & VIII N.

•low brainstem ◊cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus (i.e., up to wave V of the ABR)

•high brainstem ◊inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body

•intra-axial vs. extra-axial ◊lesion inside or on the surface of the brainstem

•cortical ◊gray matter (cell bodies) in periphery of brain, cerebral cortex ◊Heschl's gyrus, primary auditory cortex, auditory reception cortex ◊secondary adjacent association areas•hemispheric ◊lesion affecting gray matter and white matter (myelinated fiber tracts)

•interhemispheric ◊corpus callosum (this structure myelinates last)

A simple model of the CANS•Each ear has an ipsilateral path to cortex•Each ear has a more dominant contralateral path to cortex ◊Contralateral path begins at low brainstem (i.e., superior olive)


•The left hemisphere is dominant for language•The right hemisphere is dominant for extracting nonspeech pitch, duration contours from the signal

•corpus callosum connects the hemispheres•verbal responses require participation of the left hemisphere

So, for words (or other speech material)… √presented to the right ear, goes directly to left hemisphere for processing

√presented to the left ear, goes to right hemisphere, shuttled to left hemisphere via corpus callosum -a weaker ipsilateral path can also get speech to left hemisphere -probably, the nondominant hemisphere can perform some simple processing

√deficits occur when stimuli are presented to the ear contralateral to involved hemisphere, especially when a competing message (CM) is present in opposite ear -CM keeps the noninvolved hemisphere "busy"

For tonal materials (frequency, duration patterns) √the right hemisphere analyzes information √the left hemisphere verbally reports the results of the analysis √lesions in one hemisphere produce deficits in both ears (if a verbal response is required)

-a right hemisphere lesion produces a bilateral deficit (the pattern cannot be decoded)

-a left only hemisphere lesion produces a bilateral deficit (the pattern is analyzed but cannot be verbalized correctly, but could be hummed)

Types of deficits•neurological √tumors & other brain lesions, disease

•developmental √structural, functional abnormalities; i.e. microgyri as with autism √individual permanently affected

•maturational √delayed myelination √person eventually develops ability

Knowledge base for audiologists•understand neuroanatomy, dissection work is helpful•clinical experience with a wide variety of patients•understand brain pathology and common CANS disorders•knowledgeable about theories of speech perception•know about learning disorders and language development•be familiar with the CAP tests ◊how to administer ◊scoring and interpretation ◊test sensitivity and specificity

The conceptualization•the CANS functions to analyze, decode complex stimuli (like speech), remove noise

•vary extrinsic redundancy (all those factors which reduce the intelligibility of speech) to expose loss in intrinsic redundancy (disruption caused by lesion)


Typical protocols•Present stimuli to the RE and LE simultaneously, and ask the subject to repeat them ◊tests for cortical lesions, above brainstem ◊stimuli can be speech (usually) or nonspeech

•Distort the speech stimulus in some way, add: ◊white or speech noise, ◊competing message (other speech, multitalker babble), ◊low-pass filter it, ◊speed it up (time compression), ◊chop it up (in time), ◊choose unintelligible speaker (like Rush Hughes)

•Present the stimulus (pure speech, or speech in "noise") to one ear

•Present the "noise" to the other ear (contralateral, CCM) to test for higher lesions

•Present the "noise" to the same ear (ipsilateral, ICM) to look for lower lesions

•Look for a deficit in performance in ear contralateral to lesion

Some CANS tests ◊dichotic digits (2 RE; 5 LE or 2,4 RE; 5,8 LE) ◊competing sentences, dichotic sentences ◊dichotic chords ◊dichotic CVs ◊dichotic rhyme test ◊SSW ◊Willeford battery ◊Rush Hughes/W-22 difference score ◊alternating speech, RASP ◊binaural fusion ◊low-pass filtered speech ◊pure tone or speech MLD ◊SSI-ICM ◊SSI-CCM ◊PSI-ICM/CCM ◊SCAN (filtered speech, speech in noise, dichotic words) and SCAN-A ◊time compressed speech ◊PI-PB ◊localization ◊lateralization, SBMPL ◊fused auditory image, FAI ◊ABLB, SISI ◊acoustic reflexes ◊frequency (pitch) pattern test ◊duration pattern test ◊W-22s in white or speech noise ◊ABR ◊MLR ◊late potentials ◊P300, mismatched negativity

Typical patters of results


The brain is highly redundant, interpretation of results is difficult, confusing, often contradictory

•Brainstem lesions √ABR and AR involve low brainstem pathways √PI-PB, SSI-ICM can be useful √MLD is more sensitive to brainstem lesions than cortical √dichotic digits, time compressed speech, filtered speech, competing sentences may be sensitive to both brainstem and cortical/hemispheric lesions √frequency pattern test seems to be less sensitive to brainstem lesions √intra-axial lesions tend to produce contralateral symptoms √extra-axial lesion tend to produce ipsilateral symptoms √rostral lesions tend to produce contralateral symptoms; caudal lesions produce ipsilateral √larger lesions (CN to LL ≈ 3 cm) can produce bilateral deficits

•Cortical/hemispheric lesions √According to Musiek, "…none of the currently available tests is sensitive to problems in these areas to the exclusion of brainstem or peripheral lesions." √dichotic speech tests show poorer performance with signal presented to ear contralateral to lesion (SSW, dichotic digits, SSI-CCM, competing sentences, etc.) √monaural low redundancy speech tests show poorer performance with signal presented to ear contralateral to lesion (time compressed speech, speech in noise, filtered speech, etc.) √frequency or duration pattern tests show bilateral deficits

•Interhemispheric lesions (posterior portion of corpus callosum) √left ear deficit for dichotic speech, right ear scores may be enhanced √bilateral deficit for verbal reporting of frequency patterns √low redundancy monaural speech tests usually not affected

A suggested evaluation protocol•All tests are screening tests whether labeled so or not•detailed case history•peripheral evaluation•present a battery that assesses the entire system•SCAN test is useful for screening for CAPD in children, SCAN-A for adults

Brainstem lesions… √ABR, AR, MLD, SSI-ICM

All sites… √dichotic digits, SCAN (filtered speech, monosyllabic words in noise, competing words)

Cortical/hemispheric, interhemispheric √competing sentences, SSW, SSI-CCM, frequency pattern test √MLR: Pa (thalamo-cortical projections, 1° cortex)

The ideal situation•Administer the CAE with a well defined protocol ◊each test is normed for age ◊the interpretation is objective ◊sensitivity and specificity are known

•Findings of the CAE are interpreted ◊site of lesion is established ◊type of dysfunction is described


•Results of CAE have implications for follow-up ◊medical/surgical treatment ◊rehabilitative strategies √decide which strategy is most effective

•Offer a prognosis based upon known treatment efficacy

Recommendations from the CAPD battery

•The audiologist is not solely responsible for management, but is part of a team (classroom teacher, LD specialist, parents, SLP, counselor, neuropsychologist, etc.). -usually the main concern is academic performance -often a language problem coexists -ADHD may coexist. ADHD may make it difficult to administer the CAPD battery. Modify test protocol, allow breaks, etc.

•A diagnosis of CAPD can sensitize parents and school personnel to the existence of a real problem or disability. They may believe the child is just not trying hard enough, is being obstinate, or oppositional.

•A diagnosis of no CAPD can allow personnel to focus on academic, behavioral, or language issues as the problem.

•Management strategies focus on providing a highly redundant learning environment… -optimize S/N ratio, eliminate auditory distractions, FM systems (personal or group) for those children having poor access to information — be sure to follow-up and document benefit -provide clear, slowed, well articulated speech (i.e., "clear speech") -rephrasing, repeating information -work to other, stronger modalities; for example provide written directions -ensure you have the child's attention before giving important information -pre-teach critical skills or concepts

•Therapeutic strategies provide experiences which directly challenge the deficits: perhaps to encourage myelination, arborization, or to develop alternate neural circuits to compensate for the damaged areas. The existence of neuroplasticity and neuromaturation — even the formation of new neurons — requiring stimulation is the rationale. For example: -therapy may involve listening tasks similar to those the child exhibited difficulty with during the evaluation -auditory closure tasks (missing words in sentences) -interhemispheric exercises, music therapy, singing to music

•Another strategy is to focus on the practical consequences of the deficit and attempt to build those skills. For example, if CAPD results in language delay, do therapy for language acquisition.

For more information on this topic, see Bellis' chapters 7 and 8 (interpretation and management of auditory processing disorders)

Card number_____ 35card fld "card field id 1"Check each item that is considered to be a concern by the observer:


•Has a history of hearing loss.

•Has a history of ear infection(s).

•Does not pay attention (listen) to instruction 50% or more of the time.

•Does not listen carefully to directions - often necessary to repeat instructions.

•Says "Huh?" and "What?" at least five or more times per day.

•Cannot attend to auditory stimuli for more than a few seconds.

•Has a short attention span.

(If this item is checked, also check the most appropriate time frame.)

___ 0-2 minutes ___ 5-15 minutes ___ 2-5 minutes ___ 15-30 minutes

•Daydreams - attention drifts - not with it at times.

•Is easily distracted by background sound(s).

•Has difficulty with phonics.

•Experiences problems with sound discrimination.

•Forgets what is said in a few minutes.

•Does not remember simple routine things from day to day.

•Displays problems recalling what was heard last week, month, year.

•Has difficulty recalling a sequence that has been heard.

•Experiences difficulty following auditory directions.

•Frequently misunderstands what is said.

•Does not comprehend many words - verbal concepts for age/grade level.

•Learns poorly through the auditory channel.

•Has a language problem (morphology, syntax, vocabulary, phonology).

•Has an articulation (phonology) problem.

•Cannot always relate what is heard to what is seen.

•Lacks motivation to learn.

•Displays slow or delayed response to verbal stimuli.

•Demonstrates below average performance in one or more academic area(s).


Components of Auditory Processing:

AssociationLocalizationAttentionLong Term MemoryAttention SpanMotivationAuditory-Visual IntegrationPerformanceClosureRecognitionComprehensionSensitivityDiscriminationSequential MemoryFigure-GroundShort Term MemoryIdentificationSpeech-Language Problems

The norming group consisted of 280 K-6th graders. Allowing 4% per item not checked, the mean score was 86.8% (SD = 18.2%). A score of 72% suggested followup. Performance actually became poorer with age, suggesting that behaviors acceptable in younger children became problems with age.

Group Mean ScoreKindergarten 92%1st 90%2nd 87%3rd 86%4th 86%5th 87%6th 80%

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card fld "Info…"ABR results for DK, a 27 year old male with normal hearing.

•before test… √check disk space, format new data disk √do listening check on headphones √set up, check test parameters (or use default settings) √check electrodes for shorts

•placing electrodes… The goal is a low impedance connection between electrode and skin √look at what you are doing and think about it √remove excess oil with alcohol (avoid contaminating reservoir, spreading bacteria from patient to patient) √remove excess dead skin with omni prep √saturate skin at electrode site with electrode paste √avoid putting paste over too large an area (trouble with tape sticking) √place electrode over site prepared √check impedance… A good result is low impedance (<1000 Ω), and balanced across electrodes √a low impedance helps ensure a high signal level going to preamp, a better quality tracing √recheck impedances during test √check locations of active (non-inverting), reference (inverting), and common (ground) in preamp

•Instructions… √no muscle tension in neck or back, forehead √do not clench jaw

DK's parameters…•ipsilateral earlobe to high forehead montage, ground electrode on contralateral earlobe•alternating clicks at 19.1/sec: 75 dB nHL (up to 37.7/sec is acceptable)•filter settings: 150 - 3000 Hz•gain: 100,000•each tracing: average of 1024

Peak picking•each tracing is immediately replicated, to assess reliability √peak must be present in both tracings•the presence of a peak can be ambiguous √if there is a peak √at the proper time √it probably is a peak•determining the exact location of the peak can be ambiguous √moving a few pixels over can change value by a SD √picking a shoulder of wave V vs. the peak affects absolute and relative latencies

About parameters…

•vertex to nape of neck is a better location √vertical orientation of neural generators √enhances wave V amplitude

•a horizontal montage enhances wave I √horizontal location of generators


•reducing click rate improves quality of the tracing (say, 11.1/sec)•increasing click rate degrades quality, and increases latency (beyond about 30/sec)•sometimes better ABR waveforms are obtained for rarefacting (usually) or condensation clicks; if you have no ABR, repeat test using rarefacting clicks

•Increasing the number of samples averaged improves quality, but increasing from 100 to 1000 samples produces the same improvement as going from 1000 to 10,000 — however, the increase in time to complete test is excessive.

√the SNR improves with n^.5*SNR in original sample

Choosing presentation level

•Present clicks at 75 dB nHL, or higher

•at least 15 to 20 dB SL re: audiogram threshold at 3000 to 4000 Hz, or at limits

•try to avoid an unnecessarily high level √tenses patient √PAM artifact?

Interpreting the ABR

A retrocochlear interpretation is generally based upon the effects the lesion has upon transmission time. But, remember to consider effects (non-retrocochlear) peripheral hearing loss can have on the ABR.

Retrocochlear pathology

•Complete absence of the ABR, typical

•Normal Wave I, no subsequent waves √with high frequency loss, usually there is no Wave I

•Abnormal interaural latency difference (ILD)

√ILD > 2/2.5/3 SD

√usually this is .3 to .45 msec

•Abnormal interpeak latencies (IPL, or interwave intervals, IWI)

√Wave I is normal, subsequent waves are delayed

√Wave morphology may be abnormal: reduced amplitudes or wave V smaller amplitude than wave I

√abnormal I-V IPL, IPL > Mean + 2.5 SD is a typical criterion

-roughly IPL > 4.5 msec

Effects of peripheral hearing loss


•Conductive hearing loss will increase Wave V latency, but IPL should not be affected

√interpret Wave V latency as if the presentation level were reduced by the ABG

•Cochlear hearing loss will increase Wave V latency

√Precipitous hearing loss (very poor high frequency sensitivity) adds to the latency by the time it takes the traveling wave to travel to apical regions of the basilar membrane

√The following methods have been suggested to adjust latencies to account for the severity of cochlear hearing loss

- Subtract 0.1 msec (from wave V latency) for every 10 dB audiogram threshold is poorer than 50 dB @ 4000 Hz (Selters & Brackmann, 1977).

- Subtract 0.1 msec (from wave V latency) for every 10 dB audiogram threshold is poorer than 30 dB @ 4000 Hz (Rosenhamer et al., 1981).

- Or you can adjust the presentation level and interpret wave V ILD normally:

PTA for 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz Click Intensity Level 0-19 70 20-39 80 40-59 90 60-79 100

•If you can interpret the ABR in such a way that it is normal, it probably is normal

The End

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card fld "Parameters"Recording the Middle Latency Response

•Use 10 alternating clicks per sec or less.

•Filter the response from 10 - 1500 Hz and display in a 60 msec window.

•Electrode montage is the same as with the ABR.

•Pa occurs at about 25 msec and is generated by the thalamus (medial geniculate body) and the 1° auditory cortex.

•Pa is susceptible (diminished by) to sleep and CNS suppression; i.e., drugs. The response is not adult-like until age 8 to 10 years.

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card fld "Info"•Sensitivity… The percentage of abnormals identified by the test as being abnormal

•Specificity…The percentage of normals identified as being normal (or, non-abnormals identified by the test as not being abnormal)

•A perfect test has 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity

•Generally, as sensitivity of a test increases, the specificity decreases (and vice-versa)

Card number_____ 46card fld "Info…"Clinical performance of audiological and related diagnostic tests; R. Turner, N. Shepard, and G. Frazier. Ear & Hearing, 1984

Tumors of the CPA was authors' operational definition of retrocochlear:•78% acoustic tumor (8 to 10% of all intracranial tumors)•6% meningioma•6% primary cholesteatoma•6% glomus body tumors

History Information with tumors of the CPA:

•initial symptom is auditory 77% of the time, either hearing loss (69%) or tinnitus (8%)

•presenting complaint is auditory 57% of the time, vestibular (6%)

•tumor is usually a vestibular schwannoma


•95% of the tumors originate from the IAC, 5% develop in CPA

•10% of cases with progressive unilateral loss are acoustic tumors

•an incidence of 7 per 1,000,000 in general population

Generally, the individual author's definition of a positive result for the test was used. They reviewed over 170 papers published from 1968 thru 1983.

Guidelines:

•ABLB: + if no recruitment or decruitment

•SISI: + if ≤ 70%

•Békésy: + if types III or IV

•Tone Decay (TDT): + results > 30 dB

•STAT+ based upon 500, 1000, 2000, or 4000 Hz

•Speech Discrimination: + results < 30%

•Acoustic Reflexes: + results were elevated HL, or decay

•ABR: + results based on ILD, I-V interval, usually

•ENG: based only upon calorics, UW ≥ 25%

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clin aud i handout

Documents

diagnostic procedures

auditory system

special procedures

clinical masking

tone decay procedures

test procedures

normal procedures

procedures protocols