climate web
TRANSCRIPT
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CCAA T58
Climate-responsive house design with concrete
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ii Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa a nt-r-
prt ranatn etabhed n 1928 and cmmtted
t ervn the Atraan cntrctn cmmnt.
CCAA acknweded natna and nternatna a
Atraa' remt cement and cncrete nrmatn
bd takn a eadn re n edcatn and trann,
reearch and devepment, technca nrmatn and
advr ervce, and ben a ncant cntrbtr
t the preparatn Cde and standard aectn
bdn and bdn matera.
CCAA' prncpa am are t prtect and extend
the e cement, cncrete and areate b
advancn knwede, k and prenam n
Atraan cncrete cntrctn and b prmtn
cntna awarene prdct, ther ener-ecent
prperte and ther e, and the cntrbtn the
ndtr make tward a better envrnment.
Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa
ABN 34 000 020 486
CCAA offiCes
sYDNeY offiCe:
Level 6, 504 Pacific Highway
St Leonards NSW Australia 2065
PosTAL ADDRess:Locked Bag 2010
St Leonards NSW 1590
TeLePHoNe: (61 2) 9437 9711
fACsiMiLe: (61 2) 9437 9470
BRisBANe offiCe:
Level 14, IBM Building
348 Edward Street
Brisbane QLD 4000
TeLePHoNe: (61 7) 3831 3288
fACsiMiLe: (61 7) 3839 6005
MeLBoURNe offiCe:
2nd Floor, 1 Hobson Street
South Yarra VIC 3141
TeLePHoNe: (61 3) 9825 0200
fACsiMiLe: (61 3) 9825 0222
PeRTH offiCe:
45 Ventnor Avenue
West Perth WA 6005
TeLePHoNe: (61 8) 9389 4452
fACsiMiLe: (61 8) 9389 4451
ADeLAiDe offiCe:
Greenhill Executive Suites
213 Greenhill Road
Eastwood SA 5063
PosTAL ADDRess:PO Box 229
Fullarton SA 5063
TeLePHoNe: (61 8) 8274 3758
fACsiMiLe: (61 8) 8373 7210
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES OFFICE
PO Box 243
Henley Beach SA 5022
TeLePHoNe: (61 8) 8353 8151
fACsiMiLe: (61 8) 8353 8151
TAsMANiAN offiCe:
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES OFFICE
PO Box 246
Sheffield TAS 7306
TeLePHoNe: (61 3) 6491 2529
fACsiMiLe: (61 3) 6491 2529
WeBsiTe: www.concrete.net.au
eMAiL: [email protected]
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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete iii
Cntnt
Introduction 1
Ecologically sustainable development 1
Orientating the design process
genera 2
The bdn e cce 2
Ener 3
Water 3
Wate 3
Bdvert and pecn matera 3
Therma cmrt 4
Climate-responsive design
genera 5
Atraan cmate zne 5
Anan cmate data 6
orentatn and n cntr 7
Ventatn and ar vect 9
Ma 9
Znn 10
landcape and mcrcmate 11
Case studies and design guide for major climate zones
genera 12
ZoNE 1 Trpca: Darwn 12
ZoNE 2 sb-trpca: Brbane 15
ZoNE 3 Ht ard mmer, warm wnter: Ace sprn 19
ZoNE 5 Warm temperate: sdne, Adeade, Perth 21
ZoNE 6 Md temperate: Mebrne + ZoNE 7 C temperate: Canberra, Hbart 25
Bibliography 27
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fur
Figure 1 stae the bdn e cce 3
Figure 2 AsHRAE 55 2004 Acceptabe peratve
temperatre rane r natra
cndtned pace 4
Figure 3 Cmate zne baed n temperatre and
reatve hmdt 5
Figure 4 Mnth drna averae ptted wth
adaptve cmrt zne r natra
ventated bdn n Brbane 6
Figure 5 Eave verhan chart 8
Figure 6 Cntr ventatn n a ht cmate 9
Figure 7 Znn r ht hmd cmate 10
Figure 8 Cae td den r trpca cmate 13
Figure 9 Bar chart hwn the envrnmenta mpact
n hh ma matera v htweht
caddn n Darwn he 15
Figure 10 Ar temperatre reqenc dtrbtn n
Darwn he 15
Figure 11 Cae td den r b-trpca
cmate 16
Figure 12 Bar chart hwn the envrnmenta mpact
n hh ma matera n Brbane
he 18
Figure 13 Ar temperatre reqenc dtrbtn n
Brbane he 18
Figure 14 genera den r ht ard cmate 19
Figure 15 Cae td den r warm temperate
cmate 20
Figure 16 Mded ectn prject he t
mprve ar acce and ventatn 21
Figure 17 itratn cntrctn tpe 23
Figure 18 Envrnmenta cmparn varcntrctn envrnmenta mpact
ver a e cce 50 ear (crade t
rave) 24
Figure 19 Bar chart ndcatn therma cmrt 24
Figure 20 genera den r md and c temperate
cmate 25
Figure 21 Drect an heatn cce 26
Figure 22 inatn cavt wa n evere cd
cmate area 26
Figure 23 sab-ede natn n cd-cmate
area 26
iv Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 1
intrductn
This publication covers the role o concrete in
climate-responsive house design or each o
Australias climate zones. It provides a resource to
designers or the development o a design solution
or a particular climate type, including the choice
o materials, eective passive design or solar
control and ventilation. Most importantly, through
detailed analysis it provides a strategic approach to
sustainable design by identiying the biggest impacts
and outlining design responses. This reduces the
complexity o sustainable design objectives and
highlights the issues that must be addressed to
move towards sustainable residential building. The
sustainability o the building is considered over its
lie. The publication draws on detailed case studies to
illustrate climate-responsive design. The case studies
were conducted by Cement Concrete & Aggregates
Australia (CCAA) over the past fve years.
The houses illustrated in this document were
designed by Peter Poulet o the NSW Government
Architect's Ofce.
eclcally utanabl
dvlpmnt
'Sustainable development is development that meets the
needs o the present without compromising the ability o
uture generations to meet their own needs'
Brundtland Report 1987
Th dentn prvde a brad vera bjectve. The
chaene meetn tanabe devepment can be
nfenced b the crrent envrnmenta mpact the
bdn ndtr.
Th pbcatn take a tratec apprach t de
archtect t actn that ve the reatet ht tward
tanabe devepment.
The environmental
impact of the
construction industry
The construction industry has a largeimpact on the environment and is
responsible or roughly 40% cent o
all resource consumption and 40%
o all waste production (including
greenhouse gas emissions).
du Plessis et al 2001, also see
Malin et al 1995
Resource consumption and waste
production over the buildings
lie cycle triggers a number o
environmental problems such as loss
o arable land, release o toxins into
the biosphere, deorestation, and
noise and dust pollution.
du Plessis et al 2001
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2 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
orntatn th dn prc
General
Th ectn prvde a brad vew tanabe
devepment t rentate the den prce and taret.
The envrnmenta cnderatn n Atraan bdn
cde c heav n the therma perrmance the bdn envepe. Th empha apprprate
becae the bdn rm and abrc have a n-term
mpact and are mprtant repnbte the
archtect. Hwever, mprved therma perrmance
the envepe a we hrt tanabe ener
e et ane tanabe devepment. Athh ten
recevn mnr attentn, the ht water tem can
have mch reater mpact n cmate chane. Fr
exampe, a a-bted ar ht water tem can be
ne the mt eectve wa mprvn the ener
perrmance the hehd.
The BuildinG life CyCle
The archtect n the ptn creatn a trctre
that ma at man eneratn. T ae tanabt,
the trctre mpact need t be cndered ver
th tme rame. The e-cce ener e a bdn
ncde that needed r matera extractn, prdctn,
cntrctn, peratn, mantenance, wate
manaement, and rerce recver at the end the
bdn e. The den the bdn can aect a
tae n the bdn e cce Figure 1.
A brad rane ndcatr needed t meare the
ptenta envrnmenta mpact a bdn. Ener,
water and wate are three cmmn ndcatr that
captre mprtant rerce fw r bdn. other
ndcatr a refect the ptenta eect emn
n hman and ectem heath. Baed n a e-cce
apprach, the wn area are a tartn pnt n
cndern tanabe den.
figURe 1
stae the bdn e cce
Resource extraction Manuacturing
On-site construction Occupancy / maintenance
Recycling / reuse / disposalDemolition
Life cycle energy
Heating and cooling represent only a
portion o the greenhouse gas emissions
within a household, typically about 14%.
Greenhouse gases from home energy use
[Australian Greenhouse Ofce]
In 199394 less than 5% o Australian
households used solar energy to
heat water. The majority (62%) used
electricity while most o the remainder
used mains gas (31%) (Australian
Bureau o Statistics www.abs.gov.au).
Solar hot water systems, efcient
rerigerators and other appliances
should be essential or new households
and a ocus or retroftting existing
housing stock.
14% heating and cooling
28% water heating
7% standby
17% rerigeration
19% other appliances
6% cooking
9% lighting
>>
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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 3
enerGy
in repect envrnmenta mpact, ener ten
cndered n term ba warmn ptenta a we
a the e nn-renewabe rerce. Th mpact
can be addreed thrh reater ecenc a wea chann t renewabe ener rce. Renewabe
r 'reen' ener ncrean avaabe thrh the
rd and can redce ba warmn ptenta and
nn-renewabe ener e.
ga-bted ar ht water tem can a pa an
mprtant part n redcn the amnt ener ed,
a are ecent appance. The catn the he
and mde tranprt hd a be cndered. see
the bx Life Cycle Energyr nrmatn n ener
ecenc and the mprtance peratna ener.
A cmate repnve den, ncdn pave ar
wnter heatn a mprtant and perhap the ne
area where the archtect ha reatet cntr.
WaTer
The water e r a hehd need a mch attentn
a ener-ecent den, epeca where water
rerce are mted. Man vernment aence
prmte water ecenc thrh water-ecent xtreand ranwater tank. in addtn, natve veetatn that
reqre e water hd a be cndered r
tanabe den. Water-ecent xtre a have the
benet redcn ener cnmptn r water heatn.
WasTe
Redcn wate need t cnder bth wate
enerated b the hehd a we a wate created at
the end the bdn e. A we dened tem r
manan hehd wate can make t eaer t rt
and tre matera r cmptn, ree and reccn.A he that can be dmanted and the eement
reed a redce demtn wate at the end t
e. The qantt wate enerated drn the e a
he ten abt the ame a a the wate created
thrh demtn at the end a 50-ear bdn e.
Wate rm the cntrctn prce enera ma
n cmparn. Hwever, wate r the prdctn
matera can be mch reater than a ther wate
tream cmbned. The prdctn each kram
bdn matera can ret n evera kram
wate. Th ncde wate rm matera extractn(ch a mnera wate and mnn ver-brden) and
can var reat r the prdctn the ame matera.
in me cae t can be reatve benn r can be
txc and preent a majr wate prbem. it therere
dct t pec matera accrdn t wate mpact
wtht nrmatn n prdctn prcee and wate
crtera ben mre read avaabe.
BiodiversiTy and speCifyinG maTerials
sme envrnmenta mpact r bdn are dct
t qant bt are ver mprtant r tanabe
devepment. T avd 'cmprmn the abt
tre eneratn t meet ther need', the archtect
mt take a practve apprach t manae the
ptenta mpact. Fr exampe, the rce raw
matera rare knwn n a bdn te and
a dctated b ct. The archtect hd pec
matera rm knwn tanabe rce and check
that thee matera arrve n te. Matera that appear
'natra' can have are mpact n the ectem rm
whch the are rced. Mnn peratn can a
aect adjacent ectem, epeca n area where
envrnmenta reatn pr. Prtectn bdverthd be the prmar c n pecn matera
rather than ener ee the bx Life Cycle Energy.
Based on CCAA LCA studies o
houses using a range o construction
types, energy used to produce
materials to make the house itsel
(embodied energy) is generally less
than 20% o the operational energy
used or a house over a fty-year lie.
Materials with high embodied energy
used in much greater quantities than
usual or housing can have a bigger
eect. In general, specifcation o
materials should ocus primarily on
other impacts where materials are the
biggest contributor, such as biodiversity.
From a planning perspective,
households also use a lot o energy or
transport this can vary greatly rom
household to household depending on
the location o the house.
Construction vs operational energy
[www.concrete.net.au]
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000i i
i
100 year life75 year life50 year life
HOUSE LIFE SPAN
ENERGY
(GJ)
Construction/mainenance energy
Operational energy
>>
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Thermal ComforT
Heatn and cn ener nt necear the
dmnant e ener b a hehd. Hwever, the
cmrt ccpant a prmar nctn a bdn
and a majr determnant the matera ed r the
bdn envepe and t rm ee the bx Life
Cycle Energy.
AsHRAE standard 55 2004 Thermal Environmental
Conditions or Human Occupancypreent therma
cmrt mt r natra ventated pace. Fed
tde hw that pepe adapt t cndtn a hwn
n the chart reprdced n Figure 2.
Fr exampe, n Febrar n sdne the mean mnth
tdr temperatre 22.6C. Entern the abve chart
rm the 'mean mnth tdr ar temperatre' ax
and n the 80% acceptabt ve ndr operative
temperatre abt 21C t 28C. un the wnter
mnth J mean mnth tdr temperatre
11.9C ve operativetemperatre abt 18C t
25C. Th ncde the eect hmdt and ame
that the ccpant can ree adjt cthn and
enaed n near edentar actvte.
Data n ar temperatre ree avaabe rm the
Brea Meter webte (www.bm.v.a/
cmate/averae/). The mean mnth tdr ar
temperatre can be cacated rm the averae the
mean maxmm and mean mnmm ar temperatre.
A mmer and wnter cacatn ve the rane
vae expected r the catn. The AsHRAE 55 2004
standard pece that th methd can be apped t
mean tde ar temperatre between 10C and 32.5C.
The operative temperature a cmbnatn ar and
radant temperatre and can be etmated a the averae
the tw when a pern edentar, nt n drect
nht and exped t wnd vecte e than 0.2 m/.
Radant temperatre cacated rm the race
temperatre the matera n the bdn. in man
cae, radant temperatre w be ver mar t the
ar temperatre becae the race n the bdn
are aected b the ar temperatre. Derence ccr
r race wndw and mave eement. Fr
exampe, n cd mnth, a are a area ne th
the fr area can ve a mean radant temperatre
3C e than the ndr ar temperatre (pae 8, A52
Radiant Heating and CoolingAsHRAE Handbk, 1991).
Th wer the peratve temperatre b abt 1.5C.
The cnvere tre n warmer mnth are a
area can ncreae the mean radant temperatre
abve the ndr ar temperatre. in ht cmate the
temperatre the rnd can be wer than the ar
temperatre. A rnd-cnnected ab can be ed t
wer the peratve temperatre, becae t aw the
ccpant t radate heat t the are c race the ab.
The e cmrt mt hd be ded b a ntn
dcmrt. Ce t the cmrt mt mt pepe
w cnder t cmrtabe and me w cnder t
md ncmrtabe. At a are dtance rm the
cmrt mt mt pepe w cnder the cndtn
ver ncmrtabe. Th partcar mprtant r
ht cmate where t dct t e heat rm the
bd. The cmrt mt are a tartn pnt r bdn
den. The archtect mt then cnder actr ch
a radatn and ar mvement cmbned wth bdn
rm and matera prperte t mprve therma cmrt.
5 10 15 20 25 30 3514
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
MEAN MONTHLY OUTDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE (C)
Limits of
acceptability
80%90%
INDOOR
OPERATIVETEMPERAT
URE(C)
figURe 2AsHRAE 55 2004 Acceptabe peratve temperatre
rane r natra cndtned pace
4 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
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Clmat-rpnv dn
General
Therma mave matera ch a cncrete are
enera advcated a part pave den
apprach n temperate and ard zne. Th refected
n bdn cde and the abndant teratre avaabe
r pave ar heatn. Th ectn a cnder
the e therma mave matera t mprve
therma cmrt n trpca area. it w a zned
r 'hbrd' apprach wth hh ma cnnected t
the rnd n the wer fr t act a a heat nk t
mnme datme extreme. Bdn ccpant wd
e derent part the bdn at derent tme t
ptme ther cmrt.
ausTralian ClimaTe Zones
The wn cmate zne a dented n the Bdn
Cde Atraa are baed pn temperatre and
reatve hmdt Figure 3.
Zone 1 Trpca, hh hmdt mmer, warm wnter
e Darwn
Zone 2 sb-trpca, warm hmd mmer, md
wnter e Brbane
Zone 3 Ht ard mmer, warm wnter e Ace sprn
Zone 4 Ht ard mmer, c wnter e odnadatta
Zone 5 Warm temperate e sdne, Adeade
and Perth
Zone 6 Md temperate e Mebrne
Zone 7 C temperate e Canberra, Hbart
Zone 8 Apne e snw Mntan
The cmate zne that ncrprate the majr ppatn
centre are cndered n deta. in addtn, trpca
and b-trpca cmate are cvered t trate hw
cncrete can cntrbte t tanabe and cmate-
repnve den n thee zne. on enera nrm-
atn prvded r ht ard cmate where the benet
the e mave matera are we etabhed.figURe 3
Cmate zne baed n temperatre and reatve
hmdt [Bdn Cde Atraa]
Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 5
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6 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
analysinG ClimaTe daTa
Th ectn ndcate hw cmate data ana can be
ed a the ba r apprprate c mate repnve
den tratee enera and t den apprprate
hadn pecca. Ana the derent tme
the ear and the reatnhp between the cmrt
zne and the tdr cndtn prvde a trate
r den. in me cmate, heatn and cn are
reqred at derent perd the ear whe ther
reqre n heatn r n cn.
A d rce mmar cmate data ree
avaabe rm the Brea Meter webte
(www.bm.v.a/cmate/averae/). Figure 4 hw
an exampe ch cmate data raphed n the
Weather T tware (www.q1.cm).
Figure 4 hw the tme ear when the eectve
temperatre (rane) abve r bew the cmrt
zne (be) r natra ventated bdn n Brbane.
in Ma, Jne, J and At the eectve temperatre
a bew the cmrt zne, me heatn w th be
needed (crced wth dahed ne). The ther mnth
are warm, wth Nvember, December, Janar and
Febrar ben the htter mnth. Brbane cmate
averae rm the Brea Meter hw that the
mean maxmm e than 30C r a mnth the
ear. on averae there are apprxmate 50 da per
ear when the temperatre abve 30C, 3.5 da per
ear abve 35C and ver rare exceed 40C.
in the cae td r Brbane decrbed ater,
empha wa ven t keepn c. it wa reaned
that reater dcmrt wd ccr n peak mmer
than n the md wnter. Th wa refected n the den
b the chce date r hadn and awn n
nt the he. up t 1 Ma a n wa excded rm
the bdn. Th mean that n wa a be bcked
rm 11 At de t the mmetr the n
mvement abt the tce. A can be een crced
wth a dahed ne n Figure 4, th mean that n part
At the eectve temperatre ma a bew
the cmrt zne and there w be n n t mprve
cndtn. Hwever, n w enter the bdn rm
1 Ma t 11 At t mprve cmrt.
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
MONTHLYDIURNALAVERAGES(C)
figURe 4
Mnth drna averae ptted wth adaptve cmrt
zne r natra ventated bdn n Brbane
[Weather T tware]
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orienTaTion and sun ConTrol
orentatn and n cntr a bac den
cnderatn r cmate-repnve den. The
chane n n ane ver the ear aw the hadn
t be dened t aw n t enter the bdn nwnter and be excded n mmer. in catn ch
a Darwn, hadn w be reqred r a tme the
ear; n Jne, the n w even ht a th-acn wa
hadn nt prvded.
The chart n Figure 5 prvde a qck reerence t
the apprprate eave verhan. sn cntr n the
eat and wet eevatn the bdn hd a
be cndered. lw-ane n that ht the nrth and
eat acade a need cnderatn bt mre
eectve cntred wth vertca hade r externa
htter. The Eave overhan Chart n Figure 5 ve ac-ecent 0.95 r 1 Ma r Brbane. Th mean
that a nrth-acn wa 2.7 m hh w need an eave
verhan at eat 2.57 m t be haded p nt
1 Ma. Addtna hadn w be reqred r w-ane
mrnn and aternn n.
Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 7
Tc tt g t 12
t cg w j at ct
Summer Equinox Winter
solstice 21 March and solstice
22 December 23 september 21 Jne
sdne,
Canberra,
Adeade 79 56 33
Mebrne 76 52 29
Brbane 86 63 39
Perth 82 58 35
Darwn* 101 78 54
Hbart 71 47 24
Ace sprn 90 67 43
* in summer the sun is in the southern sky
78
54
101
DARWIN
Wintersolstice
Equinox
Summersolstice
63
39
86
BRISBANE
Wintersolstice
Equinox
Summersolstice
58
35
82
PERTH
Wintersolstice
Equinox
Summersolstice
56
33
79
SYDNEY
Wintersolstice
Equinox
Summersolstice
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8 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
22 Dec(summer solstice)
27 Nov
16 Jan
26 Feb
21 Mar
14 April
26 May
E
E = C x H
WhereC = Coefficient
from the chart
H
19 July
31 Aug
23 Sept
0 5
Equinox
10 15 25
LATITUDE (degrees)
TIME OF THE YEAR
Arrows show direction of
travel of sun
EXAMPLE
North-facing window with height, H,
of 2100 mm located at 9 latitude.
What eave outstand, E, is required
to shade the window from 31 August
to 14 April?
From Chart, for 9 latitude, go to diagonal
line for the time of year (31 Aug/14 April)
Move to right to read Coefficient C, say C = 0.35
Calculate E from E = C x H
E = 0.35 x 2100 = 735 mm
COEFFICIENT
,C
30 35 40 45
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.850.90
0.95
1.00
Example:9 latitude
Darwin
Cairns
Townsville
MackayMount IsaPort Hedland
RockhamptonAlice Springs
Brisbane
Geraldton
Port Macquarie Tamworth Kalgoorlie
Broken Hill Perth
Newcastle Whyalla Bunbury
Sydney Bathurst
Canberra Wagga Wagga Adelaide Albany
Albury
Bendigo
Melbourne
Launceston
Hobart
17 Oct
21 June(winter solstice)
20
figURe 5
Eave verhan chart
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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 9
venTilaTion and air veloCiTy
Ar vect can have the eect redcn the
perceved temperatre b 2C r mre. Ar chane
a mprtant r heddn heat rm the bdn.
Hwever, t avd heatn the bdn when tdr
temperatre are reater than ndr temperatre,
natra ventatn hd be retrcted nt the nde
temperatre reache the tde temperatre Figure 6.
Th epeca n pace where t ntceab cer
at nht, ch a n Brbane and ther temperate
cmate where the dwen can be kept c ner
nt the da b retrctn ventatn. in cae where
nht temperatre drp bew cmrt mt care
hd be taken t prevent the bdn rm becmn
t cd. Fan hd be ed t prvde ar mvement
when wndw are ced r cndtn are t.
orentatn r cntr ar radatn hd
enera take precedence ver acce t prevan
breeze. Hwever, bdn rm can be ed
t maxme cr ventatn n narrw fr
pan (n ne rm n wdth), and wn-wa
r andcapn t channe breeze. Hh cen,
raked cen and vertca pace aw heat t trat
and ecape. Hh and w ventatn penn
and cen an at are cnvectn cce and
ncreaed ar mvement. Thee tratee can be
een n the Brbane and Darwn cae tde.
mass
Therma mave matera have the abt t 'even t'
temperatre extreme. in cder cmate th can be
cmbned wth addtna heat rm the n t mprve
therma cmrt. in htter cmate, heat rm the n
hd be excded and ma cnnected t the rnd
t act a a heat nk and t mprve cmrt drn
the httet part the da. in bth cae, extreme
cndtn can be mded and the cmrt mprved.
Anther mprtant actr ma t race
temperatre and the fw heat rm the bd. in ht
cmate, a rnd ab can draw radant heat rm the
hman bd and mprve therma cmrt. Th eect
captred n the cncept the peratve temperatre
ed t dene the cmrt zne r natra ventated
bdn.
Therma mave matera ed n bdn eement
that are nt rnd-cped ch a wa w be mre
repnve t the drna varatn when ced b nht
pre ventatn. in Brbane, th eect hep t keep
the bdn c n mmer, ee Figure 6. in Darwn,
the derence between nht and da temperatre
n abt 57C and the eect w be marna.
figURe 6
Cntr ventatn n a ht cmate
MORNING
Close windows
Open windows
Outside
Inside
NIGHT
TEMPERATURE
Air movement and
comfort in Darwin
Air velocity makes conditions
more comortable in a hot humid
climate at the higher o air
velocities that can be achieved
with, or instance, ceiling ans, the
perceived temperature may be
up to 6C cooler than the actual
air temperature. With even the
more modest air velocities due
to natural cross ventilation, or
example, outside conditions o
31C can be perceived as up to
12C cooler, bringing them
within the comort zone.
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10 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
ZoninG
in ht hmd cmate, vn area hd be cated
at rnd eve t take advantae rnd-cped
ma and mderatn datme peak temperatre;
bedrm can be n the rnd fr a bt n a
eparate zne a hwn n Figure 7. Aternatve,
bedrm hd be ptar t take advantae
wer nht-tme temperatre and t captre prevan
breeze. sch bedrm hd be enera
htweht cntrctn becae ma w nt be
rnd-cped r act a a heat nk.
in cmate where pave heatn reqred r wnter,
rm can be cated accrdn t heatn need.
lvn area are a cated t the nrth t mprve
datme cmrt. on te where a ner eat-wet
ax nt pbe, a ecnd tre can be ed t
ncreae the nmber rm wth a nrthern apect.
Use of thermally
massive materials toimprove comfort in
tropical climates
In a hot humid climate with little
seasonal variation, thermally
massive materials can reduce
daytime maximum temperatures.
The slab-on-ground can be used to
moderate temperatures on hot days.
In addition, walking bareoot on a
concrete or tiled slab will result in acool eeling as the body conducts
heat to the slab.
figURe 7
Znn r ht hmd cmate
Trees toshield fromwind
Bulk-insulated wall
Bulk-insulated wall
Carport
B B B
L
D
F
K
Ceiling fans
Vertical shading
Privacy screen
Opening panels or louvre wallsfor cross-ventilation
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landsCape and miCroClimaTe
landcapn ver mprtant r d therma cmrt
wthn the he, epeca n ht cmate. Pantn
redce the amnt ar radatn reachn the
rnd and create a mcrcmate arnd the bdn.
Attentn a reqred r re-radatn hard
race whch can bpa hadn ntended r drect
radatn. A d mcrcmate can redce radatn
and prvde cer ar rrndn the bdn,
prmtn heat rm the bdn and prvdn
cer ar r ventatn. Fr exampe, ar temperatre
nder the hade a tree can be 4C wer than the
enera ambent ar temperatre abve a raed
race. Hwever, perhap mre mprtant the need
t avd race that dramatca ncreae the ambent
ar temperatre. The ar temperatre abve an aphat
race n the n apprxmate 52C; abve a
cncrete race, 42C (la Rche et a 2001). i thepreheated ar then pae nt the bdn, t wd
bv make therma cndtn nbearabe.
The e veetatn r hadn partcar e
n the eat and wet acade where eave verhan
are e eectve. landcapn can a be ed t
channe predmnant breeze thrh the bdn.
in cder cmate veetatn can erve a a wnd break
and redce the rate heat rm the bdn abrc.
Natve veetatn that ha a w water demand
hd be ed.
Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 11
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12 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
Ca tud and dn ud
r majr clmat zn
General
Th ectn ce n trpca, b-trpca and warm
temperate cmate wth reerence t cae tde.
genera dance ven r ther cmate znecn n drect and ndrect heat an tem.
ZoNe 1 TRoPiCAL: darWin
The den ratnae adpted n th prject r he
den n the trpc wa t mnme the perd
reatet dcmrt drn the da. The bd can
accmate t a certan pnt bt hh temperatre
and hmdt make t dct t e heat n rder t
mantan therma cmrt. in Darwn, athh the
maxmm temperatre rare exceed 35C t ver
cmmn r t t exceed 30C and t be cped
wth hh reatve hmdt. Th mean that t w be
cmmn r therma cmrt, a dened b AsHRAE 55,
t be at t mt r part the da even wth d
pave den. Therma cmrt r eepn a
mprtant bt mre achevabe a temperatre
enera a t ther wet at nht tme. The e
an mprtant t mprve therma cmrt b armvement.
Sustainable design to improve
thermal comfort
oritati ad zig
n orentated wth the n ax rnnn eat-wet
t prvde eectve hadn and acce t
predmnant breeze rm the nrth-wet.
n Bedrm cated ptar t prvde maxmm
acce t cn breeze and t prvde a
eepn area eparate rm ther zne that ma
have aned heat drn the da.
n on natn n bedrm cen t avd
radant heat an.
Vtilatidesign eatures to ensure maximum
ventilation when the internal temperature is higher than
that outside
n shaw fr pan ne-rm wdth t aw
maxmm cr ventatn.
n lvre rm fr t cen penn
apprxmate 65% the fr area.
n A mnmm fr-t-cen heht 2.7 m hher
n bedrm wth raked cen.
n Vertca pace r pward mvement heat rm
rnd fr (nterna tar), whch vent t tde
vn pace.
n Raked cen n bedrm at b ncrean
tratcatn and awn htter ar t be t the
ccped zne and mre ea ventated, e b
rde vent.
n Cen an r phca cn when there
n breeze.
Life cycle
assessment
Lie cycle assessment was carried
out using LCAid sotware and the
NSW Department o Commerce
(previously DPWS) Lie Cycle
Inventory (LCI) database. The LCI
database was compiled between
1995 and 2000 by the Environment
Design Unit, a specialist LCA group
within DPWS. The database contains
all Australian data collected and
compiled in accordance with the
International Standard ISO 14040
Environmental Management Life
Cycle Assessment Principles
and Frameworkand stored in the
Boustead model.
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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 13
F r
Awnn rame penabe t cntr
ventatn, vew and ar acce
Hh-eve vre aw ventatn t
bedrm, verandah and r pace
Ventated pane t
tdr vn area
Deep verandah prvde abe
pace and verhadw bedrm
t keep rm c
F heht azed vre and bd dr
aw r maxmm ventatn and vew,
verhadwed b verandah t prtect aant
weather and ar penetratn
lht cred cncrete
pane wth refectve ,
paced awa rm the
bdn
grnd fr
ab n rnd
r therma
cpn
figURe 8
Cae td den r trpca cmate
> sne aded pannn t actate cr ventatn> Cncrete ma t amerate temperatre fctatn
> Pane tem aw r preabrcatn/tem cntrctn
LK D
F
BBBB
L
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
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14 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
n lvre are part a cnvectve ventatn p
tn hh and w eve penn t exchane
nterna ar.
n Ktchen wth ba wndw t ncreae ventatn
ckn, rereratn and ther heat rce.
n Ar cavt between cen and r permanent
ventated (f r).
Radiati ad vtilati design eatures to
block radiant heat gain and vent any heat gain rom the
building
n F r wth refectve t bck radant heat and
t aw breeze and r ptch t vent r heat an.
n Wn wa wth refectve 1 m rm the bdn
t cmpete hade eat and wet acade and t
channe predmnant breeze thrh the bdn.
(on the wndward de the bdn, the nrth-
acn wa extend t the creen t enre thebreeze channeed thrh the bdn.)
n Bacn r pt t vent heat an and avd
pan heat nt adjacent rm.
n opaqe whte vre rm fr eve t 900 mm
and rm 2100 mm t cen t redce de
radatn an whe t awn ventatn (the
amnt azn e than 25% the fr area).
n 'garae dr' adjtabe hadn t bck de
radatn and prvde em-enced bacn pace,
vred r ventatn.
Radiati design eatures that control radiant
heat gain
n grnd-cped ma t abrb radant heat rm
ccpant.
n Cmpete hadn the bdn abrc r 'mmer'
and 'wnter' n.
n Vertca n r w ane 'wnter' and 'mmer' n
th hade a nrth- and th-acn wndw
AND wa rm mrnn and aternn n de t
wndw pacement.
n A xed hadn nated t avd radant heat
an at penn.
Matrials ad watr
n Wrk t tandard dmenn r caddn and td
ramn t redce wate and ncreae reabt
cntrctn eement. smpe wndw and dr
chede t t nt tandard dmenn.
n Water cectn rm r (tred between the wn
wa and the bdn abrc r cmbned wth a ar
ht water tem n the wetern acade).
Lif cycl assssmt
le cce aement ret a he dened
n the prncpe tned abve tn therma
ma n the rnd fr and externa wa (cncrete
ab n rnd and cncrete wa) are preented
bew. The ret are preented n cmparn wth a
tpca den n htweht bre cement caddn.
The ret are a preented n envrnmenta mpact
catere.
The den r each he ncde a ranwater tank
whch redce the demand r water rm the pbc
pp.
A can be een n Figure 9 there wa nt a reat
derence between the envrnmenta mpact
ndcatr r the tw cntrctn aembe. Th
part becae the cntrctn matera have a
reatve ma mpact n the ndcatr preented.over a 50-ear e cce, ener e drn peratn
dmnated man the ndcatr preented.
The cmate n Darwn chaenn and the therma
mden ndcated perd tde the cmrt
zne. Th can be mprved b n an t mprve
cmrt b the ar mvement. Therma ma prvde
me ber rm peak cndtn and act a a heat
nk. Therma cmrt preented a ar temperatre
reqenc dtrbtn n the am/vn area.
The raph n Figure 10 hw that the cncrete pane
ptn ha mre 2834C hr (warm t ht rane)
and e ver 34C hr (ver ht rane) than r the
htweht caddn (bae) ptn.
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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 15
ZoNe 2 sUB-TRoPiCAL: BrisBane
Fr mmer, the den r Brbane mar t that r
Darwn wth a c n the cntr radatn and the
dpatn heat, man thrh cntred datme
and nht-tme ventatn. Hwever, Brbane a ha
a reater drna rane and a wnter that reqre me
pave heatn. Th preent a reater pprtnt r
mave cntrctn cmbned wth care den
hadn and enetratn. it a preent tw mde
peratn a warm and c ean wth the ma.
Hwever, a nted n the ana Brbane' cmate,
pae 6, the c n mnmn dcmrt whch
mre prnnced n mmer than n the md wnter.
A a ret, the den w the apprach ed r
Darwn wth a mdcatn hadn, the amnt and
cntr ventatn, the e bk natn, the e ma and the penetratn n r the perd
the ear when heatn needed.
Sustainable design to improve
thermal comfort
oritati ad zig
n orentated wth the n ax rnnn eat-wet t
prvde eectve hadn and acce t mmer
aternn breeze rm the nrth-eat, athh
eater breeze are nt captred prrt ven t
rentatn r the n.
n Bedrm cated ptar t prvde maxmm
acce t cn breeze and t prvde a
eepn area eparate rm ther zne that ma
have aned heat drn the da.
Note: The above should be considered in the context of
the limitation of site size and orientation.
n Bedrm cen nated r warmth n wnter.
Vtilatidesign eatures to ensure maximum
ventilation when the internal temperature is higher than
that outside
n shaw fr pan ne-rm wdth t aw
maxmm cr ventatn.
n lvre rm 900 mm t 2100 mm abve fr eve
prvdn mre therma ma.
n A mnmm fr-t-cen heht 2.7 m hher
n bedrm wth raked cen.
n Vertca pace r pward mvement heat rm
rnd fr (nterna tar), whch vent t tde
vn pace.
n Raked cen n bedrm at b ncreantratcatn and awn htter ar t be t the
ccped zne and mre ea ventated.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Atmospheric
Base house(fibre cement, internal and external)
Concrete panel house
Resources
Pollutants
196 231Greenhouse effect (kg)
0.000227Ozone depletion (kg)
2.2231e+06Energy usage (MJ)
26 184.8Water (kL)
144 367Solid waste (kg)
5.2862Heavy metal (kg)
109.045Neutriphication (kg)
2673.71Acidification (kg)
2.1457e0.5Carcinogensis (kg)
30.2127Summer smog (kg)
2935.48Winter smog (kg)
PERCENTAGE
figURe 9
Bar chart hwn the envrnmenta mpact
n hh ma matera v htweht caddn n
Darwn he
figURe 10
Ar temperatre reqenc dtrbtn n Darwn he
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
TEMPERATURE (C)
NUMBER
OFHOURS
Base house(fibre cement, internal and external)
Concrete panel house
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16 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
F r
Hh-eve vre aw ventatn t
bedrm, verandah and r pace
Awnn rame penabe t cntr
ventatn, vew and ar acce
Cncrete pane t tdr
vn area
Deep verandah prvde
abe pace and verhadw
bedrm t keep rm c
Cncrete pane
F heht azed bd dr
aw r maxmm ventatn and
vew, verhadwed b verandah
t prtect aant weather and ar
penetratn
figURe 11
Cae td den r b-trpca cmate
> sne aded pannn t actate cr ventatn
> Cncrete ma t amerate temperatre fctatn
> Pane tem aw r preabrcatn/tem cntrctn
LKD
F
BBBB
L
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 17
n Cen an r phca cn when there
n breeze.
n lvre are part a cnvectve ventatn p
tn hh and w eve penn t exchane
nterna ar.
n Ktchen wth ba wndw t ncreae ventatn
ckn, rereratn and ther heat rce.
n Ar cavt between cen and r can be ced t
rther nate bedrm n wnter.
Radiati ad vtilati design eatures to
block radiant heat gain and vent any heat gain rom the
building
n Ma ed t captre nht-tme temperatre w
drn mmer wth nht ventatn. Brbane ha
a drna rane apprxmate 89C, meared
b the derence between the mean maxmm and
mean mnmm temperatre.
n idea, ventatn mnmed nt nterna
temperatre eqa externa temperatre. Cen
an t vercme 'tne' and ve phca
cn when there n breeze r vent are ced
t redce heat an.
n Redced wndw area n the eat and wet
acade t mnme ear mrnn and ate
aternn heat an th cd be vared prvded
hadn tem mnme heat an and the
amnt azn mnma.
n Cntr r ventatn maxmm ventatn n
mmer mar t a f r and mnmm ventatn
r wnter. R ptch t vent r heat an n
mmer.
n oter kn the eat and wet wa extendn
a wn wa t channe NE mmer aternn
breeze thrh bdn.
n Bacn r pt t vent heat an and avd
drectn heat nt adjacent rm.
n Bacn r wth a ar pera that aw n
nt bedrm r cer mnth.
n ga vre rm 900 mm t 2100 mm abve fr
eve (the amnt azn e than 25% the
fr area).
n 'garae dr' adjtabe hadn t bck/de
radatn and prvde em-enced bacn pace,
vred r ventatn.
Radiati design eatures that ocus on radiant
heat gain
n Eat and wet wa wth refectve and a mnmm
bk natn R1.0 (mded rm Darwn a
bk natn w prvde mar heat bck n
mmer bt a redce heat n wnter).
n The r ha refectve and a mnmm bk
natn R1.5 R2.5.
n grnd-cped ma t abrb radant heat rm
ccpant.
n Cmpete hadn the bdn abrc r ht
mnth. in reerence t mnth drna averae r
Brbane, nder-heatn ccr rm Ma thrh
t At. seted date r acceptabe n
penetratn wd be rm 1 Ma t 11 At r
pave ar heatn (bacn ar pera and
ther hadn devce). F hadn prvded at
a ther tme the ear.
n Vertca n r ther hadn devce r w-ane
mmer n th hade a nrth- and th-
acn wndw AND wa rm mrnn and
aternn n de t wndw pacement.
n A xed hadn can be eparated rm the
trctre t avd 'heat brde' and can be a ht
cr t avd radant heat an at penn.
Matrials ad watr
n Wrk t tandard dmenn r caddn and td
ramn t redce wate and ncreae reabt
cntrctn eement. smpe wndw and dr
chede t t nt tandard dmenn.
n Water cectn rm r, preerab tred n tank
n the eat r wet wa.
n sar ht water tem cd a make e the
harveted/cected water.
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18 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
Lif cycl assssmt
le cce aement ret a he dened
n the prncpe tned abve tn therma
ma n the rnd fr and externa wa (cncrete
ab n rnd and cncrete wa) are preented n
Figure 12. The ret are preented n cmparn
wth a tpca den n brck veneer aemb and
n envrnmenta mpact catere. Note: The design
for each house includes a rainwater tank which reduces
the demand for water from the public supply.
A mentned earer ener e and ba warmn
ptenta are de t the peratn the bdn.
in the ther envrnmenta mpact catere preented
n Figure 12, cncrete pane wa cntrctn ha the
wet zne depetn ptenta, d wate, heav
meta and carcnen.
The den the he n Brbane expred the e
therma ma r pave ar den t e the
drna varatn t mprve cmrt. Therma cmrt
preented a ar temperatre reqenc dtrbtn n
the am/vn area n Figure 13.
The therma mden ndcated tte derence
between the var aembe examned. The dden
pke at 18C cme abt becae the matn
tware ame wndw are ced at th et pnt.
A dened, whether nated r nt, cncrete panewan prvded a reater prtn the ear wthn
the temperatre rane 19 t 25C (adaptve cmrt
temperatre r Brbane).
figURe 12
Bar chart hwn the envrnmenta mpact n
hh ma matera n Brbane he
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
TEMPERATURE (C)
NUMBER
OFHOURS
Concrete panel exterior and interior,no insulation
Concrete panel exterior,plasterboard interior, plus insulation
figURe 13
Ar temperatre reqenc dtrbtn n Brbane he
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Atmospheric
Base house (brick veneer)
Concrete panel exterior and interior,no insulation
Concrete panel exterior,plasterboard interior, plus insulation
Resources
Pollutants
208 426Greenhouse effect (kg)
0.000340Ozone depletion (kg)
2.4083e+06Energy usage (MJ)
23 252.8Water (kL)
202 420Solid waste (kg)
1.0162Heavy metal (kg)
127.168Neutriphication (kg)
2 827.98Acidification (kg)
2.1715e0.5Carcinogensis (kg)
48.3938Summer smog (kg)
3 039.55Winter smog (kg)
PERCENTAGE
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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 19
ZoNe 3 HoT ARiD sUMMeR, WARM
WiNTeR: aliCe sprinGs
Sustainable design to improve
thermal comfort
The wn t cver me enera envrnmentaden eatre:
n Hh therma ma tabe temperatre and
redce datme and nht-tme extreme.
n Heat an redced a mch a pbe wth n
wndw n the eat r wet and ma, we-haded
wndw eewhere.
n Radatn heat an redced wth ht cred
race and refectve natn.
n Crtard are ten ed t prtect aant ht,
dr wnd and are cmbned wth pant and water
eatre, whch redce radatn and create a
mcr cmate enhanced b evapratve cn.
n Ventatn cntred t enre the bdn nt
heated when the nde temperatre e than that
tde n a ht da.
n Evapratve cn can be ed t mprve cmrt
when the reatve hmdt w. Fr exampe,
Ace sprn ha an averae reatve hmdt
27% n Janar awn r the e evapratve
cn t mprve cmrt. in w-rana
area, cnderatn hd a be ven t the
tanabt avaabe water rerce.
figURe 14
genera den r ht ard cmate
Courtyard walls screenagainst wind and dust
Outdoor living
Pergola withadjustableshading
Massiveconstruction
Lightweightconstruction
Slidingdoorsfor breeze
Small windows
K D L
Garage
Garage shades wallfrom late afternoon sun
B B B
Courtyard forevening use
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20 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
figURe 15
Cae td den r warm temperate cmate
Hh-eve wndw t ventate n mmer
and prvde ar acce n wnter
Pera t excde
mmer n and aw
r wnter ar an
Pannn addree
rentatn: vn area
cated t the nrth
Cncrete cntrctn
prvde nterna
therma ma
garae wrk a ber
e ace wet
View rom north west
BLBB
B/SFKDL
Garage
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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 21
ZoNe 5 WARM TeMPeRATe: sydney,
adelaide, perTh
Sustainable design to improve
thermal comfort
oritati ad zig
The prncpe prvded bew are baed n ptma
rentatn and t anment. it recned that
avaabe te n the majr metrptan area ma
nt have ptma cndtn, hwever thee prncpe
hd be apped t t pecc te cndtn.
n orentated wth the n ax eat/wet t
prvde eectve hadn and acce t
prevan breeze rm the nrtheat.
n lvn area zned t the nrth the bdn
pan t take advantae ar acce n wnter.
sn acce t nterna bedrm wa n wnter va
ceretr wndw. sar nre cntred n
mmer b pera and hadn.
n Bedrm zned t the th the vn area t
prvde a eepn area eparate rm the actve
zne and t avd heat an drn the da.
Cear natre bedrm pan aw r ecent
heatn n wnter.
n garae wrk a a ber aant advere
envrnmenta cndtn e arae rentated t
wet avd aternn heat an n mmer.
Vtilati
n Cr ventatn rm bth the vn area and
the bedrm actated b hh eve penabe
ceretr wndw.
n Fr t cen heht a mnmm 2.7 m.
n Raked cen t actate ar mvement thrh a
pace.
n Cen an r phca cn when there
n breeze.
n Ktchen ereated t avd nterna heat an n
mmer.
Radiati ad vtilati design eatures to
control radiant heat gain and vent any heat gain rom
the building
n inated r wth refectve t bck radant
heat and t retan warmth n wnter.
n R ptch t ceretr wndw t vent heat an
when necear.
n grnd cped ma t abrb heat n mmer.
n Cmpete hadn wndw n mmer.
n Wnter n penetratn nt the bdn t warm p
ma eement. The warm race ncreae
cmrt ater n the evenn.
Matrials ad watr
n Wrk t tandard dmenn r caddn and td
ramn t redce wate and ncreae reabt
cntrctn eement.
n smpe wndw and dr chede t t nt
tandard dmenn.
n Water cectn rm r t water arden and
fh tet.
n ga bted ar ht water tem.
figURe 16
Mded ectn prject he t mprve ar
acce and ventatn
Thermal mass
Summer sun
Cross-flow
ventilation
Winter sun
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22 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
Lif cycl assssmt
in 2001 a cae td wa cmpeted r a 'tandard'
three-bedrm detached prject hme cated n
sdne. The man tcme the td wa that,
rrepectve chane t matera, the majrt
envrnmenta mpact were dmnated b the
peratna phae the e cce. Ener e drn
peratn wa nted t be the bet cntrbtr
t ba warmn a we a a nmber ther
envrnmenta ndcatr.
T addre ener ed drn peratn, a ecnd
td wa cmpeted n 2003. un the ame ze
and appearance the prject hme, the den wa
mded r pave ar perrmance. Figure 16
trate prncpa eement pave ar den.
The tw man cntrctn matera ed were brck
veneer and cncrete. The cncrete cntrctn tpe
were ptmed t nd the bet cmbnatn therma
ma and natn. The var cntrctn ptn
hwn n Figure 17 were examned ver three derent
e pan r ther envrnmenta mpact.
in the ptn tded the bet cmrt wa acheved
b the revere therma ma wa cntrctn (Tpe 2E)
n Figure 17.
Lif cycl assssmt
The ret th cae td, Figure 18, hw that
acr the eeven ndcatr ed n lCAd the e
cce aement the var cncrete cntrctn
ptn wa ar mar. overa, the cncrete prdct
perrmed we.
The td hwed that cncrete perrm an mprtant
re n achevn ener ecence thrh the tatn
therma ma n a pave ar dened hme. sch
ener ecence are mprtant a ener prdctn
n nn-renewabe rce wa hwn t have majr
mpact n x the eeven ndcatr tded.
The ret ndcate that athh heatn and cn
ener have been redced, ener e drn
peratn t dmnate the e cce. Th de t
the ht water tem and appance a decrbed n
the bx Life Cycle Energyn pae 2. The ret r
the ndcatr are ver mar, hwn that ener
the majr nfence r a nmber the ndcatr
preented. The are pke that ccr r a nmber
ndcatr r the rt ptn are a tte meadn r
zne depetn ptenta; t a ver ma vae bt
appear are when expreed a a reatve derence.
The ther ndcatr are arer de t the meta r and
t repacement a nmber tme ver the bdn
e cce.
Thee ret cear hw that the envrnmenta
mpact matera prcrement can be et aant
the an acheved n redcn the envrnmenta
mpact bdn ener e n the peratna tae
the e cce.
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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 23
figURe 17
Illustrations o construction type
CoNsTRUCTioN MATeRiAL TYPes
Floor External walls Internal walls Roof
TYPe 1 Cncrete ab n rnd Brck veneer/natn/ Paterbard Terractta te
paterbard
TYPe 2A Cncrete ab n rnd Cncrete pane/natn/ Cncrete pane/ Pre-panted tee
paterbard paterbard nn
TYPe 2B Cncrete ab n rnd Cncrete pane/natn/ Cncrete pane/ Cncrete te
paterbard paterbard nn
TYPe 2C Cncrete ab n rnd Cncrete pane Cncrete pane Cncrete te
TYPe 2D Cncrete ab n rnd Cncrete pane/ paterbard Cncrete pane/ Cncrete te
paterbard nn
TYPe 2e Cncrete ab n rnd Weatherbard/natn/ Cncrete pane Cncrete te
cncrete pane
Typ 1
External:brck veneer
Internal: td wa + paterbard
Roof: terractta te
Typ 2A
External:cncrete, natn + paterbard
Internal: cncrete + paterbard
Roof: meta deck
Typ 2B
External:cncrete, natn + paterbard
Internal: td wa + paterbard
Roof: cement te
Typ 2C
External:cncrete
Internal: cncrete
Roof: cncrete te
Typ 2D
External:cncrete + paterbard
Internal: cncrete + paterbard
Roof: cncrete te
Typ 2e
External:weatherbard, natn + cncrete
Internal: cncrete pane
Roof: cncrete te
Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 23
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24 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
Comfort The ret the therma cmrt ana
demntrated that when empha paced n tn
the therma prperte cncrete a hme can mantan
cmrtabe ndr temperatre r mch the ear.
Therma mden the he ndcated that
even wtht artca heatn and cn the bet
perrmn ptn wd mantan temperatre
between 18 and 27C r 80% the ear.
Temperatre were abve 27C r n a cpe
percent the ear, whe temperatre were bew
18C r e than 20% the ear (mt the
hr ben drn the nht). Th perrmance
et that the averae prject hme can ea
bvate the need r extenve heatn and cn
b apprprate attentn t pave den.
figURe 18
Envrnmenta cmparn var cntrctn
envrnmenta mpact ver a e cce 50 ear
(crade t rave)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 700 750
Base, Type 1 construction
Type 2A construction
Type 2B construction
Type 2C construction
Type 2D construction
Type 2E construction
Resources
Pollutants
592 872Greenhouse effect (kg)
0.000738Ozone depletion (kg)
6.6575e+06Energy usage (MJ)
1619.88Water (kL)
261 025Solid waste (kg)
16.7203Heavy metal (kg)
330.943Neutriphication (kg)
8236.1Acidification (kg)
1.815e0.5Carcinogensis (kg)
203.372Summer smog (kg)
9 101.04Winter smog (kg)
PERCENTAGE
Atmospheric
figURe 19
Bar chart ndcatn therma cmrt
Temperature range (C) 0 to18 18 to 27 27 to 40
Type 1 Type 2A Type 2B Type 2C Type 2D Type 2E0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
NUMBER
OFHOUR
S
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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 25
cnderatn. A a mnmm, hadn hd excde
mmer n and refectve ed t redce heat an
thrh the r. The mave cntrctn ed r
pave heatn n wnter a e r tabn
temperatre n mmer.
The c the den heat an r wnter and
cntrn heat .
n Heat gain Mderate therma ma wth wndw
acn nrth t captre wnter n (ee the wn
nrmatn n drect and ndrect pave heatn).
Refectve n cen t redce heat an n
mmer.
n Reducing heat loss Dbe azn and redced
amnt azn epeca eat, wet, and
thern de; hh eve bk natn;
cmpact hape and we eaed bdn wth
cntred ventatn.
sar heat an
n wnter
Pera t excde
mmer n and aw
r wnter ar anHh eve wndw t
prvde ar acce
n wnter
Tree t hed aant wnd
Veetatn and bade
wa t hade aant ate
mmer n
inated cncrete pane
ZoNe 6 MiLD TeMPeRATe: melBourne+
ZoNe 7 CooL TeMPeRATe: CanBerra,
hoBarT
General sustainable design to
improve comfort
Thee cmate zne have been cmbned becaemar den tratee are apprprate t mprve
cmrt n wnter. inrmatn read avaabe r
enera den the bdn envepe and r bac
therma charactertc enera reqred b bdn
cde. The c th ectn n the den
pave tem t mprve therma cmrt drn
wnter. Hwever, cmrt n mmer a need
figURe 20
genera den r md and c temperate cmate
> Cncrete ma t amerate temperatre fctatn
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26 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete
Passive solar systems
Pave den nt cmpcated and cmpatbe
wth tradtna bdn eement and Atraan he
den. Cncrete ab a crrent ed n 80%
Atraan hme can be ed t tre heat rm the
n. in c cmate, n can be ed t heat the rm
n wnter n nrth-acn wndw apprxmate
ne th the fr area. Figure 21 hw a rm
drect ann heat rm the n.
The next c r a pave den enrn heat
(when reqred) retaned n the bdn. The ame
meare are a reqred r an ecent artca
heatn tem.
n Wndw are a majr rce heat . Dbe
azn can ncreae retance t heat
whe t awn heat rm the n t enter.
Wndw htter r nht tme are a eectve
and pemet-hn, ce-ttn crtan can a
redce heat .
n Cen hd be nated t prevent heat
, a hd wa and fr t at eat the
mnmm peced n the Bdn Cde Atraa
Figures 21 and 22.
n The ede the rnd ab hd be nated,
epeca the nrthern ede that act a the prme
heat tre Figure 23. Thckenn the ab t a
depth 250 mm n a 2-metre-wde trp an th
nrthern ede a e.
figURe 21
Drect an heatn cce
figURe 23
sab-ede natn n cd-cmate area
Concrete floor slab
Building-grade polystyrene boardprotected with fibre-cement sheeting
Damp-proof membrane
Heavy-weight walls ofconcrete panel or masonry
figURe 22
inatn cavt wa n evere cd-cmate area
INTERIOR
Insulate outer face of heavy-weight
internal leaf (concrete wall panels
or masonry). Insulation materials
such as styrene-foam board or
single-sided reflective-foil laminates,
should be installed in accordance
with manufacturer's instructions
External
leaf
Internal
leaf
Low-angled wintersun penetratesunder eaves
Direct and reflectedradiation absorbed byheavy-weight wallingelements such asconcrete panels ormasonry
Pelmet-hung heavy curtainto be drawn after sunset
Insulated ceiling
North-facing, concrete floorwarmed by solar radiation
Reflective foil sarking
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Bblraphy
n AsHRAE standard 55 2004 Thermal Environmental
Conditions or Human Occupancy.
n Acem A and szka s (1997) Thermal Comort
PLEA Note 3Pave lw Ener Archtectre
n acatn wth the unvert Qeenand,
Atraa.
n Atraan Brea stattc www.ab.v.a
acceed 23 Dec 2005 Australian Social Trends
1997 Housing Housing & Liestyle: Environment
& the home.
n Atraan greenhe oce 'Ener ue
intrdctn' Your Home Guide Technical Manual
Fact sheet 40, 2001.
n Brwn g Z and DeKa M (2001) Sun, Wind and
Light: Architectural Design Strategies, Second
EditionJhn We and sn inc.
n d Pe (Edtr) (2001) Aenda 21 r
stanabe Cntrctn n Devepn Cntre,
Frt Dcn Dcment internatna Cnc
r Reearch and innvatn n Bdn and
Cntrctn (CiB) Reerence N. Bou/C336.
n Ectect V.20 (b) sqare one Reearch Pt ltd.
n greenand J (1998) Foundations o Architectural
Scienceunvert Techn, sdne.
n gvn B (1962) A Basic Study o Ventilation
Problems in Hot CountriesBdn Reearch
statn, Haa.
n Hde R (2000) Climate Responsive Design: A study
o buildings in moderate and hot humid climates
E and FN spn.
n Kenberer o H; iner T g; Mahew, A and
szka s V (1979) Manual o Tropical Housing
and Building, Part 1 Climatic Design, lnman.
n la Rche P, Qr C; Brav g; gnzaez E and
Machad M (2001) Keeping Cool: Principles to
Avoid Overheating in Buildings PLEANote 6 Design
Tools and Techniques, Pave and lw Ener
Archtectre internatna wth Reearch, Cntnand Cmmncatn.
n Mreand Ener Fndatn ltd Home Greenhouse
Audit ManualC Cmmnte; www.mef.cm.a/
dcment/Tranprt_Ptn_n_Mreand.pd.
n szka s (2004) Introduction to Architectural
Science: The Basis o Sustainable Design
Architectural Press, Eever scence.
n The Athena stanabe Matera inttte (1998)
The Athena Sustainable Materials Institute
improving environmental perormance in thebuilding industryThe Athena stanabe Matera
inttte, Canada.
Acknwldmnt
Steve King
senr lectrer
Fact the Bt Envrnment
unvert New sth Wae
Leena Thomas
senr lectrer Archtectre
Fact Den Archtectre & Bdn
unvert Techn, sdne