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ClimateSmart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practice Peter A Minang, Meine van Noordwijk, Lalisa A Duguma World Agroforestry CentreICRAF and ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Montpellier March 1618, 2015

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Page 1: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

Climate‐Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practice

Peter A Minang, Meine van Noordwijk, Lalisa A Duguma

World Agroforestry Centre‐ ICRAF and  ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins

MontpellierMarch 16‐18, 2015

Page 2: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

Why Landscape Approaches to CSA?

• Multiple connections between deforestation and agriculture, deforestation and climate change, climate change and poverty etc…– E.g. European agriculture in some places was recently challenged 

due to the absence of pollinators‐ which can be linked to degraded landscapes

• Growing world population on fixed land area = competition between land uses– CSA that cannot compete with driving forces in landscape is unlikely 

to survive– “Tragedy of the commons” (Hardin, 1968)– Economic value dominates essential decisions but common 

environmental functions not often valued in monetary terms– Single function planning is no longer sustainable

Page 3: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and
Page 4: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

Bookfirstofitskind:‐ Landscapeapproachesinthecontextofclimatechange

‐ Writtenforpolicymakers,researchersandpractitionersalike

‐ Offeringawealthofknowledgeonseveraltopicsandconcreteexperience

‐ 27peer‐reviewedchapterswrittenby86authorsfrom44institutions

Page 5: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

SixParts:1. Introduction2. UnderstandingLandscapes

a. ClimateSmartTerritories(6)b. Gestion deTerroirs (4)c. IntegratedConservationand

Development(7)d. LandscapesandSDGs(8)e. Leveraginglandscapesystems(10)

3. FromConceptstoInducingChangea. Scale(9)b. Landcare (11)c. LandscapeRestoration(5)

4. InvolvingthePrivateSector5. ContextualizedExperience6. SynthesisandConclusions

a. Evidence‐basedapproaches(26)b. TowardsLandscapeDemocracy(27)

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‐ Social‐ecologicalframework(5),‐ ScaleConsiderations(9),‐ Asystemsapproachdriversof

change(10),‐ Genderspecificspatial

perspectives(15),‐ Opportunitycostsandtrade‐off

analysis(16),‐ Lowemissionplanning

negotiationsupporttools(17)‐ Sustainableintensification(12;

24),‐ Water‐focusedmanagement(13),‐ Charcoalproduction(14),‐ Valuechainapproach(20)‐ CertificationinLandscapes(19)

Tools and Methods for Landscape Analysis and

Facilitation

Page 7: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

A Boundary‐spanning Object…

Page 8: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

Four Propositions Currentlywearefarfromachieving

multiplefunctions(sustainability)inlandscapes;

Howeverstructuredinteractions,co‐investmentsandnegotiationsamongconcernedactorscannudgelandscapestowardsmultifunctionality;

Climateisoneofmanydriversofchangeinlandscapes;

Landscapeapproachesneedtobegroundedinlocalrealitiesandlinkedtotheambitionsorexpectedchangeofthepeople

Page 9: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

Proposition 1: Currently we are far from achieving sustainability in

landscapes

‐ Learningfrom191integratedlandscapeinitiativesfromAfricaandLatinAmerica

‐ IndepthcasestudiesinCameroon,KenyaandtheDRC

‐ MultiplecasestudiesthroughoutinAfrica,AsiaandLatinAmerica

Casesatdifferentpointsonthepathtomultifunctionality (i.e.social,economicandenvironmental)

Page 10: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

Fig 1.4

Different starting points but same destination!

Page 11: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

Proposition 2: Structured interactions, co-investments and negotiations among concerned actors can nudge landscapes

towards multifunctionality

- Landscapesareshapedbypeoplewithdifferentpreferences,interests,knowledgeandpower, gender

- Landscapedemocracyandsoftsystemsimprovementprocessescanpotentiallyimprovecollaborativeadaptivemanagementprocessesinlandscapes;

- Weneedtoincreasinglymakeabusinesscaseforlandscapesifwewanttoleverageprivatesectorinvestments,know‐howandefficiency

Page 12: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

Private sector

• Co‐investments (Public‐Private‐Partnerships)• Certification as a primary driver currently• Part 4 of the book (Chapters 19, 20 & 21)

Page 13: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

- ClimateisimportantBUTitisonlyonedriver.Thereforeitsinteractionswithotherdriversofchangeneedscarefulconsideration.

- Nestinglandscapesnecessaryforsuccess:- Tonationalgreengrowth,NAMA,REDD+,SDGandotherpolicyframeworks

- Tojurisdictionallevelsofdecision‐making

- Landscapescanbenefitfromglobalpolicysupport(e.g.CBD,EuropeanLandscapeconvention,UNFCCC)

Proposition 3: Climate change is one out of many drivers of change in

landscapes

Page 14: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

Scale Considerations 

Hierarchy in Scale(The extent to which phenomena manifest differently at different scales)

Scale effect (Changes in patterns and processes with change in scale)

Scaling (Theories, methods, tools for translating / extrapolating across scales)

Nesting

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Proposition 4: Local realities and the ambitions or expected change

pathways are important

- Evidencefromlandscapeanalysiscriticalfornegotiations(trade‐offs)andforgingsynergies

- Methodsandtoolsneedtobesophisticated(toaccommodatecomplexity,embraceuncertaintyandenabletrade‐offs)YETremainpracticalenoughforimplementation

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Accuracy vs Precision

Page 17: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

The Landscape Wheel

Page 18: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

Looking ahead“As a farmer, we do not say

today I do Mitigation,

tomorrow I do Adaptation. It

is all in one package.” Mr.

Chibonga, Malawi’s Smallholder

Farmers’ Association at COP 19

Warsaw

THECHALLENGEFOR

MULTIFUNCTIONAL

LANDSCAPESCONTINUES

Page 19: Climate Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practicecsa2015.cirad.fr/var/csa2015/storage/fckeditor/file/L3.4 Minang.pdf · deforestation and climate change, climate change and

Merci!Acknowledgements

Editors:Meine VanNoordwijk,OliviaFreeman,Cheikh Mbow,JandeLeeuw,DeliaCatacutanSupportTeam:Lalisa Duguma,ElizabethKahurani,JudithNzyoka,JoyceKasyoki

Partnership for the Tropical Forest

MarginsNorad