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Climb the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes b Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services

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Page 1: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Climb the Ladders/ /Avoid the Chutes

bBob BaumgartnerClean Water Services

Page 2: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Take Away MessageTake Away Message

•• Take Ownership of your analysisTake Ownership of your analysisTake Ownership of your analysisTake Ownership of your analysis

dd b fb f ki h hki h h•• Be prepared Be prepared beforebefore working through process working through process with DEQwith DEQ

Page 3: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

ReasoningReasoning

• If Reasonable Potential is found……..– Permit must have limits to ensure pollutants do not cause or contribute to a excursion from Water Quality standard

• There is no going back– Anti‐ backsliding provisions

C li b i– Compliance can be expensive

• Time may help toA k Q ti– Ask Questions 

– Evaluate options and alternatives

– Prevent conditions lead to reasonable potentialPrevent conditions lead to reasonable potential

Page 4: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (1972) 

• Goal: “…restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters”

• Established core program implemented todayimplemented today

NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Effl li i b d h l d Effluent limits based on technology and water quality considerations

Construction Grants Program Provided for States to implement 

programs Established significant penalties for 

permit violations Citizen Lawsuits

Page 5: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Designated UsesWater quality standards must specify appropriate uses to be achieved and protected.Commonly defined uses: • Aquatic life habitat• Wildlife propagation• Recreation

– primaryp y– secondary

• Public water supply• Agricultural water supply• Agricultural water supply• Industrial water supply• Navigationg

Page 6: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Water Quality StandardsQ y

• A water quality standard defines the water quality goals of a waterbody, or portion thereof, by designating the use or uses to be made of the water 

d b tti it i t t t thand by setting criteria necessary to protect the uses

• States are responsible for adopting water quality standards for surface watersstandards for surface waters

• Standards are reviewed every 3 years (triennial review) (or so )review) (or so…)

• EPA has oversight authority review and approval

Page 7: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Section 303(d) PlanningSection 303(d) PlanningSection 303(d) PlanningSection 303(d) Planning

Lists water bodies not meeting standardsLists water bodies not meeting standards

Updated every 2 years (or so)

S i fl bl i lStatus may influence Reasonable Potential

• (d)(1)(A) Each State shall identify those waters … for which the effluent(d)(1)(A) Each State shall identify those waters … for which the effluent limitations ..are not stringent enough to implement any water quality standard….

• (d)(1)(C) Each State shall establish for the waters identified  ….. the total maximum daily load, for those ……at a level necessary to implement the applicable water quality standards with seasonal variations and a margin of safety which takes into account any lack of knowledge concerning the relationship between effluent limitations and water quality.relationship between effluent limitations and water quality.

Page 8: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program
Page 9: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Technology & Water Quality Limitsgy y

Basis:  Technology  Water Quality 

CWA Goal: Zero Discharge  Fishable/Swimmable

(Performance)  (WQ Standards) 

Page 10: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Technology‐based Effluent LimitsTechnology based Effluent Limits

• Establish minimum level of pollutant controlsp

• Provide equity among dischargers within categories 

• National technology‐based standards gy

– secondary treatment standards for POTWs 

– effluent guidelines for certain categories ofeffluent guidelines for certain categories of industrial discharges

• In the absence of national standards 

– technology‐based requirements developed on a case‐by‐case basisy

Page 11: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program
Page 12: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Water Quality based Effluent LimitsWater Quality based Effluent Limits• If technology limits are not protective of water qualityprotective of water quality…

• WQBELs are developedp•Individual pollutant specific•Site specificO tl h•Oregon currently has:

•OAR 340‐41 (Conventional)•OAR 340‐41‐0033•127 Toxic Pollutant Parameters•113 Human Health Parameter

Page 13: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Mixing Zonesg

Page 14: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Reasonable Potential Analysis (RPA)y ( )• CFR 122.44(d)(1)(ii) ..if a pollutant has 

bl i l ibreasonable potential to cause or contribute to an excursion from a water quality criterion, h i i ffl li i fthe permit must contain effluent limits for that pollutant.

• Statistically based approach

• Methodology/statistics in EPA’s Technical gy/Support Document for Water Quality Based Toxics Control (1985 – 1991)( )

Page 15: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Screening ExerciseScreening Exercise

• Know suite of pollutants to reviewKnow suite of pollutants to review

• If effluent above a criteria, run through RPA

f i di• If outcome indicates RPA 

Start asking questions Start asking questions 

Searching for laddersSearching for ladders

Page 16: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Potential Chutes & LaddersPotential Chutes & Ladders• Standards and Criteria

d l• Process has already started

• 303d listing

• Mixing Zone, dilution

• Monitoring Requirements 

• Many chutes also ladder

• EPA TSD methodology (DEQ) conservative, creates chutes

• Data Quality– Reporting levels

• Background Data

Effl Q li

• Source needs to build and bring ladders

• Best to know what ladders to • Effluent Quality

• RPA methodology– Conservative

Confidence / Probability

bring before entering process with DEQ

– Confidence / Probability

• Alternative methods

• Treatment\Preventionl• Compliance Strategy

Page 17: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Effective LaddersEffective Ladders • Data precession and amount,

– False positives,  outliers, ultra clean, background

• Representative Information – Has something changed ?

• Application of discretion within method– Coefficient of variation, sample frequency, Probability

• Refined analytical methods– Seasonal analysis

– Rigorous statistical analyses, dynamic simulation

• Mixing Zone – Design, dilution, location, flows, dynamic analysisg , , , , y y

• Compliance strategies– Treatment, pretreatment, pollution prevention

– RegulatoryRegulatory

Page 18: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Effective Pollution Control Options

• Legacy Pollutants

Dependent on individual or class of pollutant

g y– Pesticides, PCBs

• Industrial Compounds– Metals, Volatiles

• Consumer Products– Plastizers (2‐bis‐ethyl phthalate)Plastizers (2 bis ethyl phthalate)

• Chlorination byproducts– Trihalomethanes

• Earth Metals• As, Fe, Mn

Page 19: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Pollution Prevention

Page 20: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Compliance Strategiesif after all that …..

How to meet water quality standardsHow to meet water quality standards

• Reduce Discharge

l li f• Regulatory Relief

Implementation may be expensive

Carry regulatory burden

• ReportingReporting

• Compliance

Page 21: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Compliance Options (traditional)p p ( )DomesticDomestic

IndustrialIndustrial

Reduce SourcesIncrease Treatment

CommercialCommercialInfluentInfluentWastewaterWastewaterCommercialCommercial WastewaterWastewater

Reuse/re-evaluate mixing zone

21

mixing zone

Page 22: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Compliance Options (Regulatory)

Increase TreatmentReduce Sources

Compliance Options (Regulatory)

Regulatory Tools:Reuse/re-evaluate

mixing zone

Regulatory Tools:•Intake credits•Site specific standards•Variance•UAATMDL

22

•TMDLs

Page 23: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Achieve StandardsAchieve Standards

Bridging strategyTMDLsVariancesC li O dCompliance Orders

UAAChange the useChange the useChange the standard

Site SpecificSite SpecificNew criteria

Page 24: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

RPA Spreadsheet

Raj KapurClean Water Services

Page 25: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Reasonable Potential Analysis (RPA)y ( )• CFR 122.44(d)(1)(ii) states that if a pollutant h bl i lhas reasonable potential to cause or contribute to an exceedance of a water 

li i i h i iquality criterion, the permit must contain effluent limits for that pollutant.

• Statistically based approach

• Methodology/statistics in EPA’s Technical gy/Support Document for Water Quality Based Toxics Control

Page 26: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

RPA Spreadsheet Goalsp• RPA spreadsheet is used to answer two basic 

iquestions:

• Is there reasonable potential for a discharge to cause or contribute to an exceedance of a water quality criterion?

• For pollutants that have reasonable potential, what effluent limits should be established such that water quality criterion are met? 

Page 27: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

RPA Spreadsheet Formatp• RPA spreadsheet divided into two general 

icategories

– First few tabs determine whether there is reasonable potential

– The last few tabs are to calculate effluent limitsThe last few tabs are to calculate effluent limits for pollutants for which there is reasonable potential

Page 28: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

RPA Evaluation – 4 Stepsp• Step 1: Conduct effluent monitoring for required pollutantsrequired pollutants

• Step 2: Conduct screening evaluation to ID POCs that require additional characterization

• Step 3: Conduct effluent/receiving stream• Step 3: Conduct effluent/receiving stream characterization for POCs

• Step 4: Conduct RPA evaluation

Page 29: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

RPA Spreadsheet Inputs p p• RPA spreadsheet utilizes the following i f iinformation:

• WWTF effluent data

• Receiving stream characterization (if necessary)

i i dil i i f i (if )• Mixing zone dilution information (if necessary)

• Water quality criteria (already included)

Page 30: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

RPA Spreadsheet ConsiderationspSpreadsheet evaluates a number of issues• Effluent variabilityEffluent variability

• # of samples, log normal distribution, statistics, etc.

• Stream characterization• background levels/available assimilative capacity

• Mixing zone information• Dilution factors

• Type of water quality standardsA ti lif t d d /H h lth t d d• Aquatic life standards/Human health standards  

• Statistics for effluent concentrations/stream background levels 

• Statistics for effluent flows/stream flows to define dilution factors

Page 31: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

Summary of Input Variablesy p

Page 32: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

RPA Evaluation – Next StepspIs there reasonable potential to exceed 

WQS?  

YES NO

Options:•Use of robust effluent dataR b t b k d d t

Done

•Robust background data•Seasonality•Mixing zone dilutions•Combination of above

Page 33: Climb the Ladders/ Avoid Chutes the Ladders/ Avoid the Chutes Bob Baumgartner Clean Water Services Take Away Message • Take ... NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program

RPA Process – Take Away Messagesy g• Be proactive/stay engaged

• Permittee should conduct screening analysis and full scale RPA evaluation

– Determine need for additional data

f l l (– Determine need for additional evaluations (i.e. mixing zone)

• Ensure that the best available information is used in conducting the analysis