climatology of the low-level winds over the intra- americas sea … · 2019. 5. 16. · ad ite, ad...

TÓPICOS METEOROLÓGICOS Y OCEANOGRÁFICOS15

Climatology of the low-level winds over the intra-

americas sea using satellite and reanalysis data

GABRIELA MORA ROJA“1

Abstract

The li atologies of fi e t opi al lo -le el jets a e studied th ough Quik“ at, CCMP, ERA-I te i , a d NCEP-DOE data. Th ee of the jets —the Tehua tepe jet, the Papaga o jet, a d the Pa a a jet– a e asso iated ith topog aphi gaps i Ce t al A e i a. The othe t o jets —the Ca i ea lo -le el jet CLLJ a d the Cho o jet— see to e asso iated ith the st e ghte ig of NA“H a d a te pe atu e

g adie t et ee o ea d a d o ti e t, o espo di gl . The li atologi al a al sis of the fi e jets sho s si ila a ual les at the su fa e, e ept fo the CLLJ, hi h has t o a i a, o e du i g su e a d du i g i te .

At su fa e le el, the CCMP data sho s a st o ge CLLJ du i g i te tha i su e , although Quik“ at sho s a su e CLLJ al ost as st o g as the i te jet, hile su fa e data f o ERA-I te i a d NCEP-DOE ea al ses sho a st o ge su e CLLJ. The CLLJ, the Cho o jet, a d the Pa a a jet t a spo t oistu e to o ti e tal a eas, u like the Papaga o a d Tehua tepe jets, hi h e it sig ifi a t topog aphi gaps a d ge e ate a i d st ess u l that e ites Ek a pu pi g a d up elli g i the u de l i g o ea . The up elli g aused the Papaga o jet aids i the ge e atio of the Costa Ri a Do e i.e. shoali g of the the o li e , hi h p odu es a hole i ITC) p e ipitatio .

KEYWORDS: CLLJ, NA“H, JET.

Resumen

La li atología de i o ho os t opi ales de ajo i el se estudia a t a és de datos de Quik“ at, CCMP, ERA-I te i NCEP-DOE. T es de los ho os o jets’’—el Tehua tepe , Papaga o Pa a á—, está aso iados a e has topog áfi as e Ce t o A é i a. Los ot os dos ho os —el del Ca i e el Cho ó—, pa e e esta aso iados o el fo tale i ie to de NA“H u g adie te de te pe atu a e t e el o éa o el o ti e te, o espo die te e te. El a álisis li atológi o de los i o ho os

uest a i los a uales si ila es e supe fi ie, e epto el CLLJ, el ual tie e dos á i os, u o du a te el e a o el ot o du a te el i ie o.

A i el supe fi ial, los datos del CCMP uest a u CLLJ ás fue te du a te el i ie o ue el e a o, au ue Quik“ at uest a u CLLJ e e a o ue es asi ta i te so o o el del i ie o, ie t as ue los datos de ea álisis ERA-I te i NCEP-DOE uest a u CLLJ ás i te so e el e a o. Los jets CLLJ, Cho ó Pa a á t a spo ta hu edad a á eas o ti e tales, o t a io a lo ue su ede o el jet de Papaga o el de Tehua tepe , los uales sale de e has topog áfi as sig ifi ati as ge e a u oto e el est és de ie to ue esti ula el o eo de Ek a po lo ta to la su ge ia e la pa te

supe fi ial del o éa o. La su ge ia ge e ada po el jet de Papaga o o t i u e a la ge e a ió del Do o de Costa Ri a i.e., posi io a ie to de la te o li a a i eles supe fi iales , lo ual p odu e u aguje o e la p e ipita ió aso iada a la ITC).

PALABRAS CLAVE: CLLJ, NA“H, JET.

Es uela de Físi a, U i e sidad de Costa Ri a, E- ail: ga iela. o a ojas@u .a .

mailto:[email protected]

16 Climatology of the low-level winds over the intra-americas sea using satellite and reanalysis data

1. Introduction:

Climatological Review

“ustai ed high speed i d st ea s, that last o ths, a e ote alled jets . “o e of these jets

a e ega ded as la ge s ale lo -le el jets, hile othe s a e k o as gap jets , as these a e st o g

i ds de eloped ate passi g topog aphi gaps. This se io dis usses the i e ost i po ta t jets i lue i g the t opi al po io of the A e i a o i e t, hi h a e sho i igu e .

1.1. Large scale low-level jets: Caribbean Low Level Jet and Choco Jet

A st o g easte l i d u e t i the Ca i ea de elops du i g the o eal su e a d ea hes its a i u ag itude at i Jul . This u e t, k o as the Ca i ea Lo Le el Jet CLLJ , as i st studied A ado ho

used data f o the NCEP/NCAR Rea al sis p oje t Kal a et al. fo the o eal su e s of

to . A ado , fou d a i te esi g li ai ha a te isi i the t opi al egio of the

A e i a o i e t: a i te se i d u e t at lo le els of the t opi al at osphe e, espe iall at , a d , ith ea i ds of m s-1 T as iña & A ado , . This i d u e t has ee k o si e the as the Ca i ea Lo Le el Jet CLLJ , ut i e e t studies it has e ei ed a othe a e, the I t a-A e i as Lo -Le el Jet IALLJ . The CLLJ is a ot opi all u sta le a d e te ed et ee . ° a d . °N a d et ee

. ° a d . ° W A ado , ; A ado & Magaña ; A ado , Magaña & Pé ez, . Du i g the o eal su e , he the jet is a i e, the hu idit f o the Ca i ea is pushed

est a d a d o e ges at the Ca i ea oast et ee Ni a agua a d Costa Ri a, p odu i g

st o g p e ipitaio o e the east oasts of these ou t ies a d o p e ipitaio at all o e the

Ca i ea “ea. The i lue e of this jet e te ds i to the o th Pa ii , east of . ° W, p odu i g

esos ale eddies that afe t the i ulaio i the a ea A ado , Alfa o, Liza o & Magaña, .

Resea h do e Wa g a d Lee sho s that the CLLJ fo s he the No th Atla i “u t opi al High NA“H is st o g a d displa ed

Figu e . T opi al Lo Le el Jets, s he ai ie .


to the est, eai g a p essu e g adie t that a ele ates the easte l i ds i the Ca i ea .

As the NA“H e te ds est a d a d et eats east a d du i g the ea , the CLLJ has a se ia ual a ia ilit : t o a i a i the su e a d i te , a d t o i i a i the sp i g a d fall, di e tl asso iated ith the NA“H displa e e t.

The st e gth of the CLLJ a ies ith the phase of EN“O Mo a & A ado , , ha i g a st o ge easte l o po e t m s-1 egai e a o al du i g the a phase El Niño a d eake easte l o po e t . m s-1 posii e a o al du i g the old phase La Niña .

I ega d to the Cho ó jet, spe ial ate io has ee gi e to it o the Pa ii oast of Colo ia Po eda & Mesa, , ; Po eda, ; a

t opi al lo le el jet et ee a d , hi h t a spo ts la ge a ou ts of oistu e f o

the Pa ii O ea to this pa t of the o i e t. Its i te sit de eases du i g El Niño a d i te siies du i g La Niña, afe i g the h d o li atolog of

este a d e t al Colo ia. Mo eo e , the ai o e the A des i Colo ia afe ts the p e ipitaio o e the Pa ii O ea ea the Colo ia oast, as a feed a k e ha is . A o di g to esea h do e Po eda , the p e ipitaio o e the Colo ia oast is et ee a d /ea , hi h a ks as o e of the ai iest pla es i

the o ld. The lo -le el - este l oistu e ad e io is st o ge du i g “epte e

– No e e . A detailed li atolog of ai fall i this egio a d u e i al odel si ulaio s a e des i ed i e e t a i les Mapes, Wa e , Xu a d Neg i a , Wa e , Mapes a d Xu a d Mapes, Wa e a d Xu . The autho s

ote that the e t e e a ual ai fall i this egio is e ause the seaso al a h of ai fall has a

o th est-southeast a is, ith este Colo ia ea its e te .

The Cho o jet e e g has ee e plai ed Po eda as the esult of the Pa ii sea

su fa e te pe atu e g adie t Xie, ; Yu & Me hoso, ; Yi & Al e ht, ; Walla e, Mit hell & Dese , ; a g adie t e plai ed the Pa ii old to gue lo ated o the est oast of E uado a d Pe u, a d the a te pe atu e f o o i e tal est Colo ia. The Pa ii old to gue a e e plai ed i d-d i e

Ek a t a spo t a d a e fou d f o Jul to No e e du i g a e age ea s A ado et al.,

; Chelto , et al., .

As al ead said, the Cho o jet has its a i u i d speed du i g “epte e – No e e , ith

alues et ee - m s-1, he eas it is eake du i g Fe ua -Ma h, a d it i te a ts ith the topog aph a d the t ade i ds Po eda & Mesa,

. Cal ulai g the su fa e ai te pe atu e a o alies et ee o i e tal Colo ia a d the Niño + a ea, Po eda a d Mesa fou d that the g adie t is st o gest a ou d O to e a d No e e , hi h is o siste t ith the i e of a i u a i it of the Cho o jet. The efo e, a o di g to these esults, the st e gth of the Cho o jet a e li ked to the te pe atu e g adie t et ee la d a d o ea . This also e plai s the dei it of p e ipitaio du i g El Niño ea s, e ause the jet is eake he the Niño + a ea is a e .

1.2. Gap Jets: Tehuantepec, Papagayo and Panama Jets

The e a e egio s of Ce t al A e i a a d Me i o he e the topog aph allo s the st o g easte lies

f o the Ca i ea to oss the o i e t a d ea h the Pa ii . These egio s ote efe ed to as gaps, ha e ee studied se e al autho s Xie,

Xu, Kessle & No aka, ; U ata i & Ya agata, ; Fiedle , . “t o g i ds o i g f o

these gaps ge e ate the Tehua tepe , Papaga o a d Pa a a jets, ith a e age ag itudes of app o i atel m s-1 du i g the o eal i te . The di e io of the Tehua tepe a d Pa a a jets


is south a d, hile the di e io of the Papaga o jet a ies et ee est a d south- est a d.

The Tehua tepe jet is st o gest du i g O to e -Fe ua , hi h has ee e plai ed as a p odu t of the high p essu e i the Gulf of Me i o asso iated ith old f o ts f o No th A e i a, t igge i g the a ele aio of i ds th ough this gap a d p odu i g the Tehua tepe Jet Chelto , F eili h & Es e se , .

The Papaga o a d Pa a a jets a e st o gest du i g De e e -Ap il a d, as ell as ith the Tehua tepe jet, ha e ee asso iated ith old f o t e ha is s. Ho e e , Chelto et al.

sho ed th ough staisi al a al sis, that this h pothesis is i o e t, si e the o elaio a al sis et ee the Pa ii t ade i ds a d the Ca i ea t ade i ds is st o ge , sho i g that the Pa a a jet is o e elated to o the l

i ds o e the southe Ca i ea sea hile the Papaga o jet is elated to i ds ith easte l o po e t o e the southe Ca i ea sea.

The sa e studies sho ho the Tehua tepe a d Pa a a jets tu a i lo i all to a d the est, hi h is o siste t ith jets that a e i e iall ala ed at the oast a d e o e o e geost ophi all ala ed ith dista e a a f o the oast. The Papaga o Jet does ot ha e this a i lo i tu , hi h leads the autho s to suggest that the i ds a e geost ophi all

ala ed th ough the Papaga o gap.

The Tehua tepe a d Papaga o jets sho a se o d a i u du i g Jul -August. A o di g to Xie et

al. , this eha io ould e elated to the id su e d ought. The Pa a a jet disappea s

ate Ap il, hile the othe jets sta a i e ut eake , u il “epte e , he the Papaga o jet

a ishes. I the p e iousl e io ed studies a out gap lo s, it has ee sho that the ITC) a d the jets i te a t, ith the st o g jets i hi ii g p e ipitaio he the ITC) ig ates lose to the .

As the lo le el jets e io ed i this i t odu to se io pla a i po ta t ole i the t opi al d a i s, so ei es i hi ii g o e ha i g o e io , the p ese t stud seeks to u de sta d

thei li atolog .

2. Data and methodology

A data ase has ee o st u ted to o pute a d displa i fo aio a out the sea su fa e

i ds a d thei e i al p oile. The su fa e i d data used to o st u t the o thl plots, has

ee o tai ed f o the CCMP a al sis C oss-Cali ated Muli-Plafo , e t a i g a pe iod f o to Atlas et al, . This data ase has a spaial esoluio of . °, a d o i es

oss- ali ated satellite su fa e i ds, de i ed f o i o a e adio ete s a d s ate o ete s. The othe sou e of su fa e i d data take i to a ou t o this stud is Quik“ at Pe , ,

ith a i e esoluio of hou s, ho e e the o thl ea is al ulated to uild the data ase, hi h i ludes data f o to . It has a

spaial esoluio of . °, a d ai -lagged i d e to s ha e ee e o ed.

To stud the e i al a iaio of the i d i the jet a eas, pa i ula l the lo le els of the at osphe e, data f o the NCEP-DOE Ka a itsu et al, Rea al sis a d ERA-I te i ea al ses Dee

et al, e e used, o pui g the lo g te o thl ea of the zo al, e idio al a d total i d. The esoluio of the NCEP data is . ° . °, ith sig ii a t le els i the e i al o po e t. The spaial esoluio f o the

ERA-I te i data is app o i atel k , ith e i al le els a d o thl ea s f o

u il . No e latu e su h as Wi te U ea s zo al o po e t du i g i te a d Wi te V is the

e idio al o po e t. The sa e o po e ts a e ploted fo the othe seaso s.

Ta le sho s the geog aphi poi t lo aio s used to dete i e the e i al p oile of ea h jet. The


o e of the Ca i ea lo -le el jet is o se ed i dife e t laitudes a d lo gitudes, a o di g to the seaso , this is h o e tha o e laitude a d lo gitude a e sho i ta le , a d the ill e p ese ted i se io . .a.

Table 1. Geographic point

locations for calculating the vertical

proile of the low-level jets

Jet Figure # Laitude Longitude

Ca i ea

a a d ** d* e

. N* . N* . N* . N

. W* . W* . W* . W

Tehua tepe a a d N . WPapaga o a a d . N . WPa a a a a d . N . WCho o a a d . N . W

I the follo i g se io , plots of the dife e t ields a e p ese ted, alo g ith dis ussio s of the a ious eteo ologi al phe o e a the e eal.

3. Results

3.1. Winds

The Quik“ at a d CCMP o thl ea alues of su fa e i ds a e sho i igu es a d . The e i al p oiles of the i e jets a e sho i igu es to o puted ith data f o the NCEP-DOE a d

ERA–I te i o thl ea al ses, ith the lete U i di ai g the zo al o po e t doted li es a d V the e idio al o po e t dashed li es . The

ag itude of the i d is sho i solid li es.

3.1.1 Caribbean Low Level Jet

As sho i the o thl ea s f o the Quik“ at a d CCMP data Figs. a d , st o g o theaste l su fa e i ds o u i the Ca i ea du i g Ja ua , Fe ua a d Ma h JFM . The su fa e lo i Ju e, Jul a d August JJA is fai l st o g o e a la ge f a io of the Ca i ea , ut is

eake tha the t ade lo i JFM. Noi e that, a o di g to lite atu e e io ed i se io . , the CLLJ peaks i Ju e a d Jul , ith a st o g easte l o po e t et ee a d m s-1. Ho e e , igu es a d o espo d to su fa e data, a d the CLLJ is ostl dei ed as a st o g u e t e te ed et ee a d .

The total i d e i al p oile solid li es o e . ° N, . ° W, sho i igu es a a d ,

e eals that the CLLJ ai peak o u s du i g su e at app o i atel , ith a a e age speed of m s-1. This esult ag ees ith p e ious studies, displa i g st o g jet-like eha io o lo le els of the at osphe e.

A se o d peak at this e i al le el is fou d du i g i te , ith a a e age speed et ee a d

m s-1, follo ed s alle ut sill st o g alues du i g sp i g a d fall. The e i al a iaio of the zo al i d doted li es e plai s ost of the featu es of the total i d. The st o gest o po e t of the e idio al i d is o se ed

du i g i te at , ith a a e age alue et ee - a d - m s-1, o espo di g to the o the l o po e t of the CLLJ. The est of the ea is ha a te ized eak o the l i ds.

Du i g i te , the jet o e displa s o the l i ds due to the p o i it of NA“H

as ell as the old f o ts f o the No the He isphe e o i g south a d to a d the e uato , hile du i g su e o ths, this jet has a s all southe l o po e t; ho e e this o e is eake tha the zo al o po e t. Ate the e idio al i d ea hes a peak i the southe lies at , it e ai s o sta t ith height et ee that le el a d .

O se i g igu es a d , it is oi ea le ho the st o gest easte l i ds i the Ca i ea a e

ot e a tl lo ated at . ° N a d . ° W, o is the ho izo tal size of the jet o e the sa e fo su e a d i te ; the su e jet o e o e s a igge ho izo tal a ea i the south este Ca i ea “ea, hile the i te jet is s alle a d


Figu e a. “u fa e i ds, Quik“ at.


Figu e . “u fa e i ds, Quik“ at.


Figu e a. “u fa e i ds CCMP.


a

a d

e

Figu e . CLLJ e i al p oile usi g data f o : a ERA-I te i , . N, W; NCEP-DOE, . N, W; ERA-I te i , . N, . W; d ERA-I te i , . N, . W a d e ERA-I te i , . N, . W.


o e o i ed. Fo i sta e, at su fa e le el, the i te CLLJ see s to e st o ge a d displa ed

south- est a d f o the su e CLLJ. Ho e e lite atu e suggests that the jet o e is lo ated

et ee a d , a d that the su e jet is st o ge tha the i te jet;, the efo e the su fa e le el is ot a good i di ato fo i di g the ai posiio of this u e t. Fo this easo , addiio al al ulaio s e e ade, ha gi g the laitude a d lo gitude of the jet o e i o de to i d the lo aio he e the jet has its a i u

i d speed. Ta le sho s the othe oo di ates used to i d the jet o e of the CLLJ as ell as oo di ates fo the othe jets , a d igu es , d

a d e sho the o espo di g esults. Figu e see s to ep ese t the i te jet ete tha the othe igu es, aptu i g its a i u st e gth

elo . O the othe ha d, igu e e sho s a st o ge su e jet he o pa ed

ith its sig al i othe oo di ates, as sho f o ig. a to d; ho e e , ig. d is also a good ep ese taio of the jet o e, although it see s

to u de esi ate the ag itude of the i d. These esults suggest that the posiio of the jet o e a ies th oughout the ea , ith a i te CLLJ lose to Ce t al A e i a, a d a su e CLLJ o e

dista t f o the o i e t. Although ot sho i

this a i le, ho izo tal p oiles of the i d e e eated at , , a d usi g the

ERA-I te i data, a d it as fou d that the jet o e is ilted o th a d et ee a d .

Addiio al studies should e o du ted to e plo e su h theo . As the su e jet is st o gest at

, its a e age lo aio appea s to e et ee . ° a d . ° N, a d et ee . ° a d . °

W, he eas the i te jet is e te ed at . ° N, . ° W, et ee a d .

Whe the jet is e te ed at . ° N a d . ° W, oth su e a d i te jets see to e ell ep ese ted igu e d , aki g these oo di ates a

good app o i aio of its a e age a ual posiio .

3.1.2 Tehuantepec Jet

The su fa e i d o thl igu es f o Quik“ at Fig. a d CCMP Fig. sho a a i e

Tehua tepe jet f o O to e to Fe ua , ith a a i u speed ithi the a ge of to m s-1

i De e e . The e i al p oile of the total i d f o the ERA Rea al sis Fig. a see s to aptu e this u e t ete tha the NCEP-DOE Rea al sis Fig. . Figu e a sho s the peak of this jet du i g

a

Figu e . Tehua tepe jet e i al p oile at . N, . W, f o a ERA-I te i a d NCEP-DOE.


i te a d fall solid li e , ithi a d . The sa e igu e sho s the e i al p oile of the zo al i d U doted li e a d the e idio al i d V dashed li e . Co pa i g oth o po e ts ith the total i d, it is e ide t that the e idio al o po e t is espo si le fo the a i u speed

du i g i te a d fall at lo le els.

3.1.3 Papagayo Jet

A o di g to the esults f o the Quik“ at a d CCMP su fa e i d, the st o gest a i it of the Papaga o jet at su fa e le el o u s f o De e e to Ap il, ith a i u speeds of

to m s-1 i Ja ua . This eha io ould e elated to the a i u st e gth of the t ade i ds du i g this pa t of the ea , ossi g the

o i e t th ough the la d gap o e o the Costa Ri a, a d the e ge e ai g the Papaga o jet. The jet has a se o da a i u i Jul a d August, oi idi g ith the a i it of the CLLJ. This se o da a i u has app o i atel half the ag itude of the Ja ua a i u .

The e i al p oiles of the total i d Fig. a, solid li es sho s the a i u i d speeds du i g

i te to m s-1 a d sp i g m s-1 at , e plai ed ostl the easte l i ds U,

doted li e , hi h ea hes a peak slightl a o e . It is o th e io i g that the i te peak

also has a e idio al o po e t V, dashed li e hi h see s to e st o ge elo , he e

e te i g the sig al of the total i d at .

Figu e sho s a total i d peaki g du i g i te a d sp i g at , do i ated ostl easte l i ds at this le el. Ho e e , ea

su fa e le els elo , oth zo al a d e idio al o po e ts ha e si ila ag itude

a d o t i uio to the total i d speed.

3.1.4 Panama Jet

The Pa a a jet a ises du i g o theaste l a i it of the Ca i ea t ade i ds, sta i g i De e e a d st e gthe i g th oughout Ja ua a d Fe ua , ea hi g a st o g o the l o po e t, allo i g the to oss the Pa a a

gap a d e te d i to the Pa ii o ea . I igu es a a d a, this jet is o se ed ea hi g its a i u st e gth i Ja ua a d Fe ua m

s-1 . Although it is ot as st o g as the Papaga o

a

Figu e . Papaga o jet e i al p oile at . N, . W, f o a ERA-I te i a d NCEP-DOE.


a d Tehua tepe jets, the Pa a a Jet has a i po ta t i lue e o the lo al sea su fa e te pe atu e ““T a d p e ipitaio . It a ishes ate Ma h, he the southe l i ds f o the southe he isphe e egi to st e gthe a d o e ge i to a -sill elai el eak I te t opi al

Co e ge e )o e ITC) .

“i ila esults a e see i the e i al p oile of the total i d Fig. a a d , solid li e , he e the peak of the jet is fou d at du i g i te ,

ith a app o i ate a i u speed of m s-1, a d ithi a d m s-1 du i g sp i g seaso . No the l i d passi g th ough the topog aphi gap is espo si le fo this jet. Ho e e o a la ge s ale, the zo al i d egi e fo these t o seaso s is p edo i a tl of easte l i ds, so these a also e o se ed st e gthe i g the esuli g i d speed du i g i te a d sp i g, i easi g i

ag itude f o the su fa e i to highe le els of the a ea sele ted fo this stud .

3.1.5 Choco Jet

Ma i u i d speeds a e fou d et ee su fa e a d at the lo aio of the Cho o

Jet, st e gthe i g du i g su e a d ea hi g its a i u alue of . m s-1 du i g fall Fig. a, ,

solid li es . This pate is e plai ed the st o g t ade i ds f o the southe he isphe e,

lo i g th ough the o ea a d tu i g ight ea the o i e t as a espo se to the Co iolis efe t a d o ea -la d te pe atu e g adie t.

The ea al sis f o ERA-I te i ig. a sho s a peak o the zo al i d at that ea hes its a i u alue du i g fall, he eas the lo e esoluio of the NCEP ea al sis ig. displa s

a a i u zo al alue that e ai s o sta t f o the su fa e to . Although it is ot pa t of the jet, the e idio al i d i that a ea dashed li es sho s a i u alues at

du i g i te a d sp i g, o espo di g to the o the l i u sio of the t ade i ds f o the o the he isphe e, a d et ee a d

du i g su e a d fall.

4. Conclusions

Va ious autho s ha e studied the i d ield i the t opi al A e i as, i di g se e al st o g u e ts at lo le els of the at osphe e, k o

a

Figu e . Pa a a jet e i al p oile at . N, . W, f o a ERA-I te i a d NCEP-DOE.


as lo -le el jets. These jets a e i po ta t fo edist i ui g oistu e a d o e tu . The

Quik“ at a d CCMP data used i this stud allo ed us to do u e t the a ual le of these sig ii a t jets o a su fa e le el.

The ost ele a t featu es of the lo le el jets at su fa e le el a e:

• Ca i ea lo -le el jet i Ja ua , Fe ua a d Ma h m s-1 a d a se o d peak i Ju e, Jul a d August m s-1 .

• Tehua tepe jet f o O to e to Fe ua m s-1 a d a se o da a i u i Jul a d August m s-1 .

• Papaga o jet f o De e e to Ap il m s-1 a d a se o da a i u i Jul a d August

m s-1 .• Pa a a jet f o De e e to Fe ua m

s-1 .• Cho o jet f o Ma to No e e m s-1 .

Ho e e , the use of the e i al p oiles o puted ith NCEP-DOE a d ERA-I te i data p o ides

dife e t esults; fo i sta e, the CLLJ is al ost al a s st o ge du i g su e tha du i g

i te , ea hi g the a i u speed at he e the zo al i d has a i u easte lies

pe a e tl . A o di g to the ERA e i al p oile, the Papaga o jet ea hes its a i u speed du i g i te at ig. a , a d a se o da peak is fou d du i g sp i g at that sa e le el; oth peaks a e ostl e plai ed the zo al o po e t of the i d. O the othe ha d, the NCEP data sho s ho this jet ea hes its a i u speed du i g i te at . The Pa a a jet peaks at du i g i te , e ide t i the e i al p oiles f o NCEP a d ERA. The Cho o jet appea s ai l du i g fall a d su e , ith a i u speeds at . With the e epio of the Cho o jet a d to so e e te t the Tehua tepe jet, these jets a e di e tl elated to the a ual le of the No th Atla i

“u t opi al High NA“H , k o also as the Be uda High he the o e of the high p essu e is lo ated o e the est Atla i . The NA“H is o e i te se a d lo ated fa the o th a d est du i g the o eal su e tha du i g i te . The i te

a i u of the Tehua tepe Jet is p odu ed he old f o ts o e southeast, esta lishi g

a high p essu e i the gulf of Me i o a d a ele ai g the i d th oughout the Isth us of Tehua tepe . Co side i g that NA“H is f e ue tl pushed south a d pola asses f o old f o ts i i te , the CLLJ a e e plai ed the a ele aio of the t ade i ds he the NA“H is

a

Figu e . Cho o jet e i al p oile at . N, . W, f o a ERA-I te i a d NCEP-DOE.


displa ed south a d o he it i te siies du i g su e . These st o g t ade i ds oss the la d gaps eai g e jets: the Papaga o a d Pa a a jets. I o asio s, the CLLJ i gs p e ipitaio to the Ca i ea oast et ee Ni a agua a d Costa Ri a, a d so ei es e e i to este Costa Ri a. The st o g t ade i ds f o this jet a e felt i the Ce t al Valle of Costa Ri a du i g the o eal

i te a d su e .

The Cho o jet is the p odu t of the e idio al ““T g adie t et ee este Colo ia a d the Cold To gue -a egio of olde ““T’s e plai ed i d-d i e Ek a t a spo t-, i gi g o side a le a ou ts of p e ipitaio to this ou t . As the Cold To gue eake s du i g El Niño episodes, the e idio al g adie t of ““T also eake s, as does the Cho o Jet a d ai fall a i it i este Colo ia.

5. Acknowledgments

The autho ould like to tha k the p oje ts VI--B - , VI- -B - , VI- -B - a d

VI- -A - of the U i e sit of Costa Ri a. “pe ial tha ks to D . Wa e “ hu e t, B ia M Nold , Ri k Tat a d Paul Ciesielski f o Colo ado “tate U i e sit a d to Jo ge A ado f o the U i e sit of Costa Ri a, fo thei suppo t

ith so e of the igu es a d dis ussio .

6. References

Atlas, R., Hof a , R. N., A dizzo e, J., Leid e , “. M., Juse , J. C., “ ith, D. K., Go os, D. . A oss- ali ated, uliplafo o ea su fa e i d elo it p odu t fo eteo ologi al a d o ea og aphi appli aio s. Bullei of the A e i a Meteorological Society, , - .

A ado , J. . A Cli ai Featu e of T opi al A e i as: The T ade Wi d Easte l Jet. Tópi os Meteo ológi os O ea og ái os,

, – .

A ado , J., & Magaña, V. . Dynamics of the lo -le el jet o e the Ca i ea Sea. P ep i ts th Co fe e e o Hu i a es a d T opi al Meteo olog . pp. - . Dallas, Te as: A e i a Meteo ologi al “o iet .

A ado , J. A., Magaña, V. O., & Pe ez, J. B. . The lo le el jet a d o e i e a i it i the Caribbean. P ep i ts th Co fe e e i Hu i a es a d T opi al Meteo olog pp. – . Fo t Laude dale, FL: A e i a

Meteo ologi al “o iet .

A ado , J., Alfa o, E., Liza o, O., & Magaña, V. . At osphe i fo i g of the easte

t opi al Pa ii : A e ie . Progress in Oceanography, , – .

Chelto , D., F eili h, M., & Es e se , “. . “atellite o se aio s of the i d jets of the Pa ii oast of Ce t al A e i a. Pa t II: Regio al elaio ships a d d a i al o side aio s. Mo thl Weathe Re ie ,

, – .

Chelto , D. B., Es e se , “. K., “ hla , M. G., Thu , N., F eili h, M. H., We tz, F. J., Ge te a , Ch. L., M Phade , M.J. a d “ hopf, P. “. . O se aio s of oupli g

et ee su fa e i d st ess a d sea su fa e te pe atu e i the easte t opi al Pa ii . Journal of Climate, , – .

Dee, D. P., Uppala, “. M., “i o s, A. J.,Be isfo d, P., Poli, P., Ko a ashi, “., A d ae, U., Bal aseda, M. A., Balsa o, G.,Baue , P., Be htold, P.,Beljaa s, A. C. M., a de Be g, L., Bidlot, J., Bo a , N., Delsol, C., D aga i, R., Fue tes, M., Gee , A. J., Hai e ge , L., Heal , “. B., He s a h, H., Hól , E. V., Isakse , L., Kåll e g, P., Köhle , M., Mat i a di, M., M Nall , A. P., Mo ge-“a z, B. M., Mo ete, J. J., Pa k, B., K., Peu e , C, de Ros a , P., Ta olato, C., Thépaut, J. N., Vita t, F. . The ERA-I te i ea al sis: o igu aio a d pe fo a e of the data

assi ilaio s ste . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society : – , doi: . / j. .

http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.828

30 Análisis de incertidumbre, utilizando el método de Montecarlo, en la evaluación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del sector energía en el año 2012 en Costa Rica.

Fiedle , P. . The a ual le a d iologi al efe ts of the Costa Ri a do e. Deep Sea Research, , – .

Kal a , E., Ka a itsu, M., Kistle , R., Colli s, W., Dea e , D., Ga di , L., I edell, M., “aha, “., White, G., Woolle , J., )hu, Y., Leet aa, A., Re olds, R., Chelliah, M., E isuzaki, W., Higgi s, W., Ja o iak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropele ski, C., Wa g, J., Je e, R. & Joseph, D. . The NCEP/NCAR - ea ea al sis p oje t. Bullei of the A e i a

Meteorological Society, , – .Ka a itsu, M., E isuzaki, W., Woolle , J., Ya g,

“-K, H ilo, J. J., Fio i o, M. a d Pote , G. L., . NCEP-DOE-AMIP-II Rea al sis R-

. Bullei of the A e i a Meteo ologi al Society. – .

Mapes, B., Wa e , T., & Xu, M. . Diu al Pate s of Rai fall i No th este “outh A e i a. Pa t III: Diu al G a it Wa es a d No tu al Co e io Ofsho e. Monthly Weathe Re ie , , – .

Mapes, B., Wa e , T., Xu, M., & Neg i, A. a . Diu al Pate s of Rai fall i No th este “outh A e i a. Pa t I: O se aio s a d Co te t. Mo thl Weathe Re ie , ,

– .Mo a, I., & A ado , J. . El ENO“, el IO“

la o ie te e ho o de ajo i el e el oeste del Ca i e. Tópicos Meteorológicos y O ea og ái os, , – .

Pe , K.L. . SeaWi ds o QuikSCAT Le el . Dail , G idded O ea Wi d Ve to s JPL SeaWi ds P oje t . Ve sio . ,

JPL Do u e t D- , Jet P opulsio La o ato , Pasade a, CA.

Po eda, G. . La hid o li atología de Colo ia: u a sí tesis desde la es ala i te -de adal hasta la es ala diu a. Re ista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias, , –

.Po eda, G. & Mesa, O. . La o ie te de

ho o supe i ial del oeste del Cho o ot as dos o ie tes de ho o at osfé i as so e Colo ia: Cli atología a ia ilidad du a te las fases del EN“O. Re ista A adé i a Colombiana de Ciencias, , – .

Po eda, G. & Mesa, O. . O the e iste e of Llo o the ai iest lo alit o Ea th : E ha ed o ea -at osphe e-la d i te a io a lo -le el jet. Geoph si al Resea h Lete s,

, – .T as iña, A., & A ado , J. . Easte Pa ii

oastal d a i s a d the I t a-A e i as su e lo le el jet. Geoph si al Resea h Abstracts, , – .

U ata i, “., & Ya agata, T. . Respo se of the easte t opi al Pa ii to e idio al

ig aio of the ITC): The ge e aio of the Costa Ri a Do e. Journal of Physical Oceanography, , – .

Walla e, J., Mit hell, T., & Dese , C. . The i lue e of sea-su fa e te pe atu e o su fa e i d i the easte e uato ial Pa ii : “easo al a d i te a ual a ia ilit . Journal of Climate, , – .

Wa g, C., Lee, “. . Atla i a pool, Ca i ea lo le el jet a d thei pote ial i pa t o Atla i hu i a es. Geoph si al Resea h Lete s, , L , doi: . / GL .

Wa e , T., Mapes, B., & Xu, M. . Diu al Pate s of Rai fall i No th este “outh A e i a. Pa t II: Model “i ulaio s. Monthly Weathe Re ie , , – .

Xie, “. . O ea -at osphe e i te a io i the aki g of the Walke Ci ulaio a d E uato ial Cold To gue. Journal of Climate,

, – .Xie, “., Xu, H., Kessle , W., & No aka, M. .

Ai -sea i te a io o e the Easte Pa ii Wa Pool: Gap i ds, the o li e do e, a d at osphe i o e io . Journal of Climate, , – .

Yi , B., & Al e ht, B. . “paial a ia ilit of at osphe i ou da la e st u tu e o e the easte e uato ial Pa ii . Journal of Climate, , – .

Yu, J., & Me hoso, C. . Li ks et ee a ual a iaio s of Pe u ia st ato u ulus louds

a d of ““T i the easte e uato ial Pa ii . Journal of Climate, , – .

__DdeLink__6636_2363682348_GoBackClimatology of the low-level winds over the intra-americas sea using satellite and reanalysis data Gabriela Mora

climatology of the low-level winds over the intra- americas sea … · 2019. 5. 16. · ad ite, ad...

Documents